I INH HOAT PHirilNG PHAP DAY HOC THEO NGOOl HOG TRONG TO CHITG DAY HOC THUC HANH Kl THUAT O ThS BUI VAN HONG* PGS TS LE HONG S O N " 1 Dpy hpc thye hdnh kT thudt (DHTHKT) Id mdt qud h inh su phpm do g[.]
IINH HOAT PHirilNG PHAP DAY HOC THEO NGOOl HOG TRONG TO CHITG DAY HOC THUC HANH Kl THUAT O ThS BUI V A N H O N G * - PGS TS LE H O N G S O N " Dpy hpc thye hdnh kT thudt (DHTHKT) Id mdt qud h-inh su phpm gidng vien (GV) td chirc toi cdc Idp hpc thye hdnh cd sy hd trp eua mdy mde thilt bj, phuong tien kT thudt nhdm giup SV van dyng kien thi/c kT thudt vdo thye t l , ren luyen vd phdt triln kT ndng, kT xdo loo ddng Do dd, GV phdi lyo chpn phuong phdp dpy hpc (PPDH) phu npp vdi cdc dd'i tupng sinh vien (SV) nhdm tdc ddng tieh eye d i n thdi dp vd kit qud hpc tap (HT) cua hp Tuy nhien, thyc t l DH, kiln tht/c, kinh nghifm vd phong edeh hpc tap (PCHT) ludn thay ddi theo tung ngudi hpc khdc nhau, nen GV phdi ed khd ndng linh hopt PPDH d l ddp ung trude nhirng thay ddi dd Chinh vi vdy, nghien ct/u linh hopt PPDH theo sy thay dd'i cuo ngudi dqy td' chuc DHTHKT Id cdn thilt LiSn quan d i n vd'n de tren, nhirng ndm gdn ddy dd cd mdt so edng trinh nghien cuu dupe cdng bd (1), (2) Cdc tdc gid ndy dd tap homg nghlSn cuu cdc hinh thi>c ddo tpo ed khd ndng ddp t/ng theo nhu cdu HT khdc cuo mpi ngudi hpe Cdc kit qud nghien cuu dd dupe mot sd trudng dpi hpe (DH) d Uc vd Nev/ Zealand phdt triln ung dyng (2), (3) Tuy nhien, cho den linh hopt PPDH theo kinh nghiem vd PCHT cua ngudi hpe DH ndi chung vd DHTHKT ndi riSng vdn edn Id vdn de mdi, chuo dupe nghiSn ei>u Vdi myc H6u de xud't mdt so van dyng linh hopt PPDHTHKT theo ngudi hpc, bdi bdo ndy tdc gid trinh bdy kit qud nghien cuu ve ndi dung vd biSn phdp van dyng linh hopt PPDH theo kinh nghi?m vd PCHT 'muylt hpc tdp trdi nghiSm theo md hinh cuo Kolb Theo Kolb, chu ki HT ludn ludn diin ro theo mdt Hin trinh nhd't dinh Tien trinh ndy dupe chia thdnh bdn glai dopn: Kinh nghiem cu ibi; Quan sdt phdn bSl; Khdi qudt hda trifu Iugng; Thuc hdnh tich ci/c Tiiy thudc vdo kinh nghiem vd PCHT eua h)ng ed nhdn, SV cd the bdt ddu qud trinh HT cuo hp tpl mpt h-ong bdn diem bd't ki cua chu ki HT Tap chi Giao due so 0 (k> a • la/aoia) (4) Khi xem xet chu ki HT trdi nghiem h/ cdc tTnh vyc thu thdp thdng tin vd xt/ li thdng Hn, Kolb cho rdng, moi giai dopn chu ki HT tuong ung vdi mpt khuynh hudng HT khdc vd dupe minh hpa nhu hinh Trong dd: - Khia epnh thu thdp thdng fin, ed hoi khuynh hudng HT dd'i ldp, dd id: + Kinh nghiem cu the: Id khuynh hudng HT nhd vdo edm nhpn tir nhung kinh nghiem ey t h i cuo ngudi hpe; + Khdi qudt trifu Iugng: Id khuynh hudng HT nhd vdo tu Khio epnh xu li thdng fin, cd hai khuynh hudng ,^,^ ddi idp nhau, dd Id: Quan sdt j ZZ^i, phdn hoi: Id khuynh hudng "l"-'*'*'!-^ HT nhd vdo sy xem xet kT ludng vd'n de; Thuc hdnh tich cue: Id Hinh I Mo hinh HTtral nghiSm khuynh hudng IKolb, 1984) HT nhd vdo thyc hdnh Kit hpp ede khuynh hudng HT khde nhau, Kolb dd de xud't PCHT khde [hinh 2) Trong dd: - Su bdi tu [Khdi qudt hda triru tugng + Thuc hdnh tich cue): Id PCHT md ngudi hpe ed khuynh hudng thu thdp thdng tin tu- nhirng li thuyet cd h'nh chd't khdi qudt triru tupng, sou dd thdng qua thyc hdnh tich eye de chuyin ede thdng Hn dd thdnh kinh nghiem rieng cuo bdn thdn SV thudc nhdm PCHT ndy rdt thich hpp cho ,.~ tinh kT thudt Sy bd't dong (Kinh nghiem cu the + Quan sdt phdn hoi): Id PCHT md ngudi hpc cd khuynh Hinh Mo hinh phong hudng thu thdp thdng Hn tueach HT (Kolb, 1984) nhirng vdn de hoy nhirng •= =t ' Tnitfng Sai hoc sU pham ki thuat TP Ho Chi Minh " Tnrtfngfiaihoc su pham Ha Npi nhiem vy ey the vd chuvln nhung thdng Hn dd tieu DH, tuddlua chgn vd sir dung heb bdn phii thdnh kinh nghiem cd nhdn thdng quo quon sdt hgp nhdt vdi diiu kien thuc ticua ldp bod' phdn hdi SV thudc nhdm PCHT ndy thudng cd 2) Md binh linh boat PPDH theo kinh nghiem de tudng tupng vd cd edm xue manh, nen hpc vd PCHT Theo edu tnjc cho mpi hoot dpng cuo thien ve nghe thudt vd hopt ddng edng ddng K.Marx (7) vd nguyen tdc gidn Hep tdm li - Su dong hda [Khdi qudt hda truu tugng + hpc hopt ddng cuo LX Vygotsky (7), quan he Quan sdt phdn hoi): Id PCHT md ngudi hpe ed giira GV-SV Id quon he quy djnh vd chuyen hda khuynh hudng thu thdp thdng fin tir nhirng li thuyet Idn Trong qud tnnh DH, bdng kinh nghidm ed tinh chd't Ichdi qudt hdo triru tupng, sou dd ciJa minh, GV truyen dpt kiln thirc, thyc hien thao ehuyin hda thdnh kinh nghiem bdn thdn thdng tdc mdu vd td chuc luyen tap kT ndng cho SV theo qua quon sdt phdn hdi SV thudc nhdm PCHT ndy myc tieu DH, vd nhu vdy, kinh nghiem cua GV thich tilp can thdng fin thdng qua dpc sdch, sy dupe ehuyin hdo thdnh tri thirc mdi eijo SV Ngupc cung cd'p cuo GV vd thich phdn tich hopt Ipi, moi SV cd kinh nghiem vd PCHT khde nhau, ddng cuo minh nen mudn hp dpt dupe kit qud HT td't nhd't, PPDH - Su de ddi {Kinh nghiem eu thi+ Thuc hdnheua GV phdi phii hpp vdi tirng dd'i tupng hoy tich ctrc): Id PCHT md ngudi hpc cd khuynh hudng h>ng nhdm dd'i h/png khdc Cy the thu thdp thdng Hn tu nhirng vdn de hay nhung DHTHKT, theo md hinh HT trdi nghiem cuo Kolb nhiem vy cy t h i vd chuyin hda thdnh kinh nghiem (4), tiiy theo kinh nghiem vd PCHT eua SV, GV ed cd nhdn thdng qua thye hdnh tich eye SV thupc t h i td chuc hopt ddng hpe bdt ddu tu quan sdt nhdm PCHT ndy rdt thich thdo ludn vdi ngudi khde phdn hdi nhdm kich thich HT hodc cOng ed thi de hodn thdnh myc Heu HT cuo minh bdt ddu vdi h/ khdi qudt hdo truu tupng vd kit Linh hoat PPDH theo kinh nghiem vd thuc vdi thyc hdnh ehu ddng PCHT cua SV DHTHKT Nhu vdy, mdi quan he tuong tdc gii/a ]) Khdi niem tiip cdn DHTHKT Qud GV-SV, kinh nghiem vd PCHT eua SV Id nhirng trinh DHTHKT thuong dupe GV td chirc thdng qua ylu to ed voi trd quylt djnh den viec lyo chpn vd viec su dyng cdc PPDH mang tinh dde trung vd su dyng PPDH ciJa GV Tuy nhien, thyc t l phd bien nhd't, dd Id: phuong phdp Idm mdu, DH, kinh nghiem vd PCHT mong tinh chd't cd nhdn phuong phdp luyen tap (5) Mye dich eua qud vd thay dd'i theo ti/ng dd'i tupng hodc tirng nhdm trinh ndy Id giup SV van dyng nhirng kien thuc kT dd'i tupng SV Do dd, vdi vai trd id chu t h i cuo thudt dd hpc vdo thyc tiin de hinh thdnh vd phdt hopt ddng DH, GV phdi Hm hiiu sy khde ve triln kT ndng, kT xdo, tir dd Idm tdng muc dp kinh nghiem, PCHT cuo SV de xde djnh hodc lyo chinh xde vd ben vung cuo kiln thuc (d) Nhu chpn cdc PPDH h/ong ung Khi PPDH phii hpp se vdy, DHTHKT Id qud trinh GV Idm mdu vd td chuc tdc ddng tieh eye d i n thdi dp HT ciJa SV, tu dd cho SV luyen tap de hinh thdnh vd phdt trien kT giiip SV dpt dupe kit qud HT td't nhdt vd ndng ndng, kTxdo theo mdt quy ludt mong tinh he thd'ng cao dupe hieu qud DH Qud h-inh ndy dupe thyc hien dya vdo kinh nghiem Tu nhirng phdn tieh tren, md hinh iinh hopt vd PCHT eua SV, sy hd trp ctJo phuong Hen DH PPDH theo kinh nghiem vd PCHT ciia SV cd t h i Tuy nhien, cdc yeu to ndy ed Hnh chd't thay ddi, dupe minh hpa nhu binh Trong dd: - Khi lap nen GV phdi thilt k l cdc kjeh bdn su phpm cho k l hopeh DH, dya vdo kit qud ddnh gid kinh Hin h-inh HT thyc hdnh cuo SV phii hpp nhd't nghiem vd xde djnh PCHT eua SV Kr cdc bud'i Khi van dyng tilp can linh hopt vdo hpc ddu hen thdng quo quan sdt hdnh vl hodc DHTHKT, GV cd khd ndng linh hopt cdc kich bdn phdng vd'n true Hep, GV de cdc PPDH tuong su phpm cho Hen trinh HT ciJa SV phii hpp vdi irng cho h/ng nhdm dd'i h/png SV; - Khi tiln hdnh nhirng thay dd'i cd the xdy dd'i vdi phuong Hen hopt ddng DH, theo diin biln thyc t l cua dd'i DH, PCHT vd kinh nghiem eua chinh ddi hrpng SV h/png SV, GV quyet djnh su dyng, thay ddi hodc Tu nhi/ng phdn tieh tren, «tiep can linh hopt kit hpp ede PPDH dd chud'n bi k l hopeh h-ong DHTHKT" cd the dupe hieu Id «dt/a vdo cho phu hpp nhd't nbifng khdc vi kinh nghiem vd PCHT eua 3) Ngi dung van dung linh boat PPDH SV, nhung thay dd'i cd the xdy eua phuong a) Unh hogt PPDH theo kinh nghiem eija SV tien DH thuc bdnb, GV di cdc kich bdn su Tiln h-inh HT thye hdnh kT thudt cuo SV theo md phgm cho viec td chuc DH thi/e hdnh di dgt muchinh HT trdi nghiem eiJa Kolb ludn trdi quo bdn Tap chi Giao due so 0 (ki a • la/aoia) KhJudMMktt^ "1 '• u Tim heu Linh n ^ e t n vs phont; each hoc tap cua unh vien p h i m g phiip dJt> h^r Kinh ni^hicm va ftion^cach hoc tap thuc te c i a snh vien Hinh Mo hinh llnh hogt PPDH theo kinh nghiem va PCHT gial dopn: 1) Tilp thu cdc kiln thire, kinh nghiem, ung dyng, lien quon d i n kTndng edn luyen lap (hinh thdnh khdi niem); 2) Quon sdt sdn phd'm hodc kit qud thyc hdnh cdn luyen tdp (suy nghT v l khdi niSm); 3) Phdt trien khdi niem, quy trinh luySn tap (phdt trien khdi niem); 4) Luyen tap kT ndng theo quy trinh (cung ed khdi niem) Tuy theo kinh nghiem cuo SV cd dupe Kr ede hopt dpng hpe trude dd, GV lyo chpn Hin trinh HT theo cdc kjeh bdn su phpm sou: - Phuong dn Nlu SV ehua cd kinh nghiSm gi v l ndi dung HT, GV td chuc hopt ddng hpc cho hp theo Weh hinh: bdt ddu tir 1) 2) vd kit thiie d 4); - Phuong 6n N l u SV dd ed kiln thuc ii thuylt nhung ehua ed kinh nghiem thyc te ve kT ndng edn iuyfen tap thi Hen trinh HT eua hp se Id: bdt ddu Kr 2) 3) vd kit thiic d 4); - Phuong dn Trudng hpp SV dd cd cd kinh nghiem li thuylt vd thyc t l v l kT ndng edn luyen tap, tiln trinh HT cuo hp se bdt ddu Kr 3) vd kit thuc d 4) b) Unh hogt PPDH theo PCHT eua SV Hopt ddng HT thyc hdnh ndi chung, thye hdnh kT thudt ndi riSng, SV ed t h i tilp nhdn thdng tin theo nhieu eon dudng khdc nhung xu li thdng Hn bdt budc phdi bdng thye hdnh vd luyen tap Do dd, h-ong bd'n nhdm PCHT theo md hinii cua Kolb nhu dd trinh bdy o binb 2, thilt k l DH, GV hudng ldi hai nhdm phong edeh hpc «Su de ddi" vd «Si/ hdi t\i" - Phuong dn ? SV thudc nhdm PCHT «Sy hdi h^*: 1) GV trinh bdy cdc kien thi/c li thuyet, minh hpa I/ng dyng lien quan d i n ndi dung HT de hinh thdnh kinh nghiSm ban ddu cho SV; 2) GV su dyng hinh dnh, vpt that hay md hinh d l minh hpa sdn phdm hodc kit qud thyc hdnh, hudng ddn SV quon sdt vd lien tuong d i n kinh nghiem vuo dupe tpo ra; 3) GV idm mdu vd phdn tieh quy hrinh iuyf n tap, SV quon sdt vd hinh dung, Kr dd phdt h-iln khdi niem vd cung cd quy frinh luyen t$p; 4) GV td chuc cho SV luyen tap theo quy h-inh vd kinh nghiem da dupe phdt h-iln Tap chi Glao due so 0 (ki a • la/aoia) - Phuong dn SV thupe nhdm PCHT «Sy d i ddi": 1) GV ddt nhiem vy thye hdnh, SV h/ fim kilm cdc kiln thirc ii thuyet lien quon din ndi dung HT d l hinh thdnh kinh nghiem mdi dya tren kinh nghiem dd cd cuo hp; 2) Tir hinh dnh, vdt that hoy md hinh minh hpa sdn phdm hope kit qud thye hdnh, SV Kr quon sdt vd lien hrdng den kinh nghiem mdi eua hp vira hinh thdnh, tir dd hp Kr xdy dyng quy trinh luyen tap theo kinh nghiem dd; 3) GV giup SV kiem tro quy trinh, thao tdc mdu nhihig budc khd hay quon trpng quy hinh SV quan sdt, hieu chinh Ipi quy trinh vd phdt trien khdi niem; 4) GV td chuc cho SV Kr luyen top theo quy Kinh vd kinh nghiem dd dupe phdt trien 4) Bien phdp van dung: - Bien phdp 1: Dd'i vdi Idp hoc cd nhieu su khdc biet ve kinh nghiem vd P C H T , ' G V xde djnh PPDH d l td chuc DH cho so ddng SV ed kinh nghiem vd PCHT gidng hope hudng d i n nhirng SV ed kinh nghiem vd PCHT phu hpp vdi npi dung DH Ddi vdi mdt so SV cd biet, GV hd trp hp linh hopt phuong phdp HT theo so ddng; 6/en phdp 2: Khi cdn phdi linh hopt PPDH theo: kinh nghiem vd PCHT cuo SV, GV ed the thyc hien theo thir h/ sou: 1) Vdn dyng linh hopt phuong phdp theo PCHT d l xdy dyng kich bdn su phpm cho QTDH; 2) Chia mdi nhdm PCHT thdnh nhieu nhdm nhd theo kinh nghiem eua SV, tu dd van dyng linh hopt PPDH theo Krng nhdm kinh nghiem; - Bien phdp 3: Cung cd'p tdi lieu HT ddy du cho SV «** Linh hopt PPDH theo ngudi hpc chinh id duo vdo nhOrng khde ve kinh nghiem vd PCHT eua SV, GV de ro ede kjeh bdn su phpm cho viee td chuc DH thyc hdnh de dpt mye tieu DH, h> dd lyo chpn vd su dyng kjeh bdn phii hpp nhdt vdi dieu kien thye t l cuo Idp hpe Su dyng linh hopt PPDH theo kinh nghiem vd PCHT ciJo SV giup PPDH cuo GV phu hpp vdi phuong phdp hpc cua SV Dieu ndy cd tdc dyng phdt huy sd trudng vd thu HT cho bdn tiidn ngudi hpc, Kr dd ndng coo thdi dd HT Hch eye vd kit qud HT thyc hdnh eua SV a ' (1) Good, ,S Willis, R A., Wolf, J R & Hams, A L "'Enhancing IS education with flexible teaching and \cdsmng" Journal of Information Systems,Vo\ 18(3); 2007; pp 297-.302 (2) John Botlomley and Jocelyn Calvert Evaluation oftiie Impact of Flexible Teaching And Learning on (Xem tiip trang 54) Hip tpi Trudng CDSP Qudng Trj vd trye tuyen quo mpng internet Odi vdi CBQL, npi dung tap hud'n boo gdm kiln thuc vd kT ndng xdy dung chiln lupe phdt Kien nhd Kudng vd don vj, phdt Kien ngudn nhdn Iyc, xdy dyng ehuong Kinh OT vd ddm bdo chdt lupng ddo tpo ddp irng nhu cdu xd hdi GV dupe bdi dudng kiln thirc vd kT ndng ve xde djnh nhu edu ngudi hpc, ve bien sopn ehuong trinh, gido trinh vd phuong phdp gidng dpy theo hpe che tin ehi Ngodi ra, Dy dn edn ed tdp hud'n OT cdn bp trp gidng nhdm giup ngudi hpe ed dieu kien Hep thu tdt cdc ndi dung tap hud'n Qua hon 1,5 ndm trien khai thyc hien, Dy dn dd to chirc 55 bud'i tap hud'n ddnh cho CBQL, 55 bud'i cho GV vd bud'i cho edn bd trp gidng Mde dii thdi gian dien cdc hopt ddng eua Dy dn nhd trudng van phdi thye hien ke hopeh, nhiem vy ndm hpe nhung dpi da so CBQL vd GV dd tieh cue tham gio ede dot bdi dudng (71,4% CBQL, 70,7% GV vd 100% can bp trp gidng tham gia 70% sd budi tdp hud'n trd len, dpt chi tieu Dy dn d l ra) Quan trpng hem, kit qud dpt dupe Id CBQL vd GV cuo Trudng CDSP Qudng Trj dd nhdn thuc sy edn thiet phdi ddi mdi Kr de ddp ung nhirng thdeh thirc dpt qud Kinh ddi mdi GDDH Viet Nam; phdi gdn k i t chiln lupe phdt trien nhd trudng, chuong Kinh OT vdi nhu cdu xd hdi CBQL vd GV cdn dd'i mdi phuong phdp Idm viee, chu trpng phdt huy sy tham gio ciia ddi ngu viec xdy dyng chien lupe, ke hopeh Hep thu vd xu li ede y kiln phdn hdi CBQL vd GV dupe cung cd'p cdc cdng ey hope phuong phdp v l qudn li, gidng day vd budc ddu van dyng thdnh edng vdo vdo thyc Hen cdng tdc ciia nhd trudng cuo Dy dn Mat khdc, cdn phdi ed mdt mdi Kudng KT thudt, cong nghf tuong ung mdi ed the van dyng cdc npi dung tdp hud'n dpt kit qud td't.^ Vi vdy, viec cdn Idm Hep theo Id cdi tpo hp tdng cdng nghe thdng Kn truyen thdng, sdhda ede hopt dpng qudn li vd Idm cho dieu kien, mdi trudng gidng dpv, hpe tap trd nen phong phu, da dpng vd thudn Ipi hon Phdn Lan Id nude dung ddu the gidi ve chd't lupng gido dye Ddi vdi Trudng CDSP Qudng Tri, sy hop tdc, hd Kp bdi dudng kiln thuc, kT ndng vd chia se kinh nghiem ve GD-DT ciio Phdn Lon Id mpt djp td't de cung cd, ndng coo chdt lupng DT, phdt trien chdt lupng dpi ngu, hudng tdi tuong lai trd thdnh Trudng Dpi hpe Qudng Trj • SUMIVIARY In response to the requirements of Vietnam's current Ngfier education reform, Quang Tri Teacher Training College workedoutits "Development strategy for 2010-2015 and vision to the year 2020" Tolmplement the strategy, apart from other development efforts, the college tias focused on improving the quality of its human resource with international cooperation being one of the effective solutions Unh hoat phirong phap day hoc (Tiip theo trang 47) Academic Staff at the University of Tasmania, Final Report; 2005 (3) The University Of Queensland Academic guidelines for flexible learning at the university of qiieensiand: 21X)2, (4) DNP Learning Styles: Kolb's Theory of Experiential Learning, 7"n;iify College Dublin 2002, http:// www.scss.tcd.ie/ Mdt nhifng hop phdn cua Dy dn Id ddnh (5) NguySn Van KhOi Li luan day hoc cdng ngh^, gid ngodi nhdm ddm bdo Hnh khdeh quan phin ki thuat cong nghibp a trung hgc ca sd' NXB viec ddnh gid qud Kinh thye hien Dy dn Theo kit Dgi hpc supham (giao trinh CDSP), H 2007 qud ddnh gid eiia Vien Qudn li tri thuc ve Cdng (6) Pham Vift Vugng Giao due hpc NXB Dai hpc su nghe (TIKM) - don vj dupe hpp ddng ddnh gid, pham Hd Ndi 2008 Dy dn dd dupe triln khoi thyc hien theo diing k l (7) Phan Trong Ngp - Duong Difu Hoa - NguySn Thj hopeh dy kiln vd dpt cdc kit qud mong dpi Thuc Mui Tam h hpc hoat dong va idia nSng ling diing v^o t l , dpi ngu CBQL vd GV cua Trudng CDSP Qudng Bnh vuc day hoc NXB Dai hpc qu6c gia Hd Ndi, 2000 dd dupe bj nhung kiln thuc, kT ndng v l SUI^MAI^y qudn li, gidng day vd cd khd ndng van dyng nhi/ng gi da hpc dupe vdo thye tiin In engineering practice teaching, experience and Tuy nhien, nhi/ng kit qud dpt dupe chi Id sy learning styles of each student is different Therefore, khdi ddu ciio mdt qud trinh thay dd'i vd phdt Kien while planning teaching, teachers devise teaching methods accordingly to achieve teaching objectives Cdn phdi cd them thdi gian ren luyen de dpt den Depending on the actual conditk}ns of the classroom, sy thdnh thao v l kT ndng, sy vifng vdng v l ndng teactiers select and use the most appropriate teachIyc cua moi cd nhdn vd bdo ddm tinh ben vung ing practice Tap chi Giao due s6 0 (kt a la/aoia) W JaPBSKS^^ ... hp linh hopt phuong phdp HT theo so ddng; 6/en phdp 2: Khi cdn phdi linh hopt PPDH theo: kinh nghiem vd PCHT cuo SV, GV ed the thyc hien theo thir h/ sou: 1) Vdn dyng linh hopt phuong phdp theo. .. thdnh nhieu nhdm nhd theo kinh nghiem eua SV, tu dd van dyng linh hopt PPDH theo Krng nhdm kinh nghiem; - Bien phdp 3: Cung cd''p tdi lieu HT ddy du cho SV «** Linh hopt PPDH theo ngudi hpc chinh... khdi niem); 4) Luyen tap kT ndng theo quy trinh (cung ed khdi niem) Tuy theo kinh nghiem cuo SV cd dupe Kr ede hopt dpng hpe trude dd, GV lyo chpn Hin trinh HT theo cdc kjeh bdn su phpm sou: -