Q U A N U GIAO DUC DOI M O I CONG TAC D A O TAO GIAO VIEN TRONG HOC PHO THONG T R O N G G I A I D O A N H l £ N N A Y 1 Su can thiet phdi ddi mdi cdng tdc ddo tgo giao vien (DTGV) trung hgc pho thdng[.]
QUAN U G I A O DUC D O I M O I CONG T A C D A O TAO G I A O VIEN T R O N G HOC P H O THONG T R O N G G I A I D O A N O Su can thiet phdi ddi mdi cdng tdc ddo tgo giao vien (DTGV) trung hgc thdng (THPT) 1.1 Yeu cdu ddi mdi ca bdn vd todn dien gido dye dgi hgc Viet Nam Rieng ve noi dung, phuang phap vd quy trinh DT, cdn ddi mdi theo dinh hudng sau day: «Ca cdu lgi khung chuang trinh; bdo dam su lien thong cua cdc cap hgc; gidi quyet tdt mdi quan he ve khdi lugng kien thuc vd thdi lugng hgc tap giua cdc mon gido dye dgi cuang vd gido dye chuyen nghiep, nang cao hieu qua DT cua tung mon hgc Ddi mdi ndi dung DT, gdn ket chat che vdi thuc tiln nghien cuu khoa hgc, phdt trien cdng nghe vd nghe nghiep xd hdi, phyc vy yeu cdu phdt trien kinh te xd hdi cua tung ngdnh, tung hnh vyc, tiep can trinh dd tien tien cua the gidi Phdt then tiem nang nghien cuu sang tgo, klthudt nghe nghiep, nang lyc hogt ddng cdng ddng vd kha nang lap nghiep cua ngudi hgc" (1) Bdn than cdc trudng SP cung cdn phdi ddi mdi todn dien, tu myc tieu, md hinh DT tdi ndi dung vd phuong phap DT nhdm DT ddi ngu GV vung vang ve kien thuc khoa hgc ca bdn vd KN SP 1.2 Yeu cau xay dung vd phdt then dgi ngu GV vd cdn bg QL gido dye Chi thj 40-CT/ TU cua Ban Bf thu dd chi rd: «Phdt trien gido dye vd DT Id quoc sach hang ddu, Id mdt nhung ddng lyc quan trgng thuc day sy nghiep cdng nghiep hod, hien dgi hod ddt nude, Id dieu kien de phdt huy nguon lyc ngudi Day Id trdch nhiem cua todn Ddng, todn ddn, dd nhd gido vd cdn bd QL gido dye Id lyc lugng nong cot, cd vai trd quan trgng" (2) Tu dd phdi xem xdy dung, phdt trien ddi ngu GV vd cdn bd QL giao dye Id gidi phap trung tdm de phdt trien gido dye 1.3 Yeu cdu cua doi mdi chuang trinh giao dye thdng Chuang trinh gido dye thdng dang dugc xdy dung theo hudng h'ch hgp, phdn hod, day mgnh gido dye quoc Tap chi Giao due so 262 tk a - 5/2011> H l £ N N A Y PGS TS PHAM MINH HUNG* phong an ninh, tang cudng cdc hogt ddng xd hdi cua hgc sinh (HS) de bdo ton cdc truyen thdng vdn hod xd hdi, nhdm xdy dung mdt nen hgc van thdng ca bdn, vung chdc, phdt trien nang lyc cd nhdn cua ngudi hgc, phu hgp vdi dieu kien hgc tap cua mdi HS Dua tren chuan cua chuang trinh khung qud'c gia, xdy dung cdc chuang trinh gido dye dja phuang phu hgp vdi nhu cdu vd dieu kien td chuc gido dye cua cdc vung, mien, ddc biet ddi vdi cdc dja phuang cd HS ddn tdc thieu sd 1.4 Nhung khd khan hien cua ngdnh SP Hien ngdnh SP dang dung trudc mdt sd khd khdn sau day: - Ddu cua SV SP rat hgn che: tinh trgng du thua GV dang rat bien d cdc ca sd gido dye cd nude (rat nhieu GV dd dgy hgp ddng gdn chuc ndm vdn khong cd ca hdi de dugc tuyen vdo bien che chinh thuc) Vi the, nhieu SV sau tdt nghiep cdc trudng SP buoc phdi tim kiem cdc cdng viec ngoai ngdnh SP; - Ap lyc cdng viec ddi vdi GV rat ldn: de len lap tiet, GV phdi danh it nhat gid cho viec sogn bdi, chuan bj len lap Trung binh moi GV THPT mdt tudn dgy 17 tiet Ngoai cdn phdi sinh hogt chuyen mdn, doan the Ddc biet hien nay, gido dye thdng lien tyc cd sy ddi mdi ve chuang trinh, SGK, phuang phap dgy hgc thi dp lyc cdng viec ddi vdi GV lgi cdng gia tang mdt each ddng ke; - Thu nhap cua GV cdn thap so vdi mat bdng chung ciia xd hdi: mgc du, Ddng vd Nhd nude dd cd nhieu chfnh sach ddi vdi GV, nhien so vdi cdc ngdnh nghe khac xd hdi, thu nhdp ciia GV cdn khd thap GV van chua dugc hudng nhung che ddi ngd tuang xung ve nggch, bgc luang, tham nien Dieu dd dd dnh hudng rat ldn den su tan tdm, tan luc vdi nghe nghiep ciia mot bg phdn GV * Tnroing Dai hoc Vinh Nhirng kho khan tren la nguyen nhan ca bdn khien cho chdt lugng dau vdo cua SV SP co chieu huang giam sut Thuc te cho thay, nhung nam qua, HS gidi khong thi vdo cdc ngdnh SP De dam bdo sd lugng tuyen sinh, cdc trudng dd phdi lay xudng den tan diem sdn ddi vdi mdt sd ngdnh SP Nhung gidi phap ddi mdi cdng tdc DTGV THPT 2.1 Doi mai muc tieu DTGV THPT, theo djnh hudng: tdt nghiep DHSP, SV phdi dap ung dugc cdc yeu cdu ve pham chdt vd nang luc ddi vdi GV THPT dugc neu chuan nghe nghiep GV trung hgc a) GV THPT can cd nhung pham chat ca bdn sau day: yeu nghe, gdn bd vdi nghe dgy hgc; chap hanh Lugt Gido dye, dieu le, quy che, quy djnh cua ngdnh; cd y thuc td chuc ki ludt vd tinh than trdch nhiem; giu gin pham chdt, danh du, uy tin cua nhd gido; song trung thuc, lanh mgnh, Id tdm guang tdt cho HS; Thuang yeu, ton trgng, ddi xu cdng bdng vdi HS, giup HS khdc phyc khd khan de hgc tap vd ren luyen tdt bj GV THPT can co nhung nang luc ca bdn sau day: Xdy dung dugc ke hogch dgy hgc theo hudng Hch hgp dgy hgc vdi gido dye the hien rd myc tieu, ndi dung, PPDH phu hgp vdi dgc thu mdn hoc, ddc diem HS vd mdi trudng gido due; phdi hgp hogt dong hgc vdi hogt dong dgy theo hudng phdt huy tinh tfch cue nhdn thuc cua HS; Idm chu kien thuc mdn hgc, dam bdo ndi dung dgy hgc chinh xdc, cd he thdng, van dung hgp If cdc kien thuc lien mdn theo yeu cdu ca bdn, hien dgi, thuc tien; van dung cdc PPDH theo hudng phdt huy tfnh tfch eye, chu ddng vd sang tgo cua HS, phdt trien nang lyc ty hgc vd tu cua HS; Su dung cdc phuang tien dgy hgc Idm tang hieu qua dgy hgc; Xdy dung dugc ke hogch hogt ddng gido dye the hien rd myc tieu, ndi dung, phuang phap gido dye bdo dam tfnh khd thi, phu hgp vdi ddc diem HS, phu hgp vdi hoan canh vd dieu kien thuc te, the hien khd nang hgp tdc, cdng tdc vdi cdc lyc lugng gido dye vd ngoai trudng; Phdt hien vd gidi quyet van de sinh thuc tien hogt ddng nghe nghiep nhdm dap ung nhung yeu cdu mdi gido dye (3) 2.2 Doi mdi ndi dung, chuang trinh DTGV THPT theo nhung djnh hudng sau: a) Dap ung sy thay ddi ve vai trd cua GV bdi canh cua xa hdi hien dgi Trong bdi canh cua xd hdi hien dgi, vai trd cua GV se cd nhung bien ddi quan trgng: - GV Id hudn luyen vien: nhd trudng truyen thdng, GV Id ngudi cung cap thdng tin cd sdn, theo each rot tri thuc vdo ddu HS Cdn nhd trudng mdi, GV Id ngudi giup dd hudn luyen HS, cung cdc em tim dudng rieng cua minh de di den hoc van vd su hieu biet; - GV Id ngudi cd vdn: vdi vai trd cua ngudi cdvdn, GV phdi luon luon theo sat hogt ddng nhdn thuc cua HS de cdc em gap khd khan thi kjp thdi ho trg, giup dd bdng nhung djnh hudng, ggi y cy the; - GV Id ngudi QL qua trinh hgc tap; - Trong nhd trudng hien dgi, cung mdt luc, HS cd the tham gia vdo nhieu hogt ddng khdc Vi the, GV phdi dieu phdi cdng viec, ket ndi ngudi, dung hgc tap vd HS vdo mdt sy ket hgp cd hieu qua b) Hudng vdo viec hinh thdnh nhung nang lyc ca bdn cua GV Theo Hdi Lien hiep GV Hoa Ki (INTASC), GV phdi cd cdc nang luc sau: - Hieu cdc khdi niem trgng tdm, cdc cdng cy tim kiem, cdc cdu true mdn hgc minh dgy vd cd khd nang Idm cho nhung yeu td cd y nghTa ddi vdi HS; - Hieu HS hgc tap, phdt trien nhu the ndo vd co khd nang tgo cdc ca hdi de ho trg cho sy phat trien trf tue, xd hdi, nhdn each cua cdc em; - Hieu HS khdc biet nhu the ndo ve each hgc va tao cdc ca hdi day hoc thich ung vdi cdc ddi tugng khdc nhau; - Hieu vd su dyng cdc phuang phap dgy hgc da dgng de khuyen khfch sy phat trien tu phe phdn, khd nang gidi quyet vdn de vd cdc KN hogt ddng cua HS; - Van dyng sy hieu biet ve hanh vi, ddng ca cua cd nhdn va nhdm de tgo mdi trudng hgc tap cd lgi cho sy tuang tdc xd hdi, tham gia tfch cue qua trinh hgc tap vd ty lyc canh sinh; - Van dyng tri thuc ve cdc kTthudt giao tiep bdng ldi, khong ldi vd cdc phuang tien thdng tin cd hieu qua khdc de tgo su tim tdi tfch cue, sy tuong trg vd hgp tac lap hgc; - Lap ke hogch dgy hgc tren ca sd hieu biet ve mdn hgc, HS, cdng dong vd myc tieu cua chuang trinh; - Hieu biet vd su dyng cac phuang phap danh gid chfnh thuc vd phi chfnh thuc nhdm xdc dinh vd dam bdo su phdt trien lien tyc ve trf tue, xd hdi vd the luc cua HS; - GV Id nhd hogt ddng thuc tien, cd suy xet, luon danh gid hieu qua cua cdc hanh ddng vd cdc lya chon cua minh ddi vdi HS, phy huynh vd cdc nhd chuyen nghiep khdc cdng dong gido dye vd Id ngudi tfch cue tim kiem cdc ca hdi phdt trien nghe nghiep; - GV phdt trien cdc quan he vdi ddng nghiep trudng, cdc phy huynh vd cdc ca Tap chi Giao due so 262 (ki a • s/aom quan cong dong rong Ion nhdm ho tro qua trinh hoc tap vd phuc lai cua HS (4) c) Dam bdo chdt lugng, hieu qua, hieu sudt DT vd tinh SP cua chuang trinh: - Dam bdo chdt lugng DT: + Dam bdo DT dugc d bde cao ve cdc nang luc nhdn thuc, nang luc thuc hanh, nang luc tu vd pham chdt nhdn vdn cho ngudi hoc; + Dam bdo Hnh khoa hgc, Hnh cap nhat vd Hnh thuc tien cua chuang trinh DT; + Phu hgp vdi yeu cdu cua ngudi hgc vd dap ung thj trudng nhdn luc, yeu cdu ciia su phdt trien kinh te - xd hdi nude vd hdi nhap qud'c te; - Dam bdo hieu qua DT: + Phdi bao gom mdt so hoc phdn cd Hnh ke thua cao, tranh su trung lap; + Nhung hgc phdn de tao kien thuc rdng cdn dugc bien soan cd dd nen cao, mang Hnh tich hgp mgnh de «hgc mdt, biet mudi"; + Cdc hgc phdn, SV cd the tu hgc nhd cdc kien thuc ca bdn, ca sd dd trang bj thi giam thdi lugng len lap; + Phdi bao gom cdc hgc phdn bdt budc, tu chgn cd hudng ddn vd y Cdc hgc phdn nhu vdy se Idm mem hod qua trinh DT vd Idm tang hieu qua DT; + Cd sy lien thdng giua cdc chuang trinh, cdc bgc hgc; - Dam bdo hieu sudt DT: + Dugc module hod triet de thdnh cdc hgc phdn de cd the lap ghep xdy dyng thdnh cdc chuang trinh DT khdc nhau; + Cd nhieu hgc phdn dung chung dugc cho cdc chuang trinh DT khdc nhau; + Chuang trinh dugc chia thdnh cdc khdi kien thuc gido dye dgi cuang, gido dye chuyen nghiep de Idm tang ddng ke hieu sudt DT, nhdt Id d cdc trudng dgi hgc da ngdnh, da hnh vuc; - Dam bdo tinh SP: + Phdi mang tfnh khd thi cao ve mat thdi lugng cung nhu ndi dung Cdn danh thdi gian thich ddng cho cdc hogt ddng chu ddng cua SV (seminar, hdi thao, thao lugn nhdm, ddi thogi, thuc hanh, thuc tap ); + Khdi lugng kien thuc dua vdo chuang trinh phdi phu hgp vdi thdi gian DT, tranh qua tdi, hodc ngugc lgi qua nhdn roi; + Phdi bao gom cdc hgc phdn ca bdn, ca sd, chuyen ngdnh cua mdt ngdnh hgc de cd the d i ddng nang ddn trinh dd vd nang lyc cua SV qua trinh DT sau 2.3 Doi mdi phuong phap DTGV THPT theo mdt sd djnh hudng sau day: a) Ket hap chdt che giua DT ve khoa hgc co bdn (KHCB) vd khoa hgc gido dye (KHGD): Ndi dung DTGV cua cdc trudng SP thudng cd hai mang ldn: KHCB vd KHGD Hai mang ho trg cho nhau, hudng vdo viec hinh thdnh d ngudi hgc trinh dd chuyen mdn - nghiep vy Nhung lau nay, DT v i KHCB chi mdi nhdm myc dfch ty no, Tap chi Giao due so 262 (ki • 5/201 n chua chf cho SV thay rd nhung kien thuc KHCB md hg dugc trang bj se su dyng nhu the ndo Trong dd, viec DT v i KHGD cd lgi tach rdi khdi ndi dung cdc mdn hgc, cdc hogt ddng md SV phdi dgy hodc tham gia d trudng thdng sau Vi the, cdn tfch hgp DT chuyen mdn (KHCB) vd DT nghiep vy (KHGD), Idm cho hai mang DT trd thdnh mdt the thdng nhat DT chuyen mdn phdi dam bdo tfnh nghiep vy, cdn DT nghiep vy phdi ddng thdi vd tren nin cua DT chuyen mdn Do vdy, cdn huy ddng ddi ngu giang vien dgy cdc mdn KHCB tham gia tfch cue vdo viec DT nghiep vy su phgm (NVSP) cho SV b) Gdn lien DT NVSP vdi thuc te cua nhd trudng thdng: xuat phdt tu thuc te cua nhd trudng thdng (ddc diem tdm- sinh If cua HS, chuang trinh SGK, diiu kien dgy vd hgc.) de xdc djnh ndi dung vd phuong phap DT NVSP cho SV Ddng thdi dua tren ddc trung lao ddng SP cua GV, nhung yeu cdu v i pham chdt vd nang lyc cua GV de hudng chuang trinh ren luyen NVSP vdo viec hinh thdnh cho SV nhung pham chdt vd nang lyc dd Cy the Id, hinh thdnh cho SV If tudng nghi nghiep, Idng yeu nghi, tdm huyet vdi nghi; DT mdt each co bdn, he thdng cdc nang lyc SP; giang vien cdc bd mdn NVSP phdi thuc sy sat vdi nhd trudng thdng Cd nhu vdy, cdc kien thuc md hg cung cap cho SV mdi huu ich Do dd, cdc trudng SP can cd quy djnh cung ve che dd di thuc te thdng cua giang vien cdc bd mdn NVSP, khuyen khich hg true tiep tham gia giang dgy mdt sd gid d trudng thdng c) Xdy dung quy trinh ren luyen NVSP todn khod cho SV: Trong DT NVSP, ngoai viec cung cap cho SV cdc tri thuc KHGD, cdn hinh thdnh d hg nhung KN SP cdn thiet: dgy hgc; gido dye HS; phdi hgp cdc lyc lugng gido dye nhd trudng, gia dinh vd xd hdi; nghien cuu KHGD; ty hgc nang cao trinh dd Nhung KN chi cd the duac hinh thdnh qua trinh ren luyen NVSP thudng xuyen cua SV thdng qua cdc hogt ddng thuc hanh, kien tap SP, thuc tap SP Vi the, can xdy dyng mdt quy trinh ren luyen NVSP cho SV, dd xdc djnh rd nhung cdng viec cy the md hg phdi Idm tu nam thu nhdt cho den nam thu tu Quy trinh ren luyen tuang ung vdi ndi dung DT cua tung nam hgc vd todn khod hgc dj Tgo mdi trudng thuan lgi deren luyen NVSP cho SV: hieu qua ren luyen NVSP cua SV phy thudc rat nhiiu vdo mdi trudng: «mdi trudng gid djnh" (d trudng SP) vd «mdi trudng thuc" (d trudng thong) Trong moi tri/dng gid djnh, SV ren luyen cdc KN SP tren nhung «ddi tuang gid djnh" Nhung ket qua ren luyen a mdi trudng lai cd dnh hudng ldn den ket qua ren luyen mdi trudng thuc Do dd, can tao dieu kien cho SV cd the ren luyen he thdng KN SP bdng cdc hoat ddng ndi khod, ngoai khod, cdc hoat ddng tap the, hoat ddng xd hdi Tuy nhien, phdi thay rd y nghia quan cua viec ren luyen NVSP «mdi trudng thuc", khong chi gidi han d cdc dot kien tap, thuc tap SP SV cdn dugc ren luyen mdi trudng thuc cdng sdm cdng tdt Yeu cdu ddi hdi phdi xdy dung dugc cdc trudng thuc hanh (true thudc trudng SP) vd xem ddu tu cho trudng thuc hanh nhu ddu tu cho cdc phong thi nghiem hien dai cua cdc khoa thuc nghiem 2.4 Day mgnh nghien cuu khoa hgc giao dye a cac trudng DTGV THPT Cy the, can tap trung vdo cdc vdn de sau day: ddi mdi phuang phap vd hinh thuc td chuc dgy hgc, gido dye theo hudng phdt huy tinh tu gidc, tich cue, sang tgo cua ngudi hgc; Nhung thay ddi lao ddng SP cua GV THPT trudc xu the ddi mdi phuang phap dgy hgc vd su dyng phuang tien hien dgi dgy hgc; Xdy dung mdi trudng gido dye, ket hgp gido dye nhd trudng, gia dinh vd xd hdi Tdm lgi: Ddi mdi cdng tdc DTGV THPT giai dogn hien Id mdt yeu cdu cap thiet, dap ung yeu cdu xdy dung vd phdt trien ddi ngu GV THPT du ve sd lugng, dong bd ve ca cdu, ndng cao chdt lugng • (1) Nghj quyet 14/2005/NQ-CP cua Thu tuang Chi'nh phii ve ddi mai ca ban va toan dien giao due dai hoc Viet Nam giai doan 2006-2020 (2) Chi thj 40-CT/TU 15/6/2004 cua Ban Bi thur ve xay dirng, nang cao ch^t luang doi ngu nha giao va can b£> quan li giao due (3) Bp GD-DT Chuan nghe nghiep gido vien THCS, gido vien THPT (ban hanh theo Th6ng tu so' 30/2009/ TT-BGDDT), 2009 (4) Dir an phat trien giao vien THPT va TCCN Md hinh ddo tao gido vien trung hoc phd thong va trung hoc chuyen nghiep boi canh hoi nhdp quoc ti Tai lieu hoi thao, H 2009 ngdy cdng dugc ddu tu tdt hon ve ca sd vgt chdt vd ddi ngu gido vien Mdt sd Vien dgi hgc md da dugc thdnh lap, cdc chuang trinh ddo tgo tuxa da phd thdng hien d nude ta van cdn qua ndng, dugc trien khai, Hdi khuyen hgc dugc thdnh lap a nhieu phy huynh lo nggi ve khdi lugng kien thuc cdc cap tu trung uong den dja phuong Tuy nhien, vd tinh trgng hgc tap cdng thdng cua em minh chu truang xdy dung xd hdi hgc tap a nude ta mai HS phd thdng khong cd thdi gian de tham gia chi tgo ca hdi hgc tap cho mdt ti le rat it ddn cu, cdc hogt ddng ngogi khoa vd nhieu trudng cung chdt lugng hgc tap cdn thap Thuc hien tu tudng cua Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh xem nhe cdc ndi dung GD khdc: due dye, the dye ve xdy dyng nen GD md cho mgi ngudi, d moi vd mT dye lua tudi, (nhdt Id thdi ki hdi nhdp hien nay), De giam tdi cho HS phd thdng hien nay, chung chung ta cdn day mgnh hon nua chu truang xdy ta cdn cat giam kien thuc hdn Idm; cdc kien thuc dyng xd hdi hgc tap nhdm dam bdo cdc dieu kien phdi dugc lua chgn, vua du de phdt huy ndng lyc cdn thiet, tgo dieu kien thuan lgi de mgi ngudi, d tuduy, phdt trien ndng lyc gidi quyet van de Khong mgi lua tudi, mgi trinh dd dugc hgc tap thudng dgy theo kieu nhoi nhet kien thuc Cdn ddi mdi xuyen, hgc tap sudt ddi gdp phdn ndng cao ddn PPDH vd phuang phap kiem tra, danh gid ket qua tri, ndng cao chdt lugng nguon nhdn lyc, dap ung hgc tap cua HS theo hudng phdt trien tu vd nhu cdu sy nghiep CNH, HDH ddt nude • tinh tich cue, chu ddng nhdn thuc cua HS 4) Xay dung xa hoi hgc tap, mgi ngudi (1) Den nam hoc 1953-1954, a vung giai phong da co mgi lua tuoi dugc hgc tap sudt ddi Xa hdi hgc 3.673 truang cap I; 397 truang cap II; 34 truang cap III; tap d nude ta hien dugc xdy dung tren hinh truang trung hoc chuyen nghiep va truang dai hoc thuc GD chinh: GD chinh quy, GD vua Idm vua (2), (4) Van kien Dang cong san Viet Nam NXB Chinh tri quoc gia, H 1998 hgc, GD tuxa, cdc trung tdm GD thudng xuyen vd (3) Nam muoi nam phat trien su nghiep giao due va he thdng cdc trung tdm hgc tap cdng ddng Chinh dao tao (1945-1995) NXB Gido due, H 2000.' sach xdy dyng xd hdi hgc tap dd thu dugc nhung (5) (6) H6 Chi Minh "Ban ve phuang phap giao due" ket qua budc ddu ddng khich le, cdc ca sd GD Bao Nhdn ddn, so' 183, 11/5/1954 Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh (Tiep theo trang 8) Tap chi Giao due so 262 (k, - 5/201 n ... Nhung lau nay, DT v i KHCB chi mdi nhdm myc dfch ty no, Tap chi Giao due so 262 (ki • 5/201 n chua chf cho SV thay rd nhung kien thuc KHCB md hg dugc trang bj se su dyng nhu the ndo Trong dd,... TT-BGDDT), 2009 (4) Dir an phat trien giao vien THPT va TCCN Md hinh ddo tao gido vien trung hoc phd thong va trung hoc chuyen nghiep boi canh hoi nhdp quoc ti Tai lieu hoi thao, H 2009 ngdy cdng... md cho mgi ngudi, d moi vd mT dye lua tudi, (nhdt Id thdi ki hdi nhdp hien nay) , De giam tdi cho HS phd thdng hien nay, chung chung ta cdn day mgnh hon nua chu truang xdy ta cdn cat giam kien