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TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM s6 4(82) ndm 2016 NjSC DUNG BAI TAP TICH HOP TRONG DAY HOC HOA HQC NHAJW PHAT TRifiN NANG LlTC GIAI QUYET VAN DE CHO HQC SINH L 6 P 10 THPT PHAN OQNG CHAU THCIY" PHAM L^ TH[.]
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM s6 4(82) ndm 2016 NjSC DUNG BAI TAP TICH HOP TRONG DAY HOC HOA HQC NHAJW PHAT TRifiN NANG LlTC GIAI QUYET VAN DE CHO HQC SINH L P 10 THPT PHAN OQNG CHAU THCIY" PHAM L^ THANH- TOM TAT Gdp phdn thuc hien ddi mdi muc tieu gido due cua Bg Gido due vd Ddo tao sau 2015 Id chimin tic chu truyin thu kiin thicc sang phdt trien ndng luc vdphdm chdt cho hqc sinh bdi bdo ndy gidi thieu vi bdi tgp tich hgp cdch xdy dung vd su dung bdi tap dgy hoc mdn Hda hgc nhdm phdt triin ndng luc gidi quyit vdn di cho hge sinh ldp 10 trung hgc phd thdng Kit qud nghien cuu dinh tinh vd dinh lugng chung minh dugc hiiu qud dgy hoc md logi bdi tap ndy mang lgi Tu khda: bai tap, tich hgp, bai tap tich hgp, phat tridn nang Iuc hgc sinh, nang lire giai quydt van dd ABSTRACT Using integrated exercises in teaching chemistry in order to develop Kf'' graders' problem solving ability in high schools In accordance with the goal of the ministry of education and training, which is shiftingfromtransfering knowledge to developing students' competences and qualities, the article introduces the concept of integrated exercises, and how to prepare and apply them in teaching chemistry in order to develop ICf graders' problem solving ability Results of this qualitative and quantitative research have proven the effectiveness of this kind of exercises in teaching Keywords: exerciees, integrated exercises, develop students' competences, problemsolving ability Md dau Dgy hgc tich hgp la mdt nhiing phuang thue phat trien nang Iuc hgc sinh [2] Vi vgy, ehuong trinh giao dye phd thdng tdng thd sau 2018 dy kidn se duge phat tridn dya theo quan didm dgy hgc tich hgp Dgy hgc tich hgp khdng chi se dugc the hidn qua ndi dung chuong trinh eac mdn hgc cy thd ma cdn dugc thyc hidn thdng qua vi?e td chue cac hogt ddng va sd dyng bai tap tieh hgp dgy hgc cua giao vien Bai bao di sau nghien cuu vd vide su dyng bdi tap tich hgp day hpc mdn Hda hgc Idp 10 d trudng phd thdng nhim gdp phin hinh va phat tridn nang Iyc giai quyet van dd cho hgc sinh * TS, Tnrdng Dai hpc S u phgm TPHCM; Email: thuypdc@hcmup.edu ~ Sinh vifin, Tn/firng Dgi hpc S u pham TPHCM 78 TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Phan Bdng Chdu Thiiy vd tgk Bdi tap tieh hgp cdn cd tdn ggi khac la bai tap dinh hudng phat tridn nang Iyc Hign tai, vide khai thae va su dyng bai tap tieh hgp day hgc va kidm tra danh gia edn hgn chd Theo didu tra cua ehung tdi tgi gin 10 trudng trung hgc phd thdng d Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, nhihig li chinh cua thyc trgng trdn la sd giao vidn bidt ddn Ioai bai tap cdn it; khdng nhidu giao vidn am hieu va bidt each vSn dyng hidu qua day hgc; cdng trinh nghidn cdu vd hidu qua sir dung bai tap tieh hgp day hge ndi chung va day hgc mdn Hda hgc ndi rieng vin chua phd bidn Td thyc trgng va nhthig Ii tren, chdng tdi da tidn hanh nghidn cuu vd bai tap tich hgp va budc diu thu dugc nhirng ket qua kha quan Ngi dung 2.1 Bdi tgp tich hgp Theo tu didn Tiing Viet Hoang Phd chii bidn, bai t$p duge dinh nghta la nhirng bdi cho hgc sinh di van dung nhirng diiu da hgc Trdn co sd Ii lugn vd bai tap, qua trinh nghidn ciiu, chung tdi da xay dyng khai niem vd bai tap tich hgp nhu sau: "la dgng bdi tap khong chu trgng vdo ki ndng tinh tndn md tap trung vdo viee van dung cdc kiin thicc liin mdn di gidi quyit, gidi thieh cde vdn di thuc tiin cupc sdng hoge hgc tap" 2.2 Nguyin tde vd quy trinh xdy dung bdi tap tich hgp Theo nghidn cuu eua chung tdi, mgt bai tap tich hgp can dam bao nhdng nguydn tie eo ban sau: Hudng tdi muc tidu mdn hgc; Cd ngi dung lidn quan d^n kien thde ciia nhieu khoa hge lidn quan; Chua dyng van dd lidn quan ddn thuc tidn cugc sdng hoac hgc tap cua hgc sinh; Dam bao tinh chinh xac, khoa hgc; Dam bao tinh vda sdc, phu hgp vdi trinh nhan thdc cua hgc sinh Qua qua trinh thuc td xay dung bai tgp tich hgp, chung tdi xin dd xuat quy trinh gdm cac budc sau; Budc Xac dinh ndi dung bai hge cd lidn quan den thyc tidn cudc sdng hoac vin dd hgc tgp eua hgc sinh Budc Xae dinh kidn thdc tich hgp can ydu cau hgc sinh van dyng Budc Tgo tinh hudng cd van dd bai tap, ydu cau hge sinh van dyng kidn thdc lien mdn dd giai quydt Buac Dat cau hdi ydu cau hgc sinh giai quydt hoge giai thich van d^ Budc Xay dyng dap an, chinh sua va hoan thien bai tap tich hgp Nhim Iam rd hon quy trinh da dd cap d trdn, sau day chung tdi sd gidi thidu mdt bai tap tich hgp va phan tich eae budc xay dyng quy trinh Vi dy vd bai tgp tich hgp dugc sd dyng dgy hgc bai Luu huynh, Hda hgc ldp 10: TAP CHl KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM Sd 4(82) nam 2016 Theo tdi lieu y hgc cS, luu huynh cd vi chua, tinh on vd co tdc di^ng chira mgt s binh Trong quy trinh bdo qudn thude ddng y vd thuc phdm kho, ngudi ta tiin hdnii xong hai liru huynh di chdng ndm, dm mdc Viic ldm ndy gdy hgi cho ngicai nhiing ngudi xung quanh vd ngudi su dung Gidi thich tgi De xay dyng bai tap tich hgp tren, chung tdi da tidn hanh nhu sau: Budc I xac dinh ndi dung bai hgc cd lidn quan ddn thuc tidn cudc sdng hoac vk dd hgc tap cua hgc sinh: Su dung luu huynh bdo qudn dugc lieu vd thuc phdm khd Budc Xac dinh kidn thuc tich hgp cin ydu eiu hgc sinh van dyng: + f, cua luu huynh la 445°C + Cdc phdn ung hoa hgc xdy dot luu huynh: S + Oi'-^ SO2 Trong diiu kiin khdng du mot phdn SO2 tiip tue tdc dung vdi oxi khdng tgo thdnh SO3 2SO2 ^02^-* 2SO3 + Cdc phdn dng hoa hgc xdy trin be mat ehat dugc bdo qudn: SO2 + H2O H2SO4 + tchit eda da sd ndm mdc vd vi khudn la lOCC + Mdi trudng song thudn lgi cua ndm moc Id: dm, nhiet tic 25 "C 3(fC + Trong mdu, SO2 tham gia nhiiu phdn ung hda hgc de ldm gidm du trU kiim mdu gdy roi logn chuyen hda dtcdng vd protiin, gdy thieu vitamin B vd C, tgo methemoglobine de chuyin Fe^^ (hda tan) thdnh Fe *(ket tua) gdy tdc mgch mdu cdng nhu ldm gidm khd ndng van chuyin oxi cua hdng cdu, gdy co hep ddy qudn, khd thd Budc Tgo tinh hudng eo van dd bai tap, yeu eau hgc sinh van dyng kien thue lidn mdn dd giai quydt: Luu huynh Id mgt vi thudc nhung sic dung di xdng duge lieu hoge thuc phdm kho nhdm chdng ndm, mde thi lgi gdy hgi cho ngudi tieu diing vd nhirng ngudi xung quanh Budc Dat cau hdi ydu eau hgc sinh giai quydt hoge giai thich van dd: gidi thich tgi cd mdu thudn tinh hudng tren Budc xay dyng dap an, chinh sua va hoan thidn bai tap tich hgp Bdn thdn lieu huynh, theo dong y, la mot vi thudc niu dugc diing vdi mot lieu lugng phil hgp Dugc lieu vd thuc phdm khd rdt di hut dm, tgo moi trudng thudn tien cho ndm moc phdt trien Di bdo qudn thuoc ddng y vd thtre phdm khd khdi ndm mdc, ngudi ta diing luu huynh di xong chdt cdn bdo qudn d nhiet cao se giit chit cdc vi khudn vd ndm mdc (t, cua S Id 445°C, t^hh ^"^ ^^ ^^ "^^ '"^^ ^^ ^' khudn Id lOCfC 80 TAP CHI KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Phan Bong Chdu Thuy vd tgk Ngodi ra, qud trinh tgo sunfura vd sunfuric (S + O2 ^ SO2 2SO2 + O2 ^ 2SO3) Khi sunfura Id chdt tdy mgnh, cd khd ndng tieu diet ndm mdc Ben cgnh do, sunfura vd sunfuric hiit dm cd dugc lieu vd thuc phdm kho ldm cho vi khudn vd ndm mde khong phdt triin dugc (SO2 + H2O H2SO3, SO3 + H2O ->• H2SO4) Cdc ndy ngdm vdo bin chdt dugc say Phdn ldn SO2 bay len phia tren mat Id say ngodi gdy dge cho nhdng ngudi xung quanh Khi SO2 xdm nhgp vdo ca thi qua dudng ho hdp hoac hda tan vdi nudc bgt, tic qua dudng tiiu hoa di ngdm vdo mdu SO2 cd thi kit hgp v&i cdc hgt nudc nhd hoge bui dm di tgo thdnh cdc hgt axit H2SO4 nho li ti, xdm nhgp qua phdi vdo he thdng bgch huyit Trong mdu, SO2 tham gia nhiiu phdn ung hda hgc di ldm gidm du trir kiim mdu gdy rdi logn chuyin hda dudng vd protiin, gdy thiiu vitamin B vd C, tgo methemoglobine di chuyin Fe^* (hoa tan) thdnh Fe^^(kit tda) gdy tdc mgch mdu cung nhu ldm gidm khd ndng van chuyin oxi ciia hong cdu, gdy co hep ddy qudn, kho thd H2SO3, H2SO4 cd tren bi mat dugc Hiu vd thuc phdm vdo ca the ngudi ciing gdy tdc hgi nhu nguai hit phdi SO2 2.3 Su- d^ng bdi tap tich hap dgy hpc Hda hpe nhdm phdt trien nang IfiC gldi quyit vdn di eho hpc sinh Idp 10 Bai tap tich hgp co the dugc su dyng tiet dgy bai mdi, dn tap, luydn tap hay kidm tra danh gia muc dich va each td chue boat ddng day hgc cua giao vidn Chung tdi xm gidi thleu mgt sd hogt ddng dgy hge giao an bai Oxi-Ozon, Hda hgc Idp 10, cd su dung bai tap tich hgp Hogt ddng Giao vidn ydu eau cac nhom hgc sinh nhan xet ket qua giai doan cua bai tap thyc nghidm (da iam d nha) va tidp tyc thyc hien giai doan nham tim hieu tinh chat vat Ii va mdt phan tinh chat hoa hgc cua Oxi Giai dogn (iam thi nghidm d nha): Ldy edy rong dudi chd cho vdo dng nghiim day nudc vd dp ngugc cdc thuy tinh chua nudc Cdc A ddt bdng tdi, coc B ddt ngodi dnh sdng Nhgn xet: Sau khodng gid quan sdt thdy co tgo thdnh a ong nghiim cua coc B vd muc nu&c dng nghiem bi ddy xudng Giai dogn (thyc hidn trdn ldp): thic tgo bdng que ddm thl thdy que dom biing chdy Hdy cho biit Id gi? Gidi thich hiin tugng thi nghiem quan sdt dugc Dd giai bai tgp nay, hgc sinh can van dung kidn thuc tich hgp cua hai mdn Hoa hgc va Sinh hgc nhu sau: Cay xanh chi thyc hidn qua trinh quang hgp cd anh sang Sy quang hgp cua anh sang, diep luc cay xanh xay phan ung sau: 6CO2 + 6H2O ' CfiHi206 + 6O2 TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM S6 4(82) ndm 2016 Khi oxi tao khdng mau, khdng mui, khdng vi, it tan nudc, tri su chay xay phan iing: C + O2 -* CO2 Hogt dpng Gido vien chia lap thdnh timg nhom, yiu cdu cdc em lap bg dvmg cy diiu chi oxi Gidi thich cdch ldp vd cdch tiin hdnh thu Cach lip bd dung eu thi nghidm didu ehd oxi dung dugc thd hien qua hinh vg ben dudi: (1) Hinh Diiu che oxi phdng thi nghiem Kidn thuc mdn Vat If va Hda hgc dugc van dung dd lap va su dung dung dyng cu didu ehd oxi la: Sy nd vi nhidt cua chat ran (dng nghidm dang nung ndng se nut bi lam lanh dot ngdt, dd can lap day dng nghidm (1) cao ban mieng de tranh hai nudc ngung tu chay vao day dng nghiem va phai rut dng dan khdi chau nudc rdi mdi tat den dd tranh hidn tugng nude bi day ngugc vao dng nghidm dang nung); Chdnh lech ap suat eua hai khdi dau day dan va cudi day dan (lay dng din khdi chau nudc trudc tit den con, tranh hien tugng chdnh lech ap suit d dng nghiem (1) vdi ap suat quydn, ap suat quydn cao ban ap suat dng nghidm (I) se day nudc theo dng dan vao dng nghiem lam vd dng nghidm); Oxi la it tan nude, ngng ban khdng ndn thu oxi bing each ddi chfl nudc Hogt ddng khdng nhdng giup hgc sinh bidt each didu chd oxi phong thi nghidm ma cdn giup eac em bidt lip va su dung dung eu thi nghidm dung, khoa hoc Ndu bidt tu logic, tich hgp cac kidn thuc khoa hgc cd Hen quan dd giai quySt cac van de trong hgc tap, nghien euu va iam vide cdng nhu ddi sdng thi se giup cac em cdng sau Chung tdi da su dung giao an bai Oxi_Ozon va Luu huynh ed su dyng bai tap tieh hgp de dgy cho ldp 10A9 (Idp thyc nghidm) Trudng Nguyen Cdng Tru TPHCM va Idp ddi ehiing la 10A7 cd trinh tuong duang, duge day theo giao an khdng eo sit dung bai tap tich hgp Chiing tdi da cho Idp thyc hien cung mdt dd kidm tra 15 phut Ngi dung cua de kidm tra la mgt bai tap tieh hgp Thdng qua bai kidm tra nay, giao vidn sd danh gia dugc kha nang tich hgp eac kidn thue khoa hgc ty nhidn lien quan dd giai quydt vin d 82 TAP CHl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Phan Bong Chau Thuy vd tgk dugc dat bai tgp Bai tap tich hgp de kidm tra 15 phut cua ehung tdi nhu sau: Trong khdng chua khodng 20% the tich Y vd cdc khdc Quan sdt Mnh ve sau ve thi nghiem hd hdp d thuc vdt, trd ldi cdu hdi: Vi nudc vdi dng nghidm ben phdi hinh chua hgi ndy mdm (Hinh 2A) bi vdn due bam hut hogt ddng? Gipt nudc mdu dng mao ddn di chuyen ve phia trdi (Hinh 2B) cd phdi hgt ndy mdm hd hdp hut Ykhong? Vi sao? Nhiet ke hinh (Hinh 2C) chi nhiet coo han nhiet dp khdng ben ngodi hinh chung thuc qud trinh hd hdp ldm tdng nhiet dp hay gidm nhiet dp? Viet phuang trinh hda hpc cho qud trinh hd hdp cita cdy? Qud trinh hd hdp cua thuc vdt trdi vdi vdi qud trinh ndo cua thicc vdt? Biet rdng qud trinh ndy thuc vdt hdp thu CO2 vd gidi phdng Y cdn cho cdc hoat ddng sdng cua ngicdi vd dgng vdt Viet phuang trinh hda hoc tgo Y tie qud trinh tren