cufu ''''Khoa hoc Giao due M O H I N H D A O T A O G I A O V I E N T R U N G H O C P H O T H O N G T R O N G B O I C A N H H O I N H A P Q U O C TE Thdi gian qua, Dd an Phat trien giao due trung hoc pho[.]
'Khoa hoc Giao due cufu M O H I N H D A O TAO GIAO V I E N T R U N G HOC PHO THONG T R O N G B O I C A N H HOI N H A P QUOC TE • GS TS DINH QUANG BAO T hdi gian qua, Dd an Phat trien giao due trung hoc thong (THPT) va trung cap chuyen nghiep da to' chdc hoi thao ve mo hinh dao tao (OT) giao vien (GV) cua cac nddc: Ml, Ddc, Anh, Nhat Ban, Australia, Phap, Philippin, Trung Qudc Bao cao va nhdng tham luan tai cac hpi thao tren khong chi cho ta cai nhin tdng quat ve bde tranh DT GV tren the gidi ma dinh hddng cho nhdng nghien cdu tim giai phap Idn phat trien chat Iddng DT dpi ngu GV cua Viet Nam Vdi mong mudn giai quyet van de phat then dpi ngu GV Viet Nam mot each kha thi, danh dau mot bddc ngoat quan trong nhan thdc va thdc tien giao due, chung toi chpn de gia cong cac thong tin, kinh nghiem ma cac chuyen gia cung cap theo each tiep can he thong Theo dd, can phai Graph hoa chat Iddng GV nhd sau: yeu kern, hoSc Iddng thap, chda cd chinh sach ki'ch thich sd phan dau cua GV, Vdi nhieu li khac dd, neu khac phuc rieng re tdng nguyen nhan thi khong the cho ket qua mong dpi Lam theo each cung tddng td nhd kieu "an gi bd nay", " dau dau chda day" Sd chat Idpng GV neu tren phan anh tinh lien hoan cua cac nhdm giai phap chinh quyet dinh chat Iddng GV Dddi day se phan tich mot vai yeu to tren cd sd ddi chie'u, thu hoach kinh nghiem cua cac chuyen gia td van Tuyen sinh Tuyen sinh la khau quan tac dpng den chat Iddng OT GV Day la khau chpn "nguon nguyen lieu dau vao" Se khd cho san pham dau cd chat Idpng cao nguyen lieu dau vao khong tot Kinh nghiem DT cua cac nddc va thdc tiln DT d cac trddng sd pham Viet Nam da Tuyen sinh Dao tao CHAT LUONG GV Theo ch.uan Chinh sach Kiem dinh Theo sd chat Idpng tren, chung ta giai quyet van de chat Iddng mot each ddng bp, cd tinh quy trinh dddc tao bdi mdi quan he tac dpng qua lai gida cac yeu to cau chat Iddng GV Lau nay, nhieu nhan dinh cua cac cap quan li va dd luan xa hpi cho rang chat Idpng tac nghiep cua GV chda dap dng yeu cau giao due hoc sinh la cac trddng sd pham DT KHGD so 57, thdng - 2010 Boi duang Sir dung khang dinh dieu dd Mat khac, mdi ddi tddng tuyen sinh se chi phd'i mo hinh DT d trddng Sd pham Vi vay, tuyen sinh ddi tddng nao? Cach tuyen sinh? Tieu chi chat Iddng tuyen sinh la nhdng van de can nghien cdu Ve ddi tddng tuyen sinh, hau het ddi tddng tuyen sinh cua cac nddc phat trien nhd MI, Anh, Australia, Nhat Ban, la hoc sinh tot nghiep THPT, la ngddi cd bang cd nhan - nam mot 11 Khoa hoc Giao due nganh chuyen mon la ngddi da cd bang thac si chuyen mon Ve each tuyen sinh, tat ca cac nddc deu td chdc thi kiem tra dau vao chat che, nhien ve hinh thdc, yeu cau cac ITnh vdc kien thdc thi cd khac Viet Nam, dau vao chu yeu la hoc sinh tot nghiep THPT, trai qua ki thi viet mon (mot so nganh DT cd them mon nang khieu) Mot dieu can can nhac de van dung vao Viet Nam hay khong la nhieu nddc chpn dau vao dda tren ket qua bai thi kiem tra viet, trac nghiem, ket hop phdng van va xem xet ket qua hoc tap cua dng vien d THPT Hinh thdc phdng van ngoai muc dich kiem tra kien thdc mot so mon hoc muc dich quan la trac nghiem ve thai ddi vdi nghe nghiep va dao ddc sd pham (Han Qudc, Nhat Ban) Mot kinh nghiem dang quan tarn la tuyen sinh, nhieu nddc yeu cau kien thdc khoa hoc xa hpi, tieng me de, mot so kT nang co ban can cho hoc dai hoc va cho nghe tdong lai Chung toi cho rang da den luc ma viec DT GV khong d at de dap dng so Idpng thi Viet Nam can tien tdi tuyen chpn dng vien vao sd pham cd trac nghiem mot so kT nang cd ban can cho nghe day hoc nhd ndi, viet, giao tiep, va nhdng hieu biet nhat dinh ve khoa hoc xa hoi - nhan van Cudi cung, dieu quan nhat la yeu cau dng vien vao sd pham phai cd nhdng thien hddng, thai dp yeu nghe giao due Pham chat ban dau se la dpng Idc quyet dinh sd cd gang, phan dau cua SV dang hoc d trddng sd pham va ca hp trddng cong tac Se phai nan che tdi da tinh trang phd bien hien d nddc ta la nhieu SV chpn nganh cung nhd hoc chda y thdc tinh kien dinh vdi nghe sau Hien trang cd nhieu nguyen nhan, nhdng nguyen nhan cd ban la bap benh ve cd hpi viec lam, che dp dai ngp thap Dao tao 2.1 Noi dung DT "GV la mot hoc gia" Nhd vay, de la mot hoc gia, GV can cd mot nen tri thdc rpng dd la kien thdc dai eddng ve xa hoi, nhan van, ve moi trddng td nhien va von tri thdc chuyen sau ve mdn chuyen nganh (mdn hoc se trdc tiep day d thong), ve cac mon chuyen sau nghiep vu sd pham De dat dddc dieu dd, chddng trinh DT 12 can xac dinh ti le, noi dung cu the cua cac ITnh vdc: kien thdc dai eddng, kien thdc chuyen mdn (khoa hoc cd ban - KHCB) kien thdc sd pham (nghiep vu sd pham - NVSP) Mot so nghien cdu cua cac nddc khuyen nghi khdi kien thdc chuyen mon khong nen vddt qua 60% chddng trinh OT GV nam; OT cac mon hoc can dinh hddng ro muc tieu OT GV day mon hoc d phd thong Ket qua nghien cdu cung chi rang cac mdn hoc ve xa hpi hoc, cong tac xa hpi can ddpc quan tarn chddng trinh OT GV Kinh nghiem cua mot so nddc cho thay van de xac dinh ti trong, dac diem noi dung DT kien thdc mdn hoc ddpc quan tarn nghien cdu vdi nhieu quan diem, cd trai ngdpc Mot ben cho rang OT noi dung mon hoc cang nhieu thi nang Idc giao due cua GV tddng lai cang cao, mot ben cho rang dieu dd khong hoan toan dung ma can phai cd mot ti le thich hdp gida kien thdc mon hoc va kT nang sd pham Cupc tranh luan xung quanh van de kien thdc chuyen nganh hay kT nang sd pham, cai nao quan va cd gia tri hdn cho chat Idpng nghe nghiep GV lam the nao de can bang gida hai noi dung dd da keo dai hdn 140 nam d California va cho den chda nan da cd cau tra Idi thoa dang Nghien cdu cua Jordan (2006) de nghi can tang thdi Iddng cho OT noi dung mon hoc (KHCB) nhdng khong dddc vdpt qua 60% tdng so tin chi Nghien cdu cua Frederick K.S.Leung (Oai hoc Hong Kong) so sanh ti DT noi dung KHCB vdi noi dung NVSP d cac nddc Dong A da thay mot nghjch li rang chinh d CP sd OT GV chuyen nghiep thi giao due sd pham lai td thap vi tri cua minh xa hpi Li sinh nghich li la d nhieu nddc khu vdc Dong A, cac mon NVSP khong ddpc danh gia cao vdi td each la mot bp mon khoa hoc Den nay, chinh cac nddc dang lam vao khung hoang viec khang dinh vai trd cua cac trddng sd pham.Tinh trang giao due dddc coi la mon hoc "hang hai" da the hien d viec nhieu nha chuyen mon dda vao chddng trinh DT GV nhdng noi dung KHCB khong may lien quan den ndi dung chddng trinh phd thong Giai quyet nghich li tren tdc la tao sd can bang va mdi quan he qua lai gida DT mdn KHGD so 57, thang - 2010 chuyen nganh vdi cac mon NVSP dddc thdc hien theo hddng: cau true lai chddng trinh DT GV, lira chpn mo hinh OT song song hoac noi tiep viec OT noi dung KHCB va NVSP va cac mo hinh cung co nhung bien the theo trinh dau vao 2.2 Mo hinh DT Md hinh d day dddc hieu la mdi quan he ve thdi gian, khong gian OT noi dung KHCB va NVSP Theo dd, cd hai md hinh phd bien la: OT song song hai khdi noi dung dd va OT ndi tiep Van de dat cho chung ta la lieu cd sd Ida chon nhat mot mo hinh nao cac mo hinh dd khong? De tra Idi cau hdi can xac d|nh mot so nguyen tac cd ban sau: - So nam DT: Hau het cac nddc xac dinh so nam OT tdi thieu la nam, mot so nddc la nam (khong ke thdi gian tap sd) O Viet Nam, den thdi diem nay, theo tdi nen thong nhat OT GV cac cap hoc tdi thieu nam de cd bang cd nhan sd pham Neu dao tao nam thi dau vao la HS tot nghiep THPT va nen ap dung mo hinh song song Tuy nhien, chung tdi khong xem md hinh OT truyen thong cua cac trddng dai hoc sd pham Viet Nam ma hien dang phd bien da la md hinh Xet ve ban chat, quy trinh OT GV khong lay dau hieu OT ddng thdi hay ndi tiep noi dung KHCB va NVSP chddng trinh lam dau hieu khac biet de phan biet hai md hinh Neu dao tao nam thi nen ap dung md hinh ndi tiep Ddi tddng tuyen sinh chu yeu la SV cd bang cd nhan mot chuyen nganh sau dd vao hoc sd pham, hoac nhdng ngddi hoc thac si giao due Hien tai, Viet Nam da cd ddi tddng SV - Ngddi vao hoc td dau da cd tarn the, d|nh hddng cam ket trd GV hay chda? Neu da cd cam ket thi viec Ida chpn mo hinh nao khong rang bupc hp, luc dd phep chpn la cua cd sd DT Neu chda cd tarn the, dinh hddng td dau thi chi nen DT theo md hinh tiep ndi - Thuan Idi cho viec td chdc OT, dac biet d day la sd thuan Ipi cho phddng thdc td chdc DT nghe day hoc Tinh nghe can ddpc quan tarn thiet ke chddng trinh, ke hoach, phddng phap, hinh thdc OT OT nghe ddpc dac trung bdi each OT tai "thdc dia", OT "noi tru" Ban chat cua nghe day hoc ddi hdi cac giai doan OT phai dien KHGD so 57, thang - 2010 cac hoat dpng day hoc thdc sd Cac trddng sd pham day SV cd sd li thuyet ve qua trinh day hoc nen thdc hien d trddng, d Idp hoc tdc la day kieu "huan luyen dau bd" nhdvln ap dung day nghe cho ndng dan - Thuan Idi cho viec phdi hpp tich hdp OT KHCB va NVSP, OT li thuyet va ren luyen kT nang giao due, day hoc, cho viec nghien cdu qua trinh day hoc - Tao dieu kien cho viec hiep ddng OT nghe day hoc gida giang vien cac mdn chuyen nganh va cac mon NVSP Day la mot nguyen tac can ddpc nhan thdc va trien khai thdc tien OT GV O cac trddng sd pham Viet Nam, nguyen tac khong dddc the hien td chdc DT - Tao moi trddng sd pham ma d dd tarn the dinh hddng nghe nghiep luon luon dude tri nhd la mot dpng luc phan dau ren luyen cua SV - Tao dieu kien linh hoat tuyen chpn, tiep nhan da dang cac dng vien cd nhu cau dddc OT de trd GV Viec Ida chpn md hinh neu quan triet cac nguyen tac tren thi se rat linh hoat mien la mo hinh dd thuan Idi cho viec td hpp ddpc nhieu nhat, hieu qua nhat cac yeu to tac dpng den chat Iddng GV Phi/dng thud DT td the tac nghiep OT tai ndi dien qua trinh giao due phai dddc xem la bddc dot pha td va triet li OT GV d Viet Nam Nguyen tac ddi hdi phai thiet ke lai cau true chddng trinh de thdi gian va cd hpi SV hoc tai trddng phd thong nhieu nhat Hien tai, cac trddng sd pham chi quy dinh thdi Idpng kien tap, thdc tap sd pham (TTSP) ca khoa hoc nam tuf — 10 tuan Thdi Iddng da qua it so vdi kinh nghiem cac nddc, nhdng tram hdn la noi dung, phddng phap DT SV thdc hanh nghe qua lac hau, kheng dem lai hieu qua tddng xdng Qua TTSP, SV khong tien bp gi hdn kien thdc li thuyet, dac biet la kT nang giao due, day hoc Td kinh nghiem cua cac nddc tien tien, cac trddng sd pham Viet Nam cd the thdc hien nguyen tac DT "thdc dia" b§ng cac giai phap sau day: - Tang so Ian va thdi gian thdc tap kien tap hoat dpng giao due d nha trddng phd thong Oe quy dinh thdi gian TTSP, cd the tham khao cac 13 Khoa hoc Giao duenirdc nhu : Australia tdi thieu 16 tuan; Anh: tdi thieu 24 tuan; Ha Lan: toi thieu 48 -72 tuan; MT: 12 tuan; Hong Kong: - tuan - Thdi diem td chdc cho SV kien tap, TTSP tai trddng phd thong d nhieu nddc (Vi du, d Cong hoa Phap) td nam thd nhat, SV da phai thdc tap quan sat tai trddng phd thong Dddc tiep xuc sdm vdi thdc te giao due phd thong cd gia tri dinh hddng nghe nghiep, SV biet hp se phai hoc gi, ren luyen nhd the nao ca khoa DT Cd quan diem cho rang, trddc vao hoc trddng sd pham, dng vien can phai lam quen tim hieu nha trddng phd thong Nhd vay, de thdc hien nguyen tac DT SV tai ndi dien hoat dpng giao due thi mo hinh song song cd nhieu du the, dac biet du the tich hpp li thuyet - thdc hanh, tich hpp KHCB - khoa hoc sd pham, sd pham - phd thong - Noi dung thdc hanh d trddng phd thong: Quyet dinh hieu qua chat Idpng TTSP la noi dung thdc tap Can nghien cdu kinh nghiem cua Dai hoc California - Davis ve viec cac giao sinh lam viec vdi sd hddng dan cua GV kinh nghiem trddng phd thong de hoc each to chdc Idp hoc, soan ke hoach giao due, soan giao an, tiep xuc vdi hoc sinh mdi nhap hoc dau nam, cac hoat dpng khai giang, tdng ket nam hoc Vdi each dd, viec TTSP ca mot nam da lam cho SV trd "ngddi nha" ben van hoa trddng hoc Kinh nghiem cua Vien OT GV Phap cho rang DT nghe khong ddn gian la gui SV den trddng phd thong ma phai gan ket phan tich li thuyet ve li luan day hoc, ve mon hoc va giao due hoc tarn li hoc sd pham To chdc hddng dan hoat dpng cua SV la GV phd thong, giang vien dai hoc, cac nha sd pham Cac trddng sd pham Viet Nam khong cd each lam nay, vi vay TTSP khong mang lai hieu qua dang ke - Lira chpn ngddi hddng dan: Kinh nghiem cac nddc deu nhan manh vai trd ngddi hddng dan TTSP Vi vay da dat nhdng tieu chuan kern theo cac che dp boi dddng cho GV phd thong, giang vien dai hoc, ban giam hieu trddng phd thong hddng dan TTSP cho SV Vi du d Australia, GV phd thong hddng din cho SV TTSP can cd nang Idc: giup SV hinh kT nang giang day quan li Idp hoc, cac li thuyet ve qua trinh hoc tap cd kT nang giao tiep, thi pham 14 Ngh n cuu mau hinh nghe nghiep hddng din SV kT nang danh gia hoc sinh, cd tich ddng gdp xay ddng chddng trinh va phat then chuyen mon Tom lai, nhdng ngddi hddng dan bao gdm: GV phd thong, giang vien dai hoc, ngddi quan li nha trddng - Thiet lap mang Iddi trddng phd thong lam ddi tac td chdc TTSP Mang Iddi ddpc thiet lap bang CP cau td chdc vien, cd che hoat dpng, lien ket trach nhiem vdi trddng dai hoc Tao cd che hiep dong khang khit giura cac nhan su" trirc tiep DT De cd sd hiep ddng khang khit, hieu qua, kinh nghiem cac nddc cho chung ta mot so bai hoc sau: - Tich hpp kien thdc chuyen mon vdi kien thdc nghe nghiep sudt chddng trinh DT dddc quan triet y thdc va hoat dpng cua tat ca giang vien dai hoc tham gia vao OT GV tddng lai Du vdi nhieu nddc, viec OT GV dien d cac dai hoc da nganh nhdng d dd giang vien day cac mdn khoa hoc co ban quan triet, du tien tich hpp, long ghep nhdng ndi dung, kinh nghiem giang day cua minh sudt qua trinh DT td nam thd nhat den ket thuc khoa DT Dinh hddng phat trien chuan hanh vi nghe nghiep nhd la ket qua dau cua khoa DT GV dddc quan triet d tat ca giang vien mon cd ban va cac mon hoc nghe nghiep Day la kinh nghiem can phai ddpc nghien cdu then khai d Viet Nam Vi hau nhd d cac trddng sd pham, viec giang day cac mon KHCB va mdn NVSP tach bach, tddng quan long leo Sdtich hpp hai ITnh vdc noi dung OT GV chda ddpc quan triet ro ret ca thiet ke noi dung chddng trinh, giao trinh va dac biet hanh vi giang day cua tdng giang vien Tham chi d cac trddng sd pham cd sd xung dot gida cac ddi tddng nhan sd nay, xay sd canh tranh, giang co vi the nha trddng cua giang vien day KHCB va giang vien day NVSP - Trong bao cao nghien cdu cong tac DT GV cua Ramsey (2000) - Bang New South Wales ndi ve cd cau cua chddng trinh DT GV d cac trddng dai hoc cho rang tat ca cac khoa nganh lien quan mot trddng dai hoc can phai tham gia vao cong tac DT GV Nhdng giang vien KHGD so 57, thang - 2010 day cac mon KHCB deu cd trach nhiem ho trd SV de hp thay mdi lien ket gida cac mdn hoc chuyen nganh vdi kien thdc SP Mdi lien ket khong ddng lai ben mot trddng DH tao cho SV cd hpi thdc hanh hoc thdc hanh tai trddng phd thong Nhd tren da ndi, y tddng khong ddpc quan triet day du d cac trddng sd pham cua Viet Nam, dd la If dd vi d tren chung tdi chda coi viec Viet Nam da chinh thdc cd mo hinh OT song song hay ndi tiep vdi nhdng dau hieu ban chat can cd cua moi mo hinh dd de cd the so sanh xem md hinh nao du viet hdn la d mdi quan he hud cd gida OT chuyen nganh va OT NVSP the hien y thdc GV, chddng trinh, giao trinh, noi dung, phddng phap, hinh thdc OT Chdng nao cac quan he dd long leo thi chdng dd chda cd chat Iddng GV mong mudn Dieu cung ddpc kinh nghiem cua bang New South Wales (Australia) canh bao rang viec chinh phu chu trddng chuyen viec OT GV vao cd cau giao due dai hoc nhd la mot yeu to hdu CP cua mot trddng dai hoc da nganh vda la mot luong sinh mdi thdi vao chddng trinh OT GV nhdng vda cd the la mot rui ro ddi vdi cong tac DT GV neu cac trddng dai hoc coi OT GV cd vi tri thap, la vi the "hang 2", la ganh nang kinh phi Chung ta cd the dang cd bieu hien gap rui ro nay? Dd la dieu phan van lieu cd the chung ta da cd mo hinh OT GV dich thdc chda du la ve hinh thdc cd cac mo hinh khac Ramsey cung Idu y rang hau het cac trddng dai hoc truyen thong va lau ddi d Australia cd it kinh nghiem ve OT GV, dieu dd de b| lung tung viec lam cho cong tac OT GV trd bp phan quan trong co cau hoc thuat cua trddng dai hoc Tranh dieu dd cd the xay ra, Ramsey (2000) khuyen nghi chinh quyen bang cai thien v| the nghe nghiep cua GV va ddi hdi tao sd hoa trpn tot hon gida kien thdc chuyen nganh va kien thdc sd pham mpi hoat dpng cua giang vien va ca bp may van hanh DT cua nha trddng OH Macquarie (Australia) cho rang trach nhiem DT GV la chung cua khoa giao due va cac khoa cd ban Bai hoc ve DT GV trinh thac sT Cac nddc phat trien da dat van de nang KHGD so 57, thdng - 2010 trinh dp OT GV len thac sT vdi thdi gian OT - nam Viet Nam, da cd ma nganh OT GV trinh dp thac sT Van de d day la td kinh nghiem cac nddc chung ta van dung dieu gi? Chung toi cho ring can nghien cdu hoan thien muc tieu, noi dung va dac biet la phdong phap OT OT dda tren trddng hoc, nghien cdu hoat dpng giang day kinh nghiem cua Nhat Ban, Australia can dddc nghien cdu ap dung OT GV cua Viet Nam Trddc mat, mo hinh OT lay trddng hoc lam CP sd hay OT tai "thdc dia" chda ap dung cho bac cd nhan thi nen cho thi diem OT thac sTtheo md hinh DT GV theo phddng thdc "Learning Teaching in, from, for paratice" (Day hoc trong, td va cho thdc tien) phai la triet li cd ban Van de dao tao va tri tarn the dinh hddng nghe nghiep cho SV sd pham ddpc quan tarn d cac nddc phat then Day phai xem la mot nguyen tac vi neu ngddi hoc chda dinh hinh nghe, yen tarn hoc de mai lap nghiep thi khd cd dpng Idc phan dau Thdc tien DT GV d Viet Nam cho thay ngddi hoc chda yen tarn chuan b| cho nghe nghiep tddng lai Nhdng li dd chfnh la viec lam sau tot nghiep, dai ngp va qua trinh DT khong thddng xuyen tao co hpi cho SV tiep can nha trddng phd thong TAI Ll£U THAM KHAO Kiyeu Hoi thao mo hinh dao tao GV THPT va TCCN (Ian den Ian 8), Du an Phat trien GV THPT va TCCN - Bo GD&OT, 2009 Tran Ba Hoanh, Van de GV - nhdng nghien cdu li luan va there tien, NXB Su pham, 2006 Nguyen Canh Toan, Trong thdi dai nen quan niem "nghiep vu sd pham" nhu the nao? Day va Hoc nay, 4/2009 SUMMARY The article discusses some issues in training of secondary school teachers in the time of internationalization The author addresses the admission, training, modes o training, contracts between parties involved and some lessons in training teachers at Master degree level 15 ... hpi can ddpc quan tarn chddng trinh OT GV Kinh nghiem cua mot so nddc cho thay van de xac dinh ti trong, dac diem noi dung DT kien thdc mdn hoc ddpc quan tarn nghien cdu vdi nhieu quan diem, cd... can ddpc quan tarn thiet ke chddng trinh, ke hoach, phddng phap, hinh thdc OT OT nghe ddpc dac trung bdi each OT tai "thdc dia", OT "noi tru" Ban chat cua nghe day hoc ddi hdi cac giai doan OT... xay sd canh tranh, giang co vi the nha trddng cua giang vien day KHCB va giang vien day NVSP - Trong bao cao nghien cdu cong tac DT GV cua Ramsey (2000) - Bang New South Wales ndi ve cd cau cua