THIil Kl DAY HOC THim HANH Kl THUAITHID U THUYlI NHAN THUll UNH HOAI TAI TRUQNG DAI HOC SLf PHAM Kl THUAT ThS^BUIVAN H O N G TS NGUYEN THj L U O N G '''' Hoc tap ket hop vdi nghien cdu khoa hpc cua smh v[.]
THIil Kl DAY HOC THim HANH Kl THUAITHID U THUYlI NHAN THUll UNH HOAI TAI TRUQNG DAI HOC SLf PHAM Kl THUAT T h S ^ B U I V A N H O N G - TS N G U Y E N THj L U O N G ' H oc tap ket hop vdi nghien cdu khoa hpc cua smh vien (SV) la mpttrong nhung dae diem Idn nhat qua trinh day hpe (DH) ddai hoc (OH) Vi vay, giang vien (G V) cd the thiet ke DH dua tren suket hop gida hpc tap vdi nghien cdu khoa hpe cua S V; giua hpc tap 6udi suhudng dSn eija G V vdi kha nang tu hpc cua SV, Day chinh la cac dudng khac de SV tiep thu kien thtjc va phat trien cae kTnang phu hop vdi dae diem nhan thdc cd tinh chat Ilnh hoat cua hp, Ldp hpc thuc hanh kTthuat la mdl ta/dng hoc t^p thugn loi tJe GV cothe td'chdc DH theo dae die'm nhan thdc nay, Do dd, nghien cuu thiet ke'DH thuc hanh kTthuattheolithuyetnhan thdc Ilnh hoat (LTNTLH) la can thiet de nang cao ket qua hpc tap thuc hanh cua SV va dap iing dupc chua'n dau cua cae mdn hpc Trong nhimg nam gan day, mpt so nude cd nen giao due phat trien nhuThyy ST, Phap, Australia, , da to' ehue cac phdng thi nghiem va Idp hpe thuc hanh theo hud^g cang linh hoat hon de cd the sudyng dupc eho cac hinh thdc td'chdc DH khac nhau, nhu: DH theo nhdm, DH ca nhan, DH toan Idp (1) Nam 2001, Johnston da van dyng LTNTLH de'phattrien khai niem Yiep can linh hoat DH" dudi su hd trp eua cdng nghe thong tin, cho phep ngudi hpc chu ddng lua chpn thdi gian, npi dung, dja diem, phuong phap hpc tap phu hpp vdi nhu eau hpc tap cua ban than (2) Khai niem da dupc trien ktialvandyng oTrudng DH Queensland (2002) (3),Ta/dngDH Tasmania (2004) v a s a u d d mptso trudng OH khac oAustralla, New Zealand xem xet ap dyng (4) nude ta, DH linh hoat va LTNTLH ciing da dupc nghien euu mpt sdcdng trinh cy the nhu: nghien euxi ve chuong trinh dao tao theo module eua Nguyen Minh Dudng (1993), nghien cdu ve thiet ke ndi dung hpc tap thee LTNTLH cija Bui Van Quan (2005) va LeThj Quynh Trang (2009), nghien cuu ve xay dung chUPng trinh boi dudng giao vien Cdng ngheTHPT phari cdng nghiep theo tiep can linh hoat cua Bui Van Hong va Nguyen Thj 42 Tap chi Gido due so 307 Ludng (2010) Ket qua cija eac nghien euu da eho thay viec td' chuc DH va thiet ke ndi dung DH theo djnh hudng Ilnh hoat la can thiet giaidoan kien thuc phat trien manh me nhu hien Tuy nhien, cac nghien etJu tren day deu ehua de cap viec van dyng LTNTLH thiet kecac khau CLJa qua trinh DH eae mdn hpc cy the, dae biet la DH thuc hanh kithuat theo xu hudng DH cang tich hpp nhuhien Vdi muc dich de xua't quy trinh thiet ke DH thyc hanh kTthuat theo LTNTLH, bai Viet gidi thipu ket qua nghien cuu ve LTNTLH va v|tn dyng vao thiet ke DH thuc hanh kTthuattaitruiimgDH supham kTthuat Li thuyet nhan thii'c Ilnh hoat LTNTLH da dupc phat trien bdi Spiro and Jehng (1990) Li thuyet eho r§ng, nhan thdc Ilnh hosit la kha nang cau tmc lai eae phan eua kien thdc da dupc ngudi hpc tim kiem td nhieu ngudn khac nhau, b§ng nhieu each thuc khae mpt each hc^ li phu hop vdi cac nhu cau hie'u biet nhat djnh hoae giai quyet mdt tinh hudng ed van de cua ehinh ban than ngudi hpc (5) Cae nguyen t^c co ban cua LTNTLH la: lien he cae kien thuc can thiet vao nhiem vy hpctap; npi dung DH nen dupc dua tren bdi canh cua kien thdc va tranh don gian hda; DH phal dua tren van de; lien ket giij'a cac phan cua kien thdc da dUdc quy djnh va gial thieh rd rang (6) Vi vgy, ban chat cua LTNTLH la li thuyet kien tao dupe van dyng vao qua trinh hpc tap de khie phyc nhifng khd khan viec tiep thu kien thdc cd tinh chat phat trien LTNTLH cho tha'y, mye dich ciJa cac phuong phap hay kTthuat DH la nh§m tao dieu kien thuan tpi ehongudihpclamehukienthdcdcacmdeddhpetap phiic tap hon, tranh sudon gian hudng d i n van dyng hay chuyen hda kien thde, dong thdi cho phep qua trinh hpc tap trd nen Ilnh boat hon Chinh vi vay, ti thuyet da dupc sd dung cac thiet ke DH * Trufiie Bai hoc stf pha" U tbi^t TP Ho Chi Minh -(kil-4/2013) dudi su hd trp cua cdng nghe thdng tin va hieu qua cua ung dung dcS vdi eae finh vuc kien thtfc cd caiu tnJe khd va phdc tap da duoc xae nhan qua mpt sd cdng trinh nghien cuu gan day (6) Nhuvay, LTNTLH cho thay, nhan thuc cua ngudn hpc ed tinh chat linh hoat Li thuyet la co sd khoa hpc cho thay, qua trinh DH d D H , mue tieu DH da dupc xac dinh, GV cd the td'chdc cho SV tiep thu kien thuc va ren luyen kl nang b5ng nhieu dudng khac nhau, nhu: hpc tap qua su hudng d i n cua GV, hpc tap qua nghien ctJU khoa hpe, hpc tap thdng qua tuhpc Van dung LTNTLH vao thiet ke DH thue hanh kTthuat V/7ffttifc/ia/j/j/t;7/iua/cdthedupchieula''mpt quatrinh supham GV td'chuc vdi myc dich day SV van dung kien thdc, hinh vaphattrien kTnang lao dpng" (7;92) Do dd, thi^ke'DH thuc hanh theo LTNTLH ed the dupc thue hien dcae npidung sau: •ThietkenpidungDH tinh hoatb^ng each module hda ndi dung cua cac bai thuc hanh hoae ndi dung cua chuong trinh mdn hpe decho phep sinh vien tap mdttrinh tulipc tap phu hpp nhait vdi nhu cau cua hp -Thiet kephuong phap va hinh thdc DH linh hoaL DuavaomyetieuDH da dupc xac djnh, npidung DH da dupc thiet ke linh hoat, GV xae dinh nhiem vy thuc hanh cy the cho tung don vj npi dung hpc tap Dua vao do, GV tap ke hoach DH theo cac hinh thdc DH toan tdp, theo nhdm va ca nhan de hudng d i n SV hpe li thuyet, thuc hanh haytochtfcchohptuhpc, tunghien cdu theo not dung va tjch trinh da chpn - Thiet ke kiem tra danh gia linh hoat Can cuvao myc tieu DH, G V xay dung cdng cu danh gia theo cac hinh thde kiem tm khae nhau, nhu: trie nghiem, bao cao ket qua tu nghien cuu, kiem tra quy trinh thyc hanh kiem tra ket qua hay san pham eua bai tht/e hanh, Tijy thupc vao Ijeh trinh va each thuc hpc tap, SVcd the lua chon hinh thdc kiem tra danh gia phu hpp de phan anh tdt nha't ket qua hoc tap cua hp thai dp ma ngudi hoc phaidat dupe delam eo sdcho viec lua chpn npidung, tap ke hoach DH va xay dung cdng cy danh gia, Bude Module hda ngidung va xay dung tnnh tu hgc tap Can cuvao mye tieu DH, GV lua chpn ndi dung DH thuc hanh can thiet Dua vao tinh chait ddc lap cua eac npi dung DH, GV module hda ndi dung hoc tap tudd xay dung eac trinh tuhpc tap khac lam CO so cho S V lua chpn phu hpp vdi nhu cau hpc tap cua hp Budc3 Xac dinh nhiem vutht/chanh Can edvao muc tieu DH va dieu kien DH cy thecua cac Idp hpc thuc hanh, GV de cac nhiem vy hpe tap cho ttmg ndi dung thuc hanh, nhu: khao sat thiet bi, tim hieu li thuyet, luyen tap theo quy trinh tren cac md hinh vat li hay md hinh ao, Do trinh tU hpc tap khac nhau, nen cung mdt thdi diem nhiem vy thue hanh eija mdi SV hoae mdinhdm SV edthekhac nhau, nhung deu hudng den muc tieu DH da dupc xac dmh Bude4 Lap phuang an DH linh hoat Can cdvao muc tieu DH, dieu kien DH cua Idp hpc, GV de nhieu phuong an DH khac deSV lua ehpn phu hpp vdi trinh tu hpe tap va nhiem vy thue hanh cua ngudi hpc, nhu: - Linh hoat hinh thuc DH, bao gom: DH toan Idp, DH theo nhdm, OH ca nhan; - Linh boat phuong phap DH thuc hanh, bao gom: tam m l u quy trinh, hudng dan li thuyet, hudng ddn tuyen tap theo quy trinh, hudng d i n tu hpc va tu nghien cuu Budc Li/a ehgn linh hoat hinh thdc kiem tra danh gia Dua vao myc tieu DH, G V xae dinh eae hinh thii'c kiem tra va xay dung cdng ey danh gia phu hpp, nhu; kiem tra trac nghiem, kiem tra van dap, kiem tra thuc hien quy trinh, kiem tra ket qua hoae san pham thue hanh SV lua ehpn hinh thdc kiem tra danh gia phu hop vi^ trinh tu hpc tap va nhiem vu thuc hanh dedanh gia mdc dp dat dupc muc tieu DH cuahp, Dae die'm nhan thuc cua SV cd tinh chat Ilnh hoat, nen DH thuc hanh kl thuat, GV tao 2} Quy trinh thiet ki'DH thuc hanh kithuat nhieu each thuc hpc tap khac de SV lua chon theo LTNTLH phii hpp vdi nhu eau hpc tap eua hp Viec thiet ke DH Bude Phan tich chuan dau va muc tieu DH theo LTNTLH bao gdm thiet ke linh hoat not dung ChuS'n dau the hien eae mifc nang It/c, vj tri lam thuc hanh, xae djnh nhiem vy thue hanh Ilnh hoat lap vi^c cy the ma SV cd dupc ket ^ u c khda hpc ke hoach DH linh hoatva xac dinh linh hoat cae hinh Trong do, myc tieu DH la sucy thehda cua chuan thdc kiem tra danh gia dau dudi cac cap dp kien thuc kT nang va thai dp Vdi xu hudng cang tich hpp myc tieu DH Chuan d i u va muc tieu DH cd tinh chat phap (i va cae Idp hpc thuc hanh kithuat thiet ke'DH theo dupc quy djnh cac chuong trinh mdn hoc, nganh LTNTLH gItJp ke hoach DH cua GV dupc thuc hien hpc Vipc phan tich chuan dau va mue teu DH giup tdt, nang luc tuhpc tunghien et>u cua SV dupe phat GV xac djnh dupc eae cap dp kien thirc, kt nang va huy va hieu qua sddyng phuong tien DH duoc nang (ki 1-4/2013)- Tqp chi Gido dye so 307 43 cao Nhu vay, van dung LTNTLH vao thiet ke DH thuc hanh kifriuatcdthegiup nang cao chait lupng va hieuquaOH.a (I) OECD School Science Laboratories: Today's Trends and Guidelines, PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building, 1999/3 OECD Publishing, pp 11-13 (.2) John Botiomley and Jocelyn Calvert Evaluation of the Impact of Flexible Teaching And Learning on Academic Staff at the University of Tasmania, Final Repori: 2005 (3) T h e University Of Q u e e n s l a n d Academic guidelines for flexible learning at the University of Queensland: 2002 www.uq.edu.au/ (4) Natalie Brown "Planning for Flexible Approaches in Tertiary Courses" Australian Association for Research in Education: 2006 (5) Rand J S p i r o C o g n i t i v e F l e x i b i l i t y Constructivism and Hypertext http:// phoenix.see.fct unl.pt/simposip/Rand Spiro.htm: 2007 (6) Ana Amelia Carvalho and AntCinio Moreira "Crisscrossing Cognitive Flexibility Theory based research in Portugal: an overview" Interactive Educational l^ultimedia Number 11 {October 2005); pp 1-26 (7) NguySn VSn KhOi L i lu^n dsiy hpc cdng nghe p h i n ki t h u a t cdng nghiep a (rung h o c co' sd NXB DaihgcsuphgmlGi^Q irinh CDSP), H 2007 Tai liflu tham khao Nguygn Minh Ducmg M6 dun ki niSng h i n h ngh^: phutmg phap tiep can, hutrng dSn bifin soan va lip dun^.UXB Khoa hgc kithu^l.H 1993 BCii van Quan "Thitft k€ nOi dung hpc tjp theo li thuyet nhan thiic linh hoat" Tap chi Khoa hgc gido due so' (10/2005): tr 29-33 Le Thj Quynh Trang "M^t sd ki nSng thie'l kg bSi day theo li ihuye'l nhfln thiic linh hogl" Tgp chi Khoa hgc - Cdng nghi s6'51(3), 2009; tr 113-118 Bill Van Hdng - Nguy£n Thj LirOng "X9y di/ng chircrng trinh bdi duOng giSo vifin COng nghf Irung hgc phd thOng phdn c5ng nghiep theo tie'p c^n linh hoat" Ki y^u hOi thao Ndng cao ndng luc ddo Igo gido viin ki thu^t tgi cdc trudng khoa su phgm ki thudt ddp dng nhu cdu xd h0i Truong Dgi hpc su pham HIi Npi 11/2010; tr 27-32 SUMMARY Teachers design teaching activities in the direction of flexibility, including flexibUity of contents, flexibility of leaching methods and forms, flexibliity of experimentation and assessment Students can choose leammg activities in accordance with their learning needs for achieving the highest learning outcomes Pham chat nghe nghiep va Tai li^u t h a m khao Tr&n BA Hohnh Doi moi phinmg ph^p d^y h9C, chinmg trinh va sdch gido khoa NXB Dgi hgc su phgm, H 2006 mdi, dd la sddyng khdng ehi la mye tieu cija DT ma Trdn BA Hoknh V^n de gido viSn - Nhihig nghifin cdn la ddng luc chu yeu cua chait lupng DT, la ndi ciJru li ludn va thuc tien NXB Dgi hgc suphgm, 2006 dung, phuong phap DT Vai trd tac dpng trd lai ve Ken Bain P h ^ m eha't c u a nhiing nh^ gido uu tu nhieu phuong dien cua sudyng dd'i vdlqua trinh DT (NguySn VSn Nhat djeh) NXB Vdn hda Sdi Gdn, 2008 lau khdng duoc nhan thdc day du gia tri "Su dyng" td tn/dc den chi mdl nhan thue nhu la SUMMARY myc dich cua viec DT theo mpt chieu tdOT de'n si) (Tiep theo trang 6) Education innovation requires Innovation training dyng va dd la nguyen nhan cua viec chi trich nang ne ve yeu kem cua co sd DT tim nguyen nhan and retraining of teachers Education today aims to develop in students the additional free capacity, selfyeu kem m|t no cua dpi ngu GV Vdl each t u renewal understanding and action skills, self-adapt mpt ehieu nhuvay da lam mat dl kha nang tim in a sustainable manner In the context of science, kiem khai thac thdng tin phan hoi tu" sd dung de'n technology the socio-economic changes quickly The chait lupng OT Khdng khai thac thdng tin phan hoi requirements of educaUon labor and pedagogy of teachers not only impart knowledge, but to develop dd se khdng giai quyet tdt quan he huu co giua DT feelings, attitudes, behavior, capacity to use that ban dau va DT sudt ddi eua GV; khdng rang bude knowledge To qualiffed teachers, teacher training nghiem tuc trach nhiem lan giua co sd DT vdi must be organized in the direction associated with CO sd su dyng G V Tiem nang khai thac, tao dpng initial irainuig and retraining to continue Integrated professional capacity in all elements of the training luc phan hdl Sudung - Dao tao la rat Idn, tham chi program with practical methods associated with quyet dinh chait lupng dpi ngu GV • broad-based common knowledge 44 Tap chi Gido due so 307 -(kil-4/2013) ... dung hpc tjp theo li thuyet nhan thiic linh hoat" Tap chi Khoa hgc gido due so'' (10/2005): tr 29-33 Le Thj Quynh Trang "M^t sd ki nSng thie''l kg bSi day theo li ihuye''l nhfln thiic linh hogl" Tgp... DH toan tdp, theo nhdm va ca nhan de hudng d i n SV hpe li thuyet, thuc hanh haytochtfcchohptuhpc, tunghien cdu theo not dung va tjch trinh da chpn - Thiet ke kiem tra danh gia linh hoat Can... DH, bao gom: DH toan Idp, DH theo nhdm, OH ca nhan; - Linh boat phuong phap DH thuc hanh, bao gom: tam m l u quy trinh, hudng dan li thuyet, hudng ddn tuyen tap theo quy trinh, hudng d i n tu