MOT SO CACH NGHIEN CITU GIAI QUYET VAN DE TRONG DAY HOC THOC HANH Kl THUAT DIEN CHO SINH VIEN SU PHAM Kf THUAT O ThS VU THI LAN * Trong thyc t l dqy hqc (DH), dien tien cua mdt Chdn chim cd Idp sung d[.]
MOT SO CACH NGHIEN CITU GIAI QUYET VAN DE TRONG DAY HOC THOC HANH Kl THUAT DIEN CHO SINH VIEN SU PHAM Kf THUAT O rong thyc t l dqy hqc (DH), dien tien cua mdt Chdn chim cd Idp sung ddy; c) Hai chan chim tilt hqc dd dugc hoqch djnh phu hgp vdi mqi yeu cdu cua nhdn thuc ludn; vdy, nhung myc tieu eua tilt hqc Iqi chi dqt tung phdn Phdn tfch tinh hud'ng se thd'y nhung budc suy nghT eua sinh vien (SV) dien khde vdi dudng li thuyet nhdn thuc dd hoqch djnh "mgt cdch If tudng" Dd Id su ddm thoqi hdi ddp vd hi§u qud, dd, gidng vien (GV) "edggng hdi" cdc khdi niem hay cdc hinh dnh, hinh tugng md SV hodn todn khdng hay bilt, nhdt Id nhCmg thilt bj kT thudt hien dqi SV chua tung nhin thay Tu quan diem ndy, viee GV hudng ddn cdn ke di tim cdu trd Idi dung se giup SV khde sdu hon kiln thue dd hqc Mqt so' cdch nghien cuu gidi quye't van de (GQVD) h-ong qud trinh DH GV d cdc nude tren the gidi nghien cuu GQVD khdng tu hqn che minh vdo viec vqch sdn ke hoqch qud trinh dqy hqc (QTDH) "theo dudng thdng" md phdi du kien cdc budc suy nghT vd y tudng khd di cd t h l xdy d SV de ke't nd'i Iqi vdi Trong thuc te, cd the cd nhilu y tudng gidi quyet, nhilu ke't ludn duqc rut ra, nhleu khd ndng kiem tra xdc minh xud't hien QTDH, nen GV cdn du kien sSn cdc hinh thuc, tinh hud'ng cd the xdy d l ehi dqo QTDH ndy Nhu vqy, cdc y tudng gidi quye't bj ldm sai hda, cd the dugc gidi thfch rd rdnq Ngodi ra, dd Id cdch de tiet kiem phu hgp (thudna hay xdy thf nghiem), cung cdn thiet cho sy chud'n bj chu ddo cua GV Bdi viet de xud't mqt vdi cdch tien hdnh nghien cuu GQVD QTDH Thgc hdnh -»• ' '^'^ ^ W V 1) Cho SV de xudt nhung y tudng GQVD kiem tra xdc nghiim Vidy: Mudn cung cd kien thuc ve an todn di$n (gido trinh Thyc hdnh thf nghiem KT thuqt dien), GV neu yeu cdu: «Hdy giai thich tgi eon chim dau tren ddy dien (khong cd vd bgc) md khong bi dien gigr Thong thudng cd cdc gidi thich sau: a) Con chim ddu vdo ddy trung tinh nen khong bi dien gigt; b) tiep xuc vdl ddy dien tgi mgt diem nen khdng cd su chenh lenh dien the, dd se khong cd ddng dien qua nen chim khdng bj dien gigt Y tudng gidi quyet c thudng ehf SV gidi dugc ggi mdi cd the tim Tuy nhien, theo quan dilm lay «GV ldm trung tam" GV se neu y tudng gidi quylt c vd xdc djnh dd Id cdch gidi quyet dung Cdn cdc y tudng khde khdng dung nen GV khdng edn ldm, hay cd t h l gidi liiich so quo Cdch dqy ndy se khdng gay thii cho SV, boi SV cdn dang theo dud'l vol edu hoi tqi y tudng eua minh khdng dung, thi hoqt ddng dqy hqc vdn tiep d i l n Tu dd, dan den sir md't thdng tin cua SV QTDH, se keo tyt kit qud hqc tdp cuo SV vd gidm gia tri bq mdn Vi thl, khdu thilt ke GQVD cdn neu tdt cd nhiing ytudngndy Nhu vdy, cdc y tudng o v d i i diu duqc kilm tra bdng nhOng kit luqn thich hgp riit tren co sd dd dugc khdng djnh Tuy nhien, GV phdi c6 su chud'n bj son thf nghiem kiem chung a vd b Nhu vdy, SV mdi thay y hidng cua minh dugc ton h-qng vd cung dugc frdi nghiem hoqt dqng d i l^ang djnh y tudng cua minh dua khdng dung bdn chd't cua hien hjgng SV se td md va mong muon tiep thu cdc y tudng gidl quyet duqc xdc nghiem dung (cung duoc kl«n ho hrong tu) 2) GV dinh huang cho SV van de then chdt (chia khda) de gidi quyet tinh hudng dat Vi du: Khi day ve cdc bien phdp an todn cho ngudi va thidt bi dien (gido h-inh Thuc hdnh thi nghiem KT thuat dien), GV duo ro vd'n d l : «Khi sua chda dien gdn dudng day cao the, tha dien budc phdi mac gidp dong' Ne'u GV chf neu hien hrong vd yeu cdu SV hi nghT gidi qgyg't, sg md't rd't nhilu thdi gian vd SV cung kho Hm cdu Ka Idi Bdi, SV d i u hiiu, cdc dung cu an todn dien thong thudng d i u duoc ldm bang vdt lieu cdch dien de tdng dien trd cdch dien giira T # ThS VU THI LAN * * Tnrdng Bai hoc sir pham Ha Noi Tap Gili Giao due so (ki i -10/2011) ngudi^vdi ngudn dien, nhdm gidm ddng dien qua eo t h l ngudi, tren co sd dd se gidm nguy co bj dien gidt Trong dd, «do gidp ddng" lgi dugc ldm bdng vdt lieu dan dien td't nen se rd't khd khdn cho SV viec tim cdu trd Idi N l u GV duo luu y: «Khi sua chda dien gdn dudng ddy cao the thudng hay xdy hien hrgng gi nguy hiem cho ngudi thg dien", SV se nghT din hien tugng phdng dien hd quang vd se lien tudng din khd ndng ngudi thg ed thl bj dien gidy ddng dien eao dp phdng vdo ngudi d eu li qud gdn Vdi hudng suy nghT dd, SV se nhanh chdng tim dugc cdu Ka Idi: «Khi xdy hien hrgng phdng dien, ngudi thg da mgc gidp ddng (Ddng Id vgt lieu ddii dien tdt) nen gidp ddng se thu ddng dien hd quang vd Kuyen xudng ddt, Kdnh cho ngudi thg Ididng bi dnh hudng bdi ddng dien phdng Vi vdy, se ddm bdo an todn eho ngudi sua dien dgdn dudng ddy cao the 3) SV tu tien hanh GQVD thong qua thi nghiem Kuc tiep SV dd dugc hqe v l Kl thugt dlfen d i u biet bilu thue tfnh td'c cua ddng co dien (bd qua he so trugt) : n = dOf/p (n: td'c ddng co; f: tdn so ddng dien; p: so ddi cue h>) chf dung dien dp cd'p eho dong co Id dung djnh muc Trong bdi thyc hdnh «Dgng eo khdng ddng bg pha" (gido trinh Thuc hdnh thf nghiem KT thuqt dien) Khi GV nen vd'n 6e: «Chuyen dgng co khdng ddng bg pha ve ldm viee d che mgt pha thi tdc cua dgng co cd thay ddi khong?" SV phdi phdn dodn td'c ddng CO, bdi dien dp cd'p vdo ddng eo d ehe mdt pha Id 220V, khdng phdi Id 380V nhu ldm viec d che pha Trong trudng hgp ndy, SV phdi tie'n hdnh kiem nghiem thye te 6i tim ro dugc cdu trd Idi dung Kiem tra thye nghiem se dan de'n mdu thudn vd xud't hien tinh hud'ng cd vd'n 6e: «tdc dgng co khdng ddng bg pha khdng thay ddi chuyen dgng ca vi ldm viec ache mgt pha" Dilu ndy khien SV phdi suy nghT, tim cdu trd Idi cho vd'n 6e: «tgi tdc ddng co khong ddi thay ddi dien dp dua vdo dgng eo?" Sou suy nghT vd GQVD, SV se rut bdn chd't cuo vd'n 6e, 66 Id: «khi dien dp cdp vdo cdc cudn day pha cua dgng co dung dinh muc thi tdc dgng co khong ddi" Td'c ddng co khdng thay dd'i, vi cd che ldm viec pha vd thi dien dp cd'p vdo cho cdc pha cua ddy qud'n ddng co deu «dung dinh muc" (d che pha Up = 220V; d che dd pha Ud = 380V, Up = 220V) Mdt so' bien phdp chf dan giup SV nghien cuu GQVD mqt cdch ddc ldp Thyc hdnh KT thudt d l i n Trong QTDH, GV cdn gdy thu hqc tdp eho SV bang cdch dua cdc tinh hud'ng vd vd'n de thich hgp, chud'n bi sdn tri thuc, cdc kT ndng edn thiet trg giup eho qud trinh thue hien GQVD vd dugc phdn cd'p tu khd den de (trdnh ldm md't ndng lye sdng tqo cua SV) Sy trg giup ndy duqc gqi Td cdc bien phdp chi ddn h/ tim tdi, khdm phd (heuristic) mang tfnh tinh hudng Nhung bien phdp ehf dqo heuristc cd tfnh chd't tinh hud'ng ndy se dan hudng cho qud trinh phdn tfch hoqt ddng cuo nhung SV cd khd ndng sdng tqo; djnh hudng cho SV ed the md rdng hay thu hep khdng gian tim tdi; giup SV cd dilu kien su dyng cdc khdi niem hay tri thuc, kT ndng kT xdo gidi qu/ef cdc nhiem vy dugc giao Dual ddy Id mdt ^d' bien phdp ehi ddn theo tinh hud'ng kilu dqc '^P khdm phd heuristc phu hgp vdi QTDH thuc ^6nh kT thuqt dien, thdng qua vi dy minh hqo, GQVD: «Tdc dgng co pha ldm viec a che ldm viec pha" (xem bdng trang ben) Xdy dyng ke hoqch thiet ke bdi hgc t i l n de cdn thiet cho GQVD QTDH Thyc hdnh KT thudt dien GQVD chf cd the thyc hien dugc DH thye hdnh kT thudt, ne'u viec nghien cuu GQVD duqc nhin nhdn khudn khd cdc don vj nqi dung tdi lieu (bdi hqe) Dilu ndy eho thd'y, nhiem vy hqc tdp dd dugc neu len, theo vj tri bdi hqc, ed t h l Id mdt VD kT thudt hay mdt bdi tdp Vi vdy, mud'n ed nhOng tinh hud'ng sdng tqo, cdn thda mdn cdc myc tieu bdi hqe dd dugc xdc djnh Neu tinh hud'ng cd VD dugc hinh thdnh qua mdt thf nghiem hay ndi dung thyc hdnh tuong hr dd dugc gidng dqy trudc dd, thi nhiem vy SV dugc giao se trd thdnh bdi tdp Khi dd, SV chi cdn tqo cdc nd'i kit tu don gidn vd gidi bdng mdt thudt todn algorit dd cho trudc Ngodi ra, cdc mye tieu bd phdn cdn dugc ehi rd trude budc vdo nghien cuu GQVD Cdc tinh hud'ng thfch hgp cho nhung nghien cuu GQVD ddc ldp phdi eho cd tri thuc lan kTndng - kTxdo SV cdn thudng xuyen Kr de tim nhilu phuong dn dd'i vdi tung giai doqn (tung budc), dua cdch tim kilm ddc ldp vd cdc cdch d l gidi quyet Khi hiiu dugc todn bd myc dfch bdi hqc, SV se chu ddng ndm vCrng nhOng yeu cdu mdt cdch td't hon Tap clii Giao due so 271 (ki i lo/aoi D ^w sn t a i lieu tham khao H Lectiner hda v4 chuydn \i\ tri thifc cd tinh phOdng phip m i vin khdng din din kit qui GV y6u ciu SV kiim tra lai Problemhafte lu(ln dt/(3l dang y^u ciu ddi hdl, hadng din, ii cic yiu td cd bin tinh hudng cung nhU xem x6t iai Unterrichtsgestaltung in dung v i phit hl^n tri thi/c thi/c nghlfim, 11 thuyit tif thit ki lUdng cic vin di (GV s6 chi trO giup tlip, hoat den Faechern Biologie cic chi/Ong trUflc dd, ti/ cic bd mdn OH khic v i ddng nghidn cifu GQVD ciia SV hifa hen cd kit qui) Chemie Physic kinh nghl?m thi/dng ngiy Berictite, Heft 12/1982, Chi din heuristic ii tndl sd cic y4u ciu d i di/Oc Yiu ciu SV hiy so sinh trUOng hop niy vdl cic blftn phip HU Berlin In: Methodilcdes sip xip nhim hd trQ In thac phi/Ong phip luin, thuc hl^n nhim lim thay ddi tdc dO ddng cd Physikunterrichts PH giiip hinh ddng di/oc xic dinh chi din dd rdng l i Potsdam 1984 mgc dich d^t duoc cd tinh xic su^t Ti6n doin trxfn gdi ii tnoi loai hudng din dai Nhic SV hiy nghi din thl nghiim "Mic m^ch diSn d0ng cd V Malhotra Methods ci/ong cd hudng quyit dinh tUOng ddi nhd vio Midng ddng bO m0t pha lim viSc d mitc diSn ip nOVvi of Teaching Biology khdng gian tim kiim, m i dd phil tim thiy 220V" (nhim hUdng v i phuong dlin nhin thUc di dat dUOc CPC in New Dehli & d bii thuc hinh trudc dd) suy nghi quyit dinh cung nhi/mdt ioai tUdng tu Wasshington DC 2006 Nht&m vv dUdc giao M' sung (hay trich nhljm Nhic SV hiy nhd lai so dd mach dlin cua ddng cO khdng NguySn Bao Ho^n hojic sif m$nh) l i ddi hdl/y^u ciu dUOc GV niu ddng bd pha lim vi^c chi dd mdt pha (cd thi cho B i o l o g i s c h e thim, m i phil huy ddng duoc cic kinh nghlfim SV xem mdt so dd tuong Ung d i gOI nhd) Gesetzeskenntnisse & tUdng tv nhim sif dung tic ddng heuristic Cd thi Evolution Dissertation nhiTng ddi hdl/yiu ciu niy khdng nim di til B/ Habilititionssctirift zur true tlip cua tiit hoc v i khdng hudng vio vin d i mudn tim mdi tinh hudng Erlangung des Cic ti/dng tu, dUdc cho SV suf dung dudi dang cic Yiu ciu SV quan sit, ddng co khdng ddng bd pha lim akademisctien Grades fuer vi^c d chi dd mdt pha, so dd mach diin cd thay ddi Doktor hl$n tUQng, sU ki$n v i mdi quan h^ der khdng? Di^n i p cip vio cic cudn diy cua ddng co cd Wissensctiaften (Dr Sc/ dung dinh mUc khdng? (giup lim phong phii kho ting kinh habil).PHPo«Jam 1988 nghiim cua SV), Rossa .Methodik Cic Y tudng giii quyit dUOc cho SV sif dung dUdi GV hdi, SV phil lim gi thay ddi diin ip cip cho ddng Chemieunterricht dang cic ciu tra idi lua chon v i SV phal 11 glal suCO m i khdng lim cho tdc dd cua ddng cd thay d6i VWW Berlin 1975 lua chon dd Tr^ Minh Sa Giao trinh Ki thudt dien va Giao trinh Thuc hanh thi nghidm Ki Vi the, viec gidi thieu hay nhdp de bdi hqe t h l thudt dien NXB Dgi hgc su phgm H 1/2004 hien tinh hud'ng cd VD se dem Iqi hieu qud cao h-ong QTDH SUMMARY De ke hoqch thie't ke bdi hqc phu hgp vdi qud Some ways of resecrctmg on protilem solving h trinh GQVD nhdm gdp phdn vdo tich cyc hdo teaching technical practice for students: students hoqt ddng nhdn thuc eua SV DH Thuc hdnh proposing ideas: lecturers orienting key protilerra for Kl thudt dien, thi nhung nghien cuu GQVD ludn students; students solve problems through phdi dugc ke't nd'i vd hda nhdp vdi todn bd hoqt experiments Ihte necessarypreccxxMon forprot^em ddng DtH • solving teaching is to mal(e lesson designhgplan Bi$n ph^p chi d^n Cich nfiu cic gii thuyit minh ho? Khich 1$ heuristic \i chfit ti/ nhSm til tich ci/c Niu SV di cd dU0c cich glil thich v i dUdng ll^n ddi Day hoc bang cac hoat dong Tai lieu tham khao Dinh Quang Bao - NguySn Diic Th^nh Li ludn day (Tiep theo trang 59) hpc Sinh hpc - Phin d^ cuong NXB Gido due, H 1996 HDKP 3: Van dyng qldi auyet cac Hnh hudng Nguygn Thinh D?it (t6ng chii bien) - Phan Van Up Budc 5: Van dyng kien tnue Cd the su dyng (chu bien) - D^ng Hitu Lanh - Mai Sy Tuin Sinh hoc cdc CH: So sdnh qudn the vdi tdp hgp cdc ed the 12.NXBG/do