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GHirONG TRiNH VA SACH GIAO KHOA GIAO DUC CONG DAN CAP TRUNG HOC PHO THONG TRONG XU THE HO! NHAP QUOC TE O TS NGUYEN THI TOAN* Chuong trinh (CT) vd sdch gido khoa (SGK) Id trudc ddi mdi dugc xdy dyng t[.]
GHirONG TRiNH VA SACH GIAO KHOA GIAO DUC CONG DAN CAP TRUNG HOC PHO THONG TRONG XU THE HO! NHAP QUOC TE O C huong trinh (CT) vd sdch gido khoa (SGK) Id TS NGUYEN THI TOAN* trudc ddi mdi dugc xdy dyng tren phuong phdp mdt nhirng thdnh td co bdn ctio gido Hep cgn ndy dye Trong nhtrng ndm quo, viec xdy dyng, Tiep can myc tieu (opjective approach) CT Id phdt trien CT- SGK ngdy edng dugc chudn hod sy the che hod myc Heu, dya tren myc tieu ddo vdi nhirng bude Hen ddng ghi nhdn Tinh ddng tgo de dua cdc quye't djnh lyo chgn ndi dung, bd, he thdng, khoa hgc dugc ndng coo trudc yeu phucng phdp cung nhu cdch ddnh gid ket qud cdu ngdy cdng tdng ciia xd hdi Tuy nhien, hgc tgp nhdm trd Idi cdc cdu hdi: Dgy ai? Dgy nhilu nguyen nhdn, viec xdy dyng, phdt trien CT- cdi gi? Dgy nhu the ndo? Cdch Hep edn ndy giup SGK vdn cdn ed nhung hgn che, bd't cdp Thdng cho viec ddnh gid ket qud ddo tgo dugc thugn bdo ket ludn cuo Bd Chfnh trj (ngdy / / 0 ) Igi viec xdc djnh myc Heu khd cy the Tuy nhien, dd chf rd, mdt nhCrng nhiem vy ed'p bdch nd cung chua khde phyc dugc sy bj ddng cuo cuo ngdnh gido dye Id: «Rd sodt Igi todn bg CT ngudi hgc phdi nd lyc phdn dd'u de dgt tdi vd SGK phd thdng Sdm khde phyc finh trgng khudn mdu nhdt dmh ddi h/gng cua qud tdi, ndng vi li thuyet, nhe vi thye hdnh, chua gido dye Id nhi/ng ngudi ey the vdi ndng lyc, khuyen khieh diing muc tinh sdng tgo eua ngudi sd thieh cd nhdn vd hodn ednh khdng gidng hpc, chudn bi ktviec xdy dyng vd trien khai thyc Tiep can phdt then (developmental approach) hien ddng bg chuang trinh gido dye phd thdng Xudt phdt hi quan niem nhdn vdn coi ngudi hgc mdi theo hudng hien dgi, phu hgp vd cd hieu Id trung tdm, phuang phdp Hep cdn ndy nhdm qud" Bdi viet ndy tdp trung bdn ve mgt vdn d l khde phye nhugc diem cua hoi phuong phdp tren cy the: NhCfng uu diem vd hgn che ctio CT- SGK bdng cdch chu trgng tdi viec phdt trien sy hieu mdn Gido dye edng ddn (GDCD) ed'p trung hgc biet ctjo ngudi hgc hon Id truyin thy tri tht/c, dgy phd thdng (THPT) hien hdnh, hi d d , d l xud't hudng hoc cdch hgc hon Id hgc ndi dung kie'n thirc gi, xdy dyng CT- SGK GDCD mdi ddp irng yeu edu ehu trgng phdt trien ndng lye cd nhdn vdi nhirng hgi nhdp qud'e te nhu cdu, sd thfch rieng cuo ngudi hgc hon Id dgy Ve CT- SGK mdn GDCD hien hdnh ngudi hgc theo nhi/ng khudn mdu nhd't djnh 1) Ve phucmg phdp tiep can CT mdn GDCD cdp THPT hien hdnh dugc xdy Trong lich sti gido dye, ed bo phuong phdp dyng chu yeu tren co sd phuang phdp Hep edn Hep cdn co bdn de xdy dyng CT: myc tieu, cdn cir vdo myc tieu de xdy dyng cdu T/ep cdn no/c/ung (content approach) Phuong iruc, ngi dung mdn hgc theo mgt he thdng nhdt phdp ndy dya tren viec xdy dyng Cl nhdn mgnh djnh CT ndy duge ban hdnh kem theo Quyet dinh tdi khdi lugng vd chd't lugng tri thire cdn truyin so d / 0 d / Q b - BGD-DT vd dugc trien khai tti dgt (trong dd GV Id trung tdm) GV chti yeu sti ndm hgc 200d-2007 Dya tren mye Heu mdn hgc dyng phuong phdp thuyet trinh de thdi |d gdp phdn tryc tiep ddo tgo nhirng cdng ddn gian ngdn nhd't t r u y i n dgt khdi lugng tri thiic (CD) chdn ehinh cho ddt nudc, CT dugc cdu fruc Idn nhd't tdi HS Cdch ddnh gid edn cir vdo khd'i thdnh phdn: 1) CD vdi viec hinh thdnh the gidi lugng kien thtic vd kT ndng md HS dd Hep thu quan vd phuong phdp lugn khoa hgc; 2) CD vdi Ddy Id cdch Hep cdn dd duge nen gido dye xd dgo due; 3) CD vdi kinh te; 4) CD vdi cdc vdn d l hdi chu nghTa dyng ki bao ed'p * Tnrcing Dai hpc sir pham Ha Npi thy ddng, thie'ud pstic sdng tgo thdi CT mdn GDCD C t thudng qud tdi, nhanh lgc hdu; ngudi hgc Tap chi Giao due so (ki • 9/201 n J^ chfnh trj- xd hdi; 5) CD vdi phdp ludt CT ndy duge ey the hod d SGK mdn GDCD: SGK Idp 10 (phdn 1, 2); SGK Idp 11 (phdn , ) ; SGK Idp 12 (phdn 5) CT- SGK mdn GDCD hien hdnh cd rd't nhieu uu diem song eung khdng trdnh khdi nhi/ng hgn ehe nhd't djnh 2) Mdt vdi uu diem va hgn che a) Lfu diem: So vdi CT- SGK mdn GDCD trudc ndm 0 d , Q - SGK mdn GDCD cap THPT hien hdnh Id mdt budc tien Idn vdi tinh khoa hpe, tinh he thdng, tinh tich hgp eao Nhin mdt edeh tdng qudt, mdn GDCD dugc sdp xep theo cd'u trOe tfch hgp, ddng tdm vd phdt trien Cdc tri thtic mdn hgc d Idp tren dugc ldp Igi dudi dgng coo hon, sdu sdc hon, phi/c tgp hon theo hinh xody de CT dugc xdy dyng tren co sd tri thtic ctio cdc mdn khoa hgc co bdn nhu: Triet hgc, Kinh te chinh trj hgc, Chu nghTa xd hdi khoa hgc, Dgo due hgc, Ludt hgc, Xd hpi hpc ddng thdi budc ddu dd tfch hgp mgt so ndi dung gido dye xd hdi khde nhu: quyen tre em, kT ndng sd'ng, phdng chd'ng AIDS, mo hjy Cdc tdc gid dd thdnh edng viec tfch hgp nhtrng ndi dung kie'n thire sdu, rdng, tri/u tugng cuo nhieu mdn khoa hgc xd hdi vdo SGK mdt edeh cd dgng, hdm stic Phdn Triet hgc SGK Idp 10 Id phdn viet hoy, hdp ddn Cdc tdc gid dd chuyen tdi thdnh edng nhtrng ndi dung kie'n thirc eo bdn cua mdn Triethgevon rd't truu h/gng, phtic tgp, khd (cd vdi nhung dd'i tugng d trinh eao nhu sinh vien coo ddng, dgi hgc) nhung vdn ddm bdo tfnh khoa hgc, tfnh he thd'ng vdi logic chgt che, ngdn ngu chudn xdc, vf dy Heu bieu, sinh ddng Neu GV ndm vtrng kien thire eo bdn vd biet cdch dgy, chdc chdn phdn Triet hgc chuong trinh GDCD se rd't hoy, hdp ddn vdi HS b) Nhirng mat hgn che: - CT- SGK mdn GDCD edn qud tdi, chua vira sire vd ehua khde phye dugc triet de tinh hdn Idm, ndng /; thuyet, nhe thyc hdnh Mdc du CT dugc xdy dyng hi cdch Hep edn myc Heu, song dd'u dn cuo cdch tiep edn ndi dung vdn khd ddm net CT- SGK hien hdnh Ndi dung mdn hgc vdn nghieng ve bi kie'n thiie khoo hgc qud chuyen sdu N h u dd d l egp, ndi dung CT- SGK mdn GDCD Id sy tfch hgp kie'n thi/c cuo n h i l u mdn khoa hgc, dd cd n h i l u mdn khd dd'i vdi sd HS, sinh vien, thdm ehf dd'i vdi cd GV dgy mdn ndy Vf dy, SGK GDCD Idp 10 gdm kie'n thtic cuo hoi mdn: Triet hgevd Dgo due hgc # Phdn Triet hgc dugc dua vdo hgc kl I, HS vtia mdi budc chdn vdo frudng THPT, nhdn thi/c chij ye'u bdng cdm tfnh Phdn Dgo due hpe vdi nhCmg phgm tru dgo di/c mong ddm mdu sdc If thuyet dugc hgc vdi thdi lugng 15 Het cua hgc ki II SGK Idp 11 gdm kie'n thire cuo mdn Kinh te chinh tri vdi hgt nhdn Id hgc thuyet gid tri (hgc ki I) vd kien thire ctia mdn Chu nghla xd hgi khoa hgc (hgc ki II - khd ndng so vdi frinh ctio HS THPT) SGK Idp 12 gdm kien thtic v l md'i quan he giCro CD vd phdp ludt vdi nhilu phgm fru phuc tgp, frong HS Idp eud'i ed'p phdi ddn thdi gian cho hoi ki thi quan trgng (md khd'i lugng kien thtic dd so dd Igi duge nen thdi gian chf Het/tudn); mgt khde, nhilu GV dgy GDCD khdng duge ddo tgo chuyen sdu nen viec dgy the ndo de HS tiep thu dugc kien thi/c Id mdt vd'n de nan gidi, chuo ke yeu cdu ren kT ndng eho HS Myc Heu gido dye cdng ddn cua mdn hgc se khd dgt dugc neu khdng cd sy gidm tdi CT- SGK CT- SGK GDCD van mang dgm mdu sdc chinh frj D i l u ndy xud't phdt hi cdch hieu v l thudt ngir cdng ddn Mye tieu mdn GDCD Id tryc tiep ddo tgo nhirng cdng ddn chdn ehinh cho ddt nude Khdi niem cdng ddn dugc tiep cgn tren nhi/ng p h u o n g d i e n khde n h o u , t r o n g d d cd hai phuong dien tiep cdn chtj yeu: phuong dien phdp If - chfnh trj vd phuong dien x d hdi Tren phuang dien phdp li chinh trj, CD dugc nhin nhdn Id eon ngudi chfnh trj dd trudng thdnh N d n g lyc phdp If vd ndng luc hdnh vi ctia CD ndi len sy trudng thdnh x d hdi vd sy xdc ldp tu cdch chtj the nhd nudc cuo h g CD dugc xem xet dudi gdc phdm chd't nhd nudc chti khdng phdi d u d i gdc cd nhdn Tren phuang dien xd hgi, CD Id ngudi cd nhdn cy the, mdt thdnh vien cdng ddng x d hdi O phuang dien ndy, oi cung Id mgt CD, CD chuo thdnh nien vd CD dd thdnh nien Dd'i tugng cuo GDCD cdp THPT phdn Idn Id nhtrng CD vj thdnh nien, CD tiem tdng Bdi the, ndi dung GDCD phdi rdng hon, hudng tdi CD x d hdi chti khdng phdi chf Id CD phdp li ehinh trj Bdt ddu tCr ndm hgc 9 - 9 , mdn Chfnh tn dugc ddi ten thdnh mdn GDCD, song tren thuc te, mdn hgc ndy vdn mong ddm mdu sdc chfnh tri Ngay cdc tdc g i d viet sdch ve GDCD vdn thtio nhdn: «Cdc tri thirc eua mdn GDCD duge truyin thy eho HS ed the mang nhiiu ndi dung khde nhung diu duge coi Id tri thue li ludn ehinh Tap ehi Giao due so (ki • 9/201 D t r / " ( l ) Do cdch hieu ndy, mdc du cd de cdp ludt, vi cdng ddng cua nhtfng cdng ddn dugc tdi song CT- SGK GDCD vdn eoi nhe ndi dung gido dye td't gido dye d g o dtic, gido dye kT ndng sd'ng eho Tu thyc filn dd, cd'u fruc chuong frinh nen duge HS Trong todn bd CT- SGK mdn GDCD cdp xdy dyng theo hudng gidm thdi gian hgc If thuyet, THPT, chf cd 15 Het ddnh eho gido dye dgo tdng thdi gian thyc hdnh, ren kT ndng vd cdc hogt dtic Trong 15 tiet d d , khfo cgnh chfnh tri eung ddng ngogi khod de viec dgy hgc mdn GDCD rd't ddm net Ody Id mdt nhung If khie'n trd nen htfu fch thiet thyc dd'i vdi HS 2) Xdy dyng CT-SGK theo huang tiep can cho mdn GDCD trd nen khd khon, gido d i l u , thieu stic thuye't phyc dd'i vdi HS phdt trien (tiep can ndng lyc), cap rihgt nhung CT- SGK mdn GDCD ehua cap nhgt duge tri thuc mai, tien tien, hien dgi nhirng ddi thay eua ddt nudc vd thdi dgi xu Ngdy nay, the gidi dong budc vdo thdi dgi the hdi nhdp qudc te Dudi tdc ddng da chilu cuo kinh te tri thii'c; d d , sy xud't hien cuo mgng khoa hgc cdng nghe, kinh te thi trudng, hdi nhdp internet vdi gioo dien rdng, tde eao vd stic Ion qudc te nhilu chudn mirc gid fri, nhilu quan niem tod Idn khien cho md'i quan he gitra ngudi vdi sd'ng vd cdch nhin nhdn cudc sd'ng dd thay ddi ngudi rdng md hon, vdy, the gidi dd xud't hien (quan niem v l hgnh phuc, v l finh yeu, hdn nhdn khdi niem cdng ddn todn edu (globon citizen); vd gio dinh, ddn chij ) Nhtrng thay ddi ndy chuo nghTa Id: todn cdu hod frong gido dye dang tgo dugc phdn dnh CT- SGK mdn GDCD ro «nhirng eon ngudi lao dgng sdng tgo, gidu tri De xud't d m h hudng x d y d u n g vd phdt tudng tugng vd cd ndng lyc phdt minh, sdng che, frien CT- SGK GDCD ed'p THPT bd'i ednh ed the Idm viec d bdt kl ddu, bdt kl lue ndo vd bdt kl hgi nhgp qudc te vdi ai" (2) Todn cdu hod ddi hdi he gid trj phdi 1) Gidm li thuyet, tdng riiyc hdnh, tdng gido thay ddi Con ngudi phdi cd nhtrng gid frj chung de dye dgo due vd kl ndng sdng chung sdng vd phdt frien, ddng thdi phdi cd nhung Hien nay, ndi dung kien thiic mdn GDCD gid tri rieng de phdn biet ngudi ndy vdi ngudi khde, THPT lgi dugc tdi hien d cdc frudng trung hgc, cong ddng ndy vdi cong ddng khde Do vgy, nhimg coo ddng, dgi hgc Bdi vdy, de trdnh nhdm chdn, gid frj vdn hod fruyin thdng cdn GD cho HS Id: Idng trung ldp, Idng phf ve thdi gian, cdng stic cija yeu nudc, nhdn nghTa, cdn cu, hieu hgc, dodn ket, GV vd HS, nen ehuyen mgt sd phdn kie'n thi/c cuo hod binh Ben cgnh dd Id nhi/ng gid fri mdi cdn mdn GDCD len ed'p coo hon (Phdn Triet hoc, Kinh dugc bd sung: finh thdn ndng ddng, sdng tgo, hgp te- ehinh trj, Chu nghTa xd hdi khoa hpe, Phdp tdc, hr Hn, ddm nghT ddm Idm, cd frdch nhiem vdi ludt ) Chuong trinh nen xoay quanh tryc gido cd nhdn vd cdng dong Theo dd, CT- SGK GDCD dye dgo dtic, kT ndng sd'ng, phdp ludt vd phdi edn dugc xdy dyng theo hudng ti^ can phdt then xud't phdt tir nhung finh hudng da dgng f/iep cdn ndng lyc) GDCD Id gido dye he gid fri thye filn de xdy dyng CT, thay vi Idm ngugc Igi truyin thdng vd hien dgi cho HS xoay quanh fryc nhu trudc ddy Bdi hgc hi cdc nudc phdt trien cho gid frj: gid frj bdn thdn (sdng cd frdch nhiem, cdn ci) thdy: GDCD Id mdt mdn hgc quan trgng khdng chdm chf, Het kiem, tu khoa hgc, luong thien, thd thieu CT gido dye phd thdng Tuy nhien, khd ndng thfch nghi, sdng tgo, chf hudng cdu tien ); khdng gid'ng Viet Nam, d A n h , mdn GDCD ehu gid tri gio dinh (hieu thdo, hod thudn, quan tdm, ye'u dgy HS kT ndng sd'ng, kT ndng duong ddu vd frdch nhiem); gid frj ddn tgc (tfnh cdng ddng, Hnh gidi quyet nhtfng vd'n d l khd khdn cudc thdn dodn ket, Idng hr hdo ddn tdc ); gid tri todn sd'ng nhu: an todn finh dye, stic khoe tdm If vd su edu (hod binh, hgp tde, phdt trien ); gid tri chung cdn bdng tdm If, dinh dudng vd hogt ddng thdn eua nhdn logi (finh ngudi) the, tdi ehfnh ed nhdn O Nhdt, GDCD dugc Cl- SGK gdp phdn quan trgng quyet djnh xdy dyng tren eo sd cdc gid trj gio dinh vd gid trj ehdt lugng gido dye CT- SGK ed'p THPT hien hdnh truyen thd'ng vdi ndi dung dugc uu Hen Id Idng dd ed nhtfng budc Hen quan trgng frong viec ddm tdn trgng cudc sd'ng, quon he cd nhdn vdi cdng bdo tfnh he thd'ng, khoa hgc, tfch hgp song vdn ddng, y thtic trdtty Sou trdn ddng dd't, sdng thdn cdn nhtfng hgn ehe nhd't djnh Trong xu the hdi kinh hodng ngdy 11 / / 1 , Nhdt Bdn dd chimg nhdp qudc te, de ddp ting yeu cdu ngdy cdng minh cho the gidi thdy q u y i n lyc m i m cuo ddt coo ctja xd hdi, CT- SGK GDCD edn gidm fTnti, trgt tu, kien muc, ki ndng x i i binti binh fi^nh, Kr, ki aung dung kie'n thirc, rang tdng cuong cudng gioo gido aye dye kT nudc ndy quo cdch ting irng xu Tap ehi Giao due so (ki • 9/2011) # edp nhdt nhung tri thiic tien Hen eua the gidi (tren CO sd ke thira cd chgn lgc nhtrng gid trj truyen thd'ng) Ben cgnh d d , de ndng cao chd't lugng dgy hgc mdn GDCD, cdn cd nhtfng gidi phdp tdc dgng ddng b d : Thay ddi nhdn thire x d hdi, ndng coo chdt lugng dgi ngu GV, tdng cudng thiet bj co sd vdt chdt, ddi mdi phuong phdp dgy hgc Q (1) Dinh Van Dtic - Duomg Thuy Nga (d6ng chu bien) Phuong phap day hoc mon Giao due cong dan & truong THPT NXB Dgi hoc suphgm, H 2009 (2) Bao gia cho tdi giao diJC 3.0, Vietnamnet, 15/3/2010 Tai lieu tham khao Mai Van Binh (tdng chu bien kiem chii bien) - Le Thanh Ha - Nguyen Thi Thanh Mai - Luu Thu Thuy Giao due eong dan 10 NXB Gido due, H 2009 Mai Van Binh (tdng chii bien Iciem chu bien) Pham Van Hiing - Pham Thanh Phd - Vu Hdng Tie'n - Phi Van ThiJC Giao due cdng dan 11 NXB Gido due H.2009 Mai Van Binh (tdng chu bien) - Tran Van Thing (chu bien) - Pham Kim Dung - Vuomg Thi Thanh Mai - Nguyen Thi Xuan Mai Giao due eong dan 12 NXB Gido due, H 2009 Nguyen Van Cu "M6t sd bien phap khSc phtJC diem kho day hpc giao diic cdng dan a trudng FTTH" Tgp ehi Gido due sd 240, ki 2/thang 6/2010 http://www.viettriduhoc.com SUMMARY The article presents several good and bad points of the current syllabus and textbook of the Civics subject at upper secondary level and proposes the direction for making and developing syllabus and textbook of this subject under the trend of International Integration Day hoc phat hien Thiet ke tai lieu (Tiep theo trang 45) (Tiep theo trang 47) cdc nhdm xet cde trudng hgp gdc A (hodc B hogc C) Id to hogc nhgn, sou dd dyng dudng trdn ngogi Hep tam gide ABC; tti d d , cdc nhdm Hep tyc nghien eiiu de chiing minh dugc edng thtic (*) Budc 3: Ldm viee ehung ed Idp Cde nhdm trinh bdy ket qud, G V tdng ket vd'n de * ** cuong SV d d hting thu hon qud trinh hgc tdp Hep thu ede khdi niem, hien tugng VL mdt cdch ed he thd'ng, ndm duge bdn chdt ctja vdn d l , biet lien he vd vdn dyng kien thirc d d hgc vdo eude sd'ng G N h u vdy, cd the ket hgp gitfa hoi hinh thi/c DH GQVD vdi DHTN DHTN dugc vdn dyng vdo khdu ndo Clio DH PH&GQVO Id hjy thudc vdo ndi dung, mye dfch DH md khdng nhd't thiet phdi ludn d khdu ndo; ndu GV vgn dyng mgt cdch linh hogt se gdp phdn ndng cao hieu qud DH mdn Todn d phd thdng • Tai lieu tham khao Nguyen Ba Kim Phmmg phap day hoe toan NXB Dgi hgc suphgm, H 2004 Doan Quynh (tdng chu bien) Hinh hoe 10 nang eao NXB Giaoduc Viet Nam, H 2010 Doan Quynh (tdng chu bien) Hinh hpc 12 nang cao NXB Gido due Viet Nam, H 2010 SUMMARY From the practice of mathematics teaching and learning today, problem finding and solving teaching combining with group teaching In general Mathematics Is the issue which the author is interested in and proposing several specific measures Tai lieu tham khao VO Qudc Chung - Le Hai Y^n De tu hoe dat hieu qua NXB Dgi hgc suphgm, H 2004 Nguyen Dtic Tham - NguySn Nggc Hung Td ehih: hoat ddng nhan thuc eho sinh vien day hoc vat If u truong phd thdng NXB Dgi hgc qu6c gia,\{ 1999 Nguyen Canh Toin Day - tu hoc NXB Gido due, H 2001 SUMMARY Nowadays, students of technology colleges have difficulties in conducting their ovm self study, one problem of which is how to choose course books or materials suitable for their own self-study abilities This paper towards presents the author's attempts designing self-study materials with modulebased Instructions In General Physics with a view to helping students overcome those difficulties Tap chi Giao due so (ki 2.9/2011) ... eua ddt nudc vd thdi dgi xu Ngdy nay, the gidi dong budc vdo thdi dgi the hdi nhdp qudc te Dudi tdc ddng da chilu cuo kinh te tri thii''c; d d , sy xud''t hien cuo mgng khoa hgc cdng nghe, kinh... he cd nhdn vdi cdng bdo tfnh he thd''ng, khoa hgc, tfch hgp song vdn ddng, y thtic trdtty Sou trdn ddng dd''t, sdng thdn cdn nhtfng hgn ehe nhd''t djnh Trong xu the hdi kinh hodng ngdy 11 / / 1 ,... xody de CT dugc xdy dyng tren co sd tri thtic ctio cdc mdn khoa hgc co bdn nhu: Triet hgc, Kinh te chinh trj hgc, Chu nghTa xd hdi khoa hgc, Dgo due hgc, Ludt hgc, Xd hpi hpc ddng thdi budc