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LinH HOHT P H i n m G PHHP Dfl V HOC THCO SIT THflV BOI CUA PHirffNG TIEN TRONG T 6 CHITC DAY HOC THIJC HANH Kl THOAT O ThS BUI V A N H 6 N G " dl Hlln kr ndng (KN) thyc hdnh nghi cho ''''sinh vidn (SV)[.]
LinH HOHT PHinmG PHHP Dfl V HOC THCO SIT THflV BOI CUA PHirffNG TIEN TRONG T6 CHITC DAY HOC THIJC HANH Kl THOAT O dl Hlln kr ndng (KN) thyc hdnh nghi cho 'sinh vidn (SV) ludn Id m$l Hong nhCHig myc Hdu hdng ddu md ed h$ thd'ng gido dye ndi chung vd gido dye dql hqc ndi ridng cdn phdi dgt duqc Trong dd, ddi nidi phuong phdp dqy hoc (PPDH) Id m$t Hong nhOng gidi phdp chiln kiqc d l hi$n thye hdo myc Hdu ndy (1) Trong dqy hqc (E)H) thye hdnh kr thu^l (THKT), phucmg tl$n dqy hqc (PTDH) glO vol Hd quylt djnh d i n clilt luqng td chue vd diiu khiln hoqt d$ng DH Clio gidng vidn (GV), vdi m$t so' vol Hrd quon trqng nhu: gidn tilp chuyin hdo ndi dung DH glOa GV vdl sinh vidn (SV), tham gio hyc Hip voo hoqt d$ng thyc hdnh cuo SV vd quy ^ n h PPDH cua GV Trong nhung ndm gdn ddy da cd m^t sd cdng trinh nghidn cuu v l vdn dyng thudI ngi> linh hoqt Hong DH da duqc cdng bd', ndi bqt nhdt Id c6c nghidn cuu v l hqc tdp linh hoqt cua Lundln (1999) (2|, Hip cdn llnh hoqt h'ong DH cue Johnston (2001 j (3) Cdc hSc gid ndy ehu y l u ldp Hung nghidn cuu v l ede khda hqc cd khd ndng o6p ung theo nhu cdu hqc tqp khdc nhou eOa moi ngudi hqc, nhu: nhu edu vi thdi gian, dja d i ^ , hinh thuc hqc ldp, Cdc kit qud nghidn cijuda duqc mqt sd tn/dng dql h q c d U c v d New Zeakind phdt Hlln ung dyng, dd cd Hudng dgi hqc Queensland {2002} vd hvdng dqi hqc Tasmania (2004) (4) Ngodi ro, hrong Ifnh vyc phdt Hlln chucmg trinh ddo Iqo, ihudi ngd linh hoql cung dd duqc vdn dyng d l xdy dyng m$t si chuong Hinh ddo hpo cd Knh m i m ddo, cho ph6p ngudi hqc chO d$ng lyo chqn ndi dung hqc tgp, nhu: ddo Iqo theo tfn chT; ddo Iqo theo nnodule; ddo tqo phdn hda, Tuy nhidn, cho d i n noy llnh hoqt PPDH ndi chung vd llnh hoql PPDH THKf ndi ridng d l phij hqp vdl mde dd thay ddi c6 thi xdy ddi vdi PTDH vfin cdn Id vdn d l chua duqc nghidn cuu sdu, r$ng Hong Irnh vyc GD-DT d nude ta Vi vdy, chOng Idl dd Hip cdn ThS BUI V A N H N G " v l vd'n d l ndy, vd gidl thl$u kit qud nghidn ei>u v l Hip c0n llnh hoqt Hong DH THKT vd n$l dung vdn dyng llnh hoqt vdo DH THKT V^n dyng Hip cQn llnh hoql H^ong DH THKT 1} Khdi nl$m flip cin DH THKT Qud Hnh DH THKT ihudng duqc GV id chuc thdng qua v i ^ su dyng ede PPDH mong Hnh ddc Hung vd phd biln nhdl, dd Id: phuong phdp (PP) Idm mdu; PP luy^n tdp (5) Myc dfch cOo qud Hnh ndy Id giup SV vdn dyng nhung kiln thuc KT dd hqc vdo thyc tiln d l hinh thdnh vd phdt H i n kr ndng, kT xdo, H> dd Idm tdng muc chinh xde vd bin vung cua kiln Hiuc (d) Nhuvdy, DH THKT Id qud Hnh GV Idm mSu vd td chuc cho SV luy^n •dp d l hinh ihdnh vd phdt Hlln kT ndng, kr xdo theo mqt quy ludt mong H'nh h$ thdng Qud Hinh ndy duqc thyc hidn dyo vdo kinh nghidm vd phong edeh hqe tdp cuo SV, sy hS Irq cuo PTDH Tuy nhidn, cdc y l u td ndy ed tfnh chdl thoy ddi, ndn GV phdi thilt kicdc kich bdn su phqm khdc nhou cho Hin trinh hqc tdp thyc hdnh cua SV, d l thyc hl^n Idm mdu vd t l ehuc luy^n tdp phCi hqp nhdl Khi v^n dyng Hip cqn linh hoqt vdo Irong DH THKT, GV cd khd ndng linh hoqt cdc kich bdn su phqm cho tiln Hnh hqc tdp cOo SV phO hqp vdi nhung thay ddi ed thi xdy ddi vdi PTDH, phong edeh hqc ldp vd kinh nghidm cuo chfnh ddi hiqng SV Td nhijng phdn H'ch trdn, «tilp c^n llnh hoqt Hong DH THKT" cd thi duqc hiiu Id dya vdo nhung khdc nhou v l kinh nghl$m vd phong cdch hqc tdp cOo SV, nhung thay ddi cd thi xdy ro cOa PTDH ihyc hdnh, GV d l cdc kjch bdn su phqm eho vide id ehuc DH thyc hdnh d l dql myc Hdu DH, h> dd lya chqn vd su dyng Idch bdn phCi hqp nhdl vdl dllu kl#n thyc t l cOo Mro hqc 2) M6 hinh llnh hogt PPDH theo PTDH PTDH ' B9i hQG Stf P M M U thMt TP H i Chi Will ftp Chi Blao due s6 287 (in i ã ã/aoiô) td chuc DH THKT boo g l m : dyng cy, mdy mde, thilt bi KT vd dllu ki§n DH mong t(nh vdt ehdt khdc tdn tql bdn ngodi G V vd SV, nhu: mdy tinh, ddn chilu, md hinh, mSu vdt, dyng cy, Trong DH THKT, GV su dyng PTDH Idm Hung glon, gidn Hip cung cdp n^l dung hqc tdp, ihoo Wic mfiu vd td chue luy^n tdp thyc hdnh eho SV, glOp hq phdt Hlln kiln thirc, KN vd thdi d$ theo myc Hdu DH Nguqc lql, mfil PTDH ed mdt khd ndng vd mue dd truyin dqt thdng Hn khdc nhou, ndn GV phdi lya chqn vd sd dyng PP Idm mfiu vd luy^n t^p Krong ung d l phdt huy hit vol trd cOo ehung vd giup SV dqt duqc kit qud hqc tdp tdt nhdt, h> dd ndng coo duqc hi^u qud DH Nhu vdy, ngodi vol Hd frung gian glQa GV-SV, PTDH, cdn cd vol trd quylt d|nh d i n vl§c lya chqn vd su dyng PPDH cuo GV Tuy nhidn Hong thyc t l DH, mSi PTDH ed khd ndng HuyIn ihdng Hn khdc nhou vd cd Hnh ehdt ihoy ddi iheo diln biln ciio Hin Hinh DH Sy thay ddi ndy cd t h i nhilu nguydn nhdn khdc nhou nhu: mdl dl$n,hu hdng, ho^c CO sd thilt bi khdng ddp ung vdl sd luqng SV hoy ndi dung DH Do dd, GV phdi cd khd ndng llnh hoqt Hong lya chqn PPDH d l ddp ung duqc vdl nhung thay ddi dd Hay ndi edeh khdc, v§n dyng Hip cdn llnh hoql vdo Hong DH THKT Id GV ddnh gid trude nhung thay ddi cd t h i xdy ro DH d l xdc djnh ho^c lya ehqn ede PPDH hrong ung Khi PPDH phii hqp sd phdt huy duqc hl§u qud sd dyng phuong Hfn vd h5c ddng tfch eye d i n thdi ig hqe tqp cua SV, h> dd giup SV dqt duqc kit qud hqc tdp tdt nhdt vd ndng coo duqc hl^u qud DH Tu nhung phdn Ifch Hdn, md hinh llnh hoqt PPDH theo phuong H^n Hong to chue DH THKT ed t h i duqc minh hqo nhu sou (xem hinh J): Khdu chuin bl W n h gl6 FTDH vd dl4u kl^n DH Khdu Min khai PPDH li dl dvng linfi iioql (TOT Hinh Md hinh llnh hogt PPDH theo PTDH Khi Iqp k l hoqch DH, G V ddnh gid trude Hnh hinh PTDH vd trang thilt bj phyc vy, nhu: sd luqng, chudn loqi, chdl luqng, khd ndng hu hdng ed t h i xdy ra, vd dy bdo trude nhung thay ddi cd t h i xdy ro, h> dd xdc djnh cdc PPDH hrong dng Tiln hdnh hoqt ddng DH, hjy theo diln biln thyc t l cOo PTDH Idp hqc, G V quylt djnh su dyng, Ihav ddi hodc kit hqp cdc PPDH dd chudn bj Hong k l hoqch cho phu hqp nhdt Llnh hoqt lyo chqn phuong phdp dqy THKT theo PTDH 1) Quy Irinh llnh hogt PPDH theo PTDH Xudt phdt h> md hinh llnh hoql PPDH d hinh / cho thdy, v i ^ llnh hoqt PPDH duqc G V thyc hl^n ngoy h> khdu chudn bj k l hoqch DH Cdc budc thyc hi0n duqc tiln hdnh nhu sau: Budc Xdc djnh mi/c tiiu vd nil dung DH Dya vdo myc Hdu chung cua mdn hqc dd duqc cdc nhd qudn If xdc djnh Hvdc, GV xdc d|nh cd'p dd ndng lyc cy t h i md SV sd dqt duqc cho h>ng bdi dqy thyc hdnh (KN cdn luy$n ldp), lu dd ldm eo sd d l lyo chqn cdc kiln ihuc, KN vd thdi dd (ndi dung DH} md SV cdn phdi hqc vd luy$n t^p Budc Ddnh gid PTDH Khi ldp k l hoqch DH, GV xdc d|nh hvdc PTDH phyc vy cho ndi dung DH hi^n ed vd dy bdo nhung khd ndng ihoy doi ed t h i xdy d l xdc djnh cdc kjch bdn DH hiong ung, nhu: - Xdc djnh sd luqng vd chudn k>ql cua ede PTDH, dyng cy thill bj vd tdi lidu hqc tdp hyc vy cho ndi dung DH; - Ddnh gid c h ^ luqng, i d ndng Idm v l ^ vd muc dd ddp ung n^l dung DH cue Kmg PTDH vd dyng cy thill bj DH; - Dy bdo trude nhCHg thoy ddi cd t h i xdy ddi vdi PTDH H-ong qud Hinh DH nhu: khd ndng hu bdng, mdt di$n, hoy hqn c h i v l sd luqng, Budc Xdc djnh PPDH tuong ung Dyo Hdn kit qud ddnh gid dd thyc hifn d bude 2, GV d l cdc PP Idm mfiu, PP luydn tdp khdc nhou h/ong ung vdl nhctng Irudng hqp thay ddi cd t h i xdy cue PTDH Budc Tichuc qud tinh DH Dya vdo dllu k l ^ v$t chdl thye l l h?l k dyng hodc thay ddi PP Idm mfiu, Ff luydn tdp theo thyc t l Hong thill bl, dyng ey vd dllu S k l ^ DH 8udc Ddnh gid kit qud DH Kel qud hqc tdp eua SV ed t h i ddnh gid bdng cdc hinh thi>c khdc nhou nhu: ddnh gid thyc hidn quy Hnh, ddnh gid sdn phdm thyc hdnh, H-dc nghifm kiln thuc lidn quon Dya vdo mde dq dqt duqc mye Hdu DH cua SV, G V nhdn xet tfnh hidu qud eua KHig PPDH da sd dyng, H> dd rut kinh nghidm cho cdc budi DH sou Tgp chi Glao due s6 (ki i - «/3oi3) 2) Nil dung hnh hogt PPDH theo PTDH: • Unh hoqt PPldm mau, d y o vdo khd ndng HuyIn tdi thdng tin khde eua moi PTDH, G V c d t h i lya chqn PP Idm mfiu todn Idp hong KN bdng vdi so' nhdm hodc sd' SV cOo Idp hqc; + Luyf n l d p ngfiu nhidn Id G V t d chuc cho mfil nhdm SV Hong Idp hqc luydn t d p m q l K N khde nhau, khdng theo thu h/ H-ong ed'u true chuong H n h mon hqc vd sau d d hodn d d i ngSu nhidn sang luyfn tdp K N khdc PP ndy d p d y n g c a sd cOa mfil chudn loqi dyng cy t h i l t bj thyc tdp tuong dng vdl mfil K N khdng du d l ihyc h i f n PP luyfn ndi t i l p Vf di/ Luydn tdp K N vdn hdnh cdc mdy edng nghd coo (CNC), K N ndy duqc thyc hidn trdn cdc mdy CNC khdc nhu: mdy Hf n CNC, mdy phoy C N C , mdy cdt CNC, Trudng hop moi ehiing loqi mdy ed dD s i luqng theo c o sd nhdm l u y f n tqp, G V ed t h i su dyng PP luydn tdp theo thu H/, ldn luqt i d chijc ed Idp l u y f n trin cOng mqt chDng loqi mdy gid'ng nhou Tuy nhidn, cdc t h i l t bj ndy cd g i d thdnh cao, ndn so luqng bj rdt hqn e h l (ed t h i mdl chung loql chi trang bj mdt mdy} Do d d , PP luyfn l d p ngfiu nhidn Id phO hqp d l td chuc cho mfil nhdm luyfn t f p v0n hdnh mdt chOng loqi mdy CNC khdc nhou khdng theo thu h/ K i t thOc K N vdn hdnh mdy ndy, ede nhdm c h u y i n sang luyfn tdp trdn mdy khde NghTa Id cung m f t thdi d i l m hoqt ddng DH d i l n ro, mfil nhdm luyfn t^p mdt KN khdc Vi PTDH cd tfnh ehdt thay ddi, ndn d l ndng cao chdt krqng DH, GV phdi llnh hoqt PPDH phi) hqp TOy thufc vdo Hnh hinh thyc t l cua PTDH Hong lc DH phu hqp nhdt Unh hoql PPDH Hong i d chdc DH THKT giup cho vifc td chuc DH cOa G V phD hqp vdl dyng cy vd Hong thilt bj thyc t l cua Idp hqc D l l u ndy tdc d f n g d i n Hidi d f hqc tdp h'ch eye eOa SV vd ndng coo h i f u qud DH Q (1) BO GD-DT Dit thdo idn thii 14 Chiin IU(K phdt triin gido d^c Vi^t Nam 2009 - 2020, Ek NOi 2008 (2) S.Good - R A.Willis - J R Wolf - A L Harris "Enhancing IS education with flexible teaching and \tdxnm%'\ Journal of Information Systems, Vol 18(3), pp 297-302 (2007) (3) John Bottomley - Jocelyn Calvert "Evaluation of the Impact of Flexible Teaching" Learning on Academic Staff at the University of Tasmania, Final Report 2005 (4) The University Of Queensland Academic guidelines for flexible learning at the university of Queensland, 2002 (5) Phgm Vi^t Vuqng GUo due h^c NXB D(ti hpc supham, H 2008 (6) Phan Trpng Ngp - Ducmg Di$u Hoa - Nguyfin Thj MOi Tflm U hpc ho^t dfng vA khd nSog dug dyng vio Unh vvc d^y hpc NXB £>(ii hi>c qude gia Hd N0i, 2000 Tdi lifu tham khio D^o Qu^ - van Thiiy Tfim If giiio dge hpc NXB Thdng ki, H 2006 SUMMARV in engineering practice teaching, each teaching means are capable of delivery different teaming content and ail of them have variability Therefore, while planning teaching, teachers need to predict the changes that may occur to them to devise teaching methods accordingly Depending on ttie actuc^ corrections of ttie classroom, teachers use the most appropriate teaching practice ftp Chi Glao due so (id i • 6/aoia) ... hqp thay ddi cd t h i xdy cue PTDH Budc Tichuc qud tinh DH Dya vdo dllu k l ^ v$t chdl thye l l h?l k dyng hodc thay. .. Hong lya chqn PPDH d l ddp ung duqc vdl nhung thay ddi dd Hay ndi edeh khdc, v§n dyng Hip cdn llnh hoql vdo Hong DH THKT Id GV ddnh gid trude nhung thay ddi cd t h i xdy ro DH d l xdc djnh ho^c... PPDH theo PTDH Khi Iqp k l hoqch DH, G V ddnh gid trude Hnh hinh PTDH vd trang thilt bj phyc vy, nhu: sd luqng, chudn loqi, chdl luqng, khd ndng hu hdng ed t h i xdy ra, vd dy bdo trude nhung thay