Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
THitT Kf BAI TAP PHAT TRIEN NANG LITC GIAI QUYET VAN DE TRONG DAY HOC SINH HOC 8 TS D A N G THI D A THUY* NGUYEN TH! KIM N U " Abstract Problem solving competency development exercises play an importa[.]
THitT Kf BAI TAP PHAT TRIEN NANG LITC GIAI QUYET VAN DE TRONG DAY HOC SINH HOC TS D A N G THI D A THUY* - N G U Y E N TH! KIM N U " Abstract: Problem solving competency development exercises play an important role in teaching Biology Using problem solving competency development exercises in teaching is not only enhancing students' activeness but also developing self-study competency, creative competency encouraging their passion for studying, contribute to improving quality in teaching This article proposes the steps of the process of designing problem solving competency development exercises and using this process to build problem solving competency development exercises in teaching of 8"' Grade Biology Day hpc djnh hi/cfng nang lire (NL) tJoi hoi khong nhCfng thay 6o\ muc tieu, noi dung ma can phai Ihay dolphuong phap day hpc va danh gia, viec ftiay doi quan mem va each xay dung cac nhiem vu hpc tap, cau hoi va bai tap (BT) CO vai tro rat quan trong.Tiep can BTlheo djnh huong NLconhung lAi diem noi bat, la: Trpng tam khong phai la cac phan tri thirc hay klnSn^rieng le ma la st/van dung CO phoi hop kien thiJc, kTnang va thai dp mptboicanhthuc.TI^ can theo dinh hucmg NLkhong dinh hu'dng theo npi dung hpc trCfu tupng ma luon theo cac tinh huong cupc song cua hpc sinh (HS), theo "thuthach cuoc song" Npi dung hpc tap mang tinh tinh huong, tinh boi canh vatinh thi/c^tien Hgthong BT djnh hudng NL chinh la cong cu dedan dSt HS hoat dpng hpc tap nh^m phat trien NL va la cong cu de giao vien (G V) cung co, on tap; kiem tra va danh gia NL cua HS Nhuvay, BT djnh hudng NL la mpt phan quan trpng moi trudng hpc tap maGV can phai thiJC hien Vivay, quatrinh day hpc G V can biet xay diJng cac BT djnh hudng NL noi chung va djnh hudng nang li/c giai quyetvan de (NLGQV0) hpc tap mon Sinh hgc[SH) noi rieng, dap iJng dupc viec da mdiday hoc liien BT phattrien NLGQVO day hpc SH la dang BT ren luyen NL phan tich dupc tinh huong hpo t?p mon SH, phat hien va neu dupc tinh huong co van de hpc tap mon hoc; tijrdd, xac djnh dupc va biet tim hieu cac thong tin cd lien quan den van de phat hien cac chij de SH,dexuatduaccachgiaiquyetvande(GQV€)da phat hien; thirc hien each GQVS da de xuat va nJt ket luan; tren co s d do, van dung van de tinh hud'ng mdi (kil-1012015)- Npidung chuyeu cCa chuongtrinh SH8 bao gom cac kien thuc ve cau tao, hoatdgng sinh Iicua cac co quan ndi rieng va he co quan ndi chung cothe ngucfi Tren CO sddd, de cap tdi cac kien th lie ve smh Cling cac bien phap ren luyen cothe, bao ve va tang cudng siJrc khoe, phong chong benh tat thuc tien lao dpng, hpc tap cua HS a nha tn/dng, gla dinh va xa hpi Vdi ttianh phan kien thiJc dd, chuong trinh SH8 cd rat nhieu thuan Icfi de thiet ke cac dang BT phat trien NLGQVD cho HS, dap (tng doi mdi day hpc hien Trong pham vi bai viet, chiing toi di sau phan tich quy trinh thiet ke BT frieo djnh hudng phat trien NLGQVfl, van dung de thiet ke mpt dang BT phat trien NLGQVB day hpc SH8 nh^m tich cue hoa hoat dpng nhan thtic cho H S Quy trinh thiet ke BT phat trien NLGQVD day hpc SHB Bt/ac Xac dinh muc tieu cua cac chu dea sach giao khoa^ (SGK), chu trgng xac djnh muc tieu vephat trien NLGQ VB cua HS G V phan tich muc tieu cac chu de d SGK, dac biet chu trpng xae dinh m uc teu ve phat trien N LG Q VD cua H S cd chu de.' NLGQVD cua HS day hpc SH8 bao gom: - NLphan tich di/pc tinh huong hpc tap, phat hien va neu dupe tlnh humig edvan detrong hpe tap mdn SH\ - NL xac dinh dUdcya biet tim hieu cac tiidng tin cd lien quan den van de phat hien, de xuat dupc cachGQVOdaphathien,thuc hien cachGQVD da 6e xuat va njt ket luan; - NL van dung van de tinh huong mdi Day la budc dinh hudng cho viec xay dung cac BT phattrien NLGQVD * TnfSDg 0ai hoc Sir pham - Dai hpc Hue " Tnroflg Tning bpc ca sd Bmh An, huyen Bmh Sm - Quang Ngai Tqp chi Giao due so 367 47 Btroc Nghien ciru ngi dung cac chu ded SGK,xacdinh vande cot loi cua chude, tim hieu boi canh, tinh huong lithuyet va thuc tien co lien quan den chude.Tren c o s d xac djnh miJC tieu phat trien NLGQVD cua chu de diJuiTC/, GV nghien cuu kTnpi dung cac chu de d SH8, xac dinh phan kien thiJC tOmg chude, xac djnh eae van deceit loi cua chude Tren CO sddd.GV tim hieu boi canh,tinh huong li thuyet, tili/c tiln cd lien quan den chu de do, dac biet la boi eanh, tinh huong thuc tiln ve hpc tap va lao dpng cua HS nha tardng, gia dinh va xahpi Tim hieu boi canh,tinh hud'ng lithuyetva thue tiin lien quan den ndi dung 00*1161 cua mdi chu detrong SGK ed vai tro rat quan trpng.Day la nguon tuiieu thd can thiet de xay difligBT phat trien NLGQVD ddi/cte Bum Gia cong sir pham cac tuiieu de thiet keBTphat trien NLGQ VB Tren co so nguon tu lieu thd da dupc tieh luy budc GV gia eong su pham de thiet ke eac dang BT phu hpp vdi m ue tieu phattrien NLGQVD d a x a c d i n h d ^ i / d c / Cae dang BT phattrien NLGQVD day hpc SH8 cdthe la: BT phattrien NL phan tich tinh hud'ng, phat hien va neu dupc tinh huong cd van de; BT phattrien NL de xuat dupe giai phap giai quyet dupc van de da phat hien,thue hien giaiphap GQVDva nit ket luan; BT phat trien NL van dung van detrong tinh hud'ng mcrt Bu&c Sap xep he thd'ng BT phat trien NLGQVB theo muc dich liluan day hgc Sau thiet ke eac BT, cothe sap xe'p hethong BT theo muc dieh II luan day hpc nhu: BT sudung khau nghien cuu taiiieum&, BT sudung khau cung CO hoan thien -iden thi/cva BT sudung khau Idem tra-danh gla Hoae cdthes&p xep BT theo cac dang BT phattrien NLGQVD Van dung quy trinh thiet ke cac dang BT phattrien NLGQVD day hpc SH8 3.1 BT phattrien NLphan tich tinh huong va phat hien tinh hud'ng co van de BT1: On tap chuang Ho hap va chuang Tuin /joa/j; -Theo thong ke cua cae benh vien Idn nude ta eho thay CO de'n 90% benh nhan ung thu phoi m i e phainguyen nhan la doliut thuoc la hoae hit phaimpt lupng dang kekhdi thuoc la cua ngudi khac hiit Thue te, khdi thuoc la ehua 7.000 chat doe hoa hpc cd hang tram chat cue dpc va it nha't 70 chat cd the gay ung thu (1); - Nhflng ngudi hut thuoc la nhin nhiJTig die'u thuoc la njt tij'bao rat dep, mui thom, spi vang, thathap dan Nhung trai tim nhin die'u thuoc la nhu tha'y cai ndng sung, nhin hop thuoc la nhu gdi va nhin khdi thuoc nhucon r5n doe Nhung benh 48 Tqp chi Giao due so 367 ma ngudi hut thuoe laco nguy co mac cao la xo vua dpng mach, bpnh mach vanh, dot quy, rd'i loan nhjp tim, dot tu, nhoi mau CO tim, phinh dpng mach chu (2; tr 58, tap 2) Dpceae thong tin tren: mpr&anc/?o^ns'hut thuoc la chl dan den cac benh ve phoi Hut thuoc la khong lien quan den tim, thdng tin tren chi la khuech dai tac hai eua thuoc la mathdi, thuoc la khong the la ke thu eua tim; mgt ban thi ban khoan, thuoc la la ke thu cua phoi hay tim? Em cd nhan xet gi ve su^; nght cua hai ban tren? Neu y kien cua em veva'n detren, BT2: Day hgc muc III - Chu ki co dan ciia tim (bai 17 Tim va mach mau SH8):- Ban Nam tinh toan ring: Neu mdi phut tim dap 75 nhip, moi nhjp 0,8 giay Trong 0,8 giaytam nhi CO 0,1 giay, vay thd^gian nd dtrang thai dan (nghi) la 0,7 giay The la thdi gian nghicua tam nhldaigap lan thdi gian lam viec Neu mdt ddi ngudi dai 70 nam thitam nhlchtlamviecS nam, nghi ngoi de'n 62 nam.Tam til at CO bdp het0,3 giay, vay mdi nhjp tim nd dtrang thai dan la 0,5 giay Neu mptddingucrt dai 70 nam thitam that that sulam viec 30 nam, nghi ngoi td^ 40 nam.Tim that la mpt "ga lam viec chay lud^"!;- San Sac khdng dong tinh vdiy kien tren vacho rang:Tim lam viec rat cham chi, khdng he ngung nghi Ban^ chung: Tim dap nhjp nhang suotddi khdng moi (ketu'thang til iJS, luc thai nhinam bung me, eho tdi luc ta nhim m i t xudi tay) Neu tinh that sir sdng p h i n g cho mpt ngudi song den tudi "colai hi" la 70 nam vol nhjp tim 70 lan dap/1 phut, thi qua tim da dap tdi 2.575.440.000 lan (2; tr40-41 ta^ 2); - Ban An thi cho ring: Su thuc tim lam viec rat khoa hpc! lam lam, nghi nghi, hudng hudng Theo em, tim la "l kie'n tiiijic ve qua trinh dong mau c h o t t i ^ : Mau khoi mach tiii dong ngay, nhung tai mudi, chay ran, rep, dia, vat v i n hut dupc mau vao bung?; - KhiNam quan satanh cua minh hien mau ehuong trinh hien rriau nhan dao d phudng Nam ban khoan khdng hieu tai nhung tijimau lay tu-nhflng ngudi hien mau khdng bidong Em hay giaidap nhflng thic mac tren cho hai bari, S r ; D a / / ) p c m u c l l - T u y e n giap (bai56 Tuyen ydn, tuyen giap SH8): ^ - Khi quan sat buc anh (xem hinh dudi) Nam va Hai nhan thay ca hai ngudi benh deu cd budu d cd': (kil-10/2015)- • Ban Nam cho ring hp bi benh Bazodd; • Ban Hai cho ring hp bj benh budu cd'do thie'u i-dt, mdt ngudi bl nang nen budu rat to, mpt nguffl bj nhe nen budu nhd hdn Theo em, nhan xetcua ban nao la chinh xac, taisao'^ Phan biet benh Bazadd vdl benh budu codothieul-ot -Theo Toehue Y te the J gidi (WHO) hien t r e n l tiiegidiudctinhcokhoang [ 200-300 trieu ngudi m a c j benh budu codothie'u hul hoL Viet N am, cd khoang ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ , ^ j _ ^ ^ 9-10tri6u ngudi s i n h s d ' n g S f l n g k h u v u c m i e n nui," cac vung cao nguyen la nhung noi cd t? le ngudi mac benh budu codo ttiieu hut i-dt kha eao, khoangti>16,255,2% dan soivurigDongbingsdngCuu Long cung cd tl le m i c la 4% Mdi nam, Bd Y te danh khoang ti dong eho ehuong tiinh phdng chong tiiieu hut i-ot (3) Nghien cuu cac tiidng tin tren, em hay cho biet: 1)Taisao dnudc ta, vung mien nui va cac vung cao^ nguyen la nhung naicd tile nguai mic benh budu co khacaosov6ivungdongbang,duyenhai?;2)Nguyen nhin nao gay benh budu cd dia phuang? Neu cac bien phap phdng benh budu co dia phuang; 3) Nhan toan dan Sl) dung muoi i-ot (2/11), em hay de xuat mdt &idng diep hay viet mdt doan van tuyen tniyen veva'n denay Trong quatrinh day hpc SH8, chijng tdi nhan tha'y viec apdyng BT phat trien NLGQVD dacd ketqua khaquan Sudung BT phattrien NLGQVD khdng nhung tich cue hda HS ve hoat dpng tri tue ma cdn giup cac em khac sau kie'n ttiuc nhdviec ren luyen NLGQVD g i n vts nhflng tinh hud'ng tiit;c tiln, giup cac em cd kha nang thich flng cao vdi cudc song; dong ttidi gdp phan phattrien eac NL khac nhu: tt/ hpc, sang tao, giao tiep, hpp tac gitip cac em cdttie tiep tiic hpc dbae cao hon hoae hpc nghehoac di vao cupc song lao dpng Q (1) http://www.chuatribenhungthu.com/ung-thuphoi-co-toi-90-la-hut-lhuoc-la.htmI (2) NguySn Ngpc Lanh BO sach sinh li ngiroi Th^ nao? Tai sao? De lam gi? (t^p 1- MSu; t$p Tuin ho&n) NXB Khoa hoc vd Kl thudt H 1998 (3) http://www.ninhthuan.gov.vn/chinhquyen/soyt/ Pages/TlCH-CUC-PHONG-CHONG-BENH-BUOUCaVA-ROI-LOAN-DO-THIEU-I-OT.aspx PCem liep Irang 46) Tqp chi Giao dye so 367 I 49 ... III - Chu ki co dan ciia tim (bai 17 Tim va mach mau SH8):- Ban Nam tinh toan ring: Neu mdi phut tim dap 75 nhip, moi nhjp 0 ,8 giay Trong 0 ,8 giaytam nhi CO 0,1 giay, vay thd^gian nd dtrang thai... benh 48 Tqp chi Giao due so 367 ma ngudi hut thuoe laco nguy co mac cao la xo vua dpng mach, bpnh mach vanh, dot quy, rd''i loan nhjp tim, dot tu, nhoi mau CO tim, phinh dpng mach chu (2; tr 58, ... dupc nija Quatrinh b i ^ mau bang mach chay GLIC mau gpi la su dong mau (sod6vecoche''d6ngmauSH8;tr 48) 7/)/^/ip/)ffim.Citfietcon vjt vao mpt cai h, thoat dau mau chua dong, chlviec nghieng cai