ftfvaIiXi Jms im^smm^ rm Day hoc phan hoa difa vao phong each hoc tap cua hpc sinh ThS NGUYEN THI HONG CHUYEN Khoa Giio dye Tieu hpe Dgi hpe Su phgm Thai Nguyin Hon, d''''ifterentiated instmetion based[.]
\ftfvaIiXi -Jms::im^smm^.rm Day hoc phan hoa difa vao phong each hoc tap cua hpc sinh ThS NGUYEN THI HONG CHUYEN Khoa Giio dye Tieu hpe - Dgi hpe Su phgm Thai Nguyin ChUdng trinh hpe, d e h dgy hpc chQ y tdi tQng dot tupng ngudi hpe trin cd sd hilu bilt sau sac v l ngUdi hpe (kiln thQe nin tang, ning lyc nhan thUc, mdn hpc hQng thu hay phong d e h hpe tip cQa ngudi hpc) tQdd d debien phip dgy hpc tfch cyc, phQ hpp nham ning eao hiSu qua dgy v i hpe Theo Ann Carol Tomlmson (2001, 2003), qui trinh dgy hpe phin hda d n phii dip Qng ba die tlnh cd bin cQa ngudi hpc dd la: nang lye nhin thQe hQng thii va phong d e h hpe tip (PCHT) [0] D l dap ifng vdi nhQng die dilm khic ciia ngudi hpe, giio vlSn ed t h i dilu chfnh, sQa dil mpt ba ylu l l nhU ndi dung, quy trinh v i sin pham eQa qui trtnh dgy hpc - Trong dd, ndi dung dgy hpc bao glm n$l dung v l mit f DJVT V/[N D £ Mdi hpc sinh (HS) l i mdt c i nhin ed tiem ning, tri thdng kiln thQe nhU thdng tin sy kien, khii nidm, eic nguyin tic, phupng phap v i tiln trinh, npi dung v l mit kl ning v i ndi minh, ddng lyc v i phong cich hpc t i p khic Nhi tmdng c&i trang bj eho eie em n i n hpc v i n thdng ding thdi d dung thii dd N g d i ra, npi dung d n bao glm d nhQng thdng tin m i giio vien thilt k l d l dya vio dd ngudl hpc d t h i tilp nhiim vy glOp m6i hpc sinh phit triln t l i da ning lye d nhin d n dupc kiln thQe Tit d nhu'ng npi dung niy hpe sinh s i cua minh Dilu dd ddi hdi q u i trinh dgy hpe ngiy phii d ^ phii nd IQe tdi da d l chilm ITnh, lim ehii v i d ning sQ img yiu ciu phin hda dyng nd tlnh hulng mdi DAY HQC PHAN HOA - Quy trlnh dgy hpe (hogt ddng dgy hpc) l i d e h thUe tiln a) Quan ni$m ve dgy hpc p h i n hda hanh hogt ddng dgy, nhigm vy eiia hogt dpng nhim giup Theo Brimijoln v i Nan'aez (2008): "Day hpc phin hda la ngUdi hpc hilu v i cudi ciing l i phai sd hOu dupe eac khii nlSm mdt trilt tf dgy hpc dya trin tiln d l cho rang HS hpc tit nhlt v i kT nang Phin hda quy trinh dupe hilu l i vdl cung mdt npi Mil giio VlSn (GV) dilu chfnh q u i trinh dgy hpe eho phQ dung nhung dUpe dUa cho hpe sinh vdi eie sy trp giQp khic hyp vdl trtnh dO, sd thieh va phong eich hpc tgp cua d c em" nhau, d the mang tinh thQ thich v i tlnh chit phQc tgp khie Quan nl^m cQa Ann Carol Tomlmson: "Dgy hpc phan hda D l nhQng hpc sinh gidl khdng d m thiy qui nhim cung d p cho ngudi hpe nhQng dUdng khie de chilm chin, ddn giin khim phi kiln thQc, cdn hpc smh trung Tnh ndi dung dgy hpe Thdng qua do, HS dgt dUpe hieu qui binh khdng din mQc d trgng thai thit vpng vl phii dli mit vdi hpc tip cao hdn" (0] Theo Hall (2002): "Dgy hpc phin hda la vin d l q u i khd so vdi ning lye [0], eich tilp d h dgy hpc dip Qng nhQng d i l tupng hpc sinh khic Phin hda quy trinh eho phep hpc sinh lya chpn phuong cUng mpt ldp nhim myc dfch tli da hda nang lue phap phQ tipp vdl ban than (ve nang lyc, phong d e h hpc tip eiia mdi c i nhin bing d e h tgo cho ngUdi hpe q u i trtnh day khae nhau) de tiep thu kiln thQe kT ning mpt d e h de ding - hpe phQ hpp nhit vdi hp" nhlt hoic lya chpn nhQng thQ thich d l chinh phye Nhu viy, dgy hpc phin hda l i dinh hudng ve npi dung v i - Sin pham: l i cii ma hpc sinh d t h i tgo kit thuc phudng phip dgy hpc, dd giio viSn t l chQe dgy hpe tQy bii hpe d l t h i hiin sy lim chu npi dung hpe tip eua minh hay Iheo dil tupng, nhim dim bio yiu d u giio dye phQ hpp vdl ciehfriQcbieu hien cua hpc sinh ve nhQng thdng tin kiln thUc, die dilm tim - sinh li trinh dd nhin thQe nhip dd, hUng thQ kT ning m i ngUdi hpe d i Tnh hpi, chiem ffnh dUpc sau bit hpc khie v i phong d e h hpc tip cua ngUdi hpe trSn ed sd dd (bai thuylt trinh, bii ve, tdm tat, bai vilt, ) Trong dgy hpe phit triln til da tilm ning von d cua mdi hpc sinh p h ^ hda cho phep hpc sinh d ed hpi lya ehpn eich thi hipn b) Cic y l u td ciia dgy hpc phan hda thdng tin phan hoi dya trSn sd thfeh, t h i mgnh va phong eich Theo d c tic g i i T i n Thin (2005) Nguyin B i Kim (2006), eiia minh d hai elp d$ dgy hpc phin hda: phin hda ngoii {dp dd VT md), phin hda tmng (cip dp vi md) Trong b& vilt niy xem xit 3, D M HOC PHAN H6A DUA VAO PHONG CACH HQC cip dd vi md TAP CUA NGUOI HQC Dgy hpc theo pMfJ hda ( d p d$ vl md) l i vdi mdi Nhu v§y, d l thyc hi$n quA trinh dgy hgc ph4n hda cd hi$u Hon, d'ifterentiated instmetion based on learning styles of students; the benefits of teaching based on leaming styles Proposed a number of measures of teaching based on leaming st^es In order to stimulate interest in contributing to student leaming to Improve teaching effectiveness Keywords; differentiated instruction, learning style, strategies, student, teacher TU khda: dgy hpc phin hda, phong d e h hpc tip, bien phip, hpc sinh, giio viin 24 qua G V d n dya vio ning lyc nhin thQe, sy hQng thQ v i phong d e h hpc tap eua ngudi hpe Trong dd phong each hpc tip cua hpc sinh cang dUpc quan t i m nhilu hdn Theo trang tin [0], hien tren t h i gidl d rit nhieu quic gia (My, Dan Mgch, 6-xtriy-ll-a, Niu-dl-lin, ) lap riing d e tmng tam ehuyen nghiSn cQu ve phong d e h hpe t i p eua ngUdi hpc d l tQ dd dua d c bien phip dgy hpc phQ hpp d hieu q u i nham nang cao chit lupng dgy va hpc TU d l y d the nhgn thiy ring dgy hpc dip Qng phong d e h hpe tgp ciia hpc sinh d Vcii trd rlt quan trpng Cd rlt nhieu d]nh nghTa quan niem khae ve phong d e h hpc tap nhUng nhin chung d the hilu phong each hpc tip cCia hpc sinh l i d e h thQc m i hpc sinh hpe tip, la nhQng ehiln lupc hpe thich hpp hieu qua nhat ciia mdi HS qua dd d l d the tilp thu, fTnh hdi va sQ dyng kiln thQc d e tinh huong cy the Dgy hpe dip Qng phong d e h hpc tip d vai trd quan trpng q u i trtnh day hpe Theo Sheal (1989), mdt nhQng trich nhiSm quan trpng eiia ngUdl dgy hpc hien l i phii flm hieu d i gi dang diln tu duy, suy nghT eiia ngudi hpc; phal nd lyc d l hieu hpe sinh tU nhU t h i nao; thay sy quan trpng eQa viic hieu biet v l phong d e h hpc tgp cua hpc sinh; ngudi dgy lien quan nhU t h i nio vdi sy thinh d n g ctia ngUdi hpc; dge biet, lam t h i nio d l v i n chuyin kienttiQckhoa hpe tdi ngudi hpc m i phu hpp vdi phong d e h hpc tgp Cdn Anderson (1995) cho rang sy tUdng tic glQa each dgy eiia giio vien vdi phong d e h hpc tap cua hpc sinh chfnh la nhin t l cd b i n d i n tdi sy cdng cua qua trinh dgy hpe MOT SO' BIEN PHAP DfiY HQC PHAN HOA Dl/A VAO PHONG CACH Hpc TAP CUA HgC SINH Bign phip 1: SiTdyng kT thuit RAFT Chien lupe RAFT (Santa, 1988) la mpt kf thuat dgy hpc dd ySu cau hpe sinh trinh biy eic thdng tin, k i t q u i nhiSm vy nghien cifu bang van ban vdi nhilu d e h thUc, the logi khic R (role) - cd nghTa l i vai trd vai eQa ngUdl vilt, thilt k l n i l dung van ban; A (audien) - d nghTa l i dde gii, la ddi tupng m i van bin hudng din; F (format) - cd nghTa la the logi van ban, kieu van bin m i ngUdi vilt lya chpn eich thUe trinh bay va T (topic) - la chQ d l , ndi dung thdng tin ma van ban muon viet, khai thie Nhu viy, vdi kT thugt niy se khuyin khfeh tu sang tgo cQa ngudl hpc, budc hpc sinh phii xQ If thdng tin chQ khdng ddn thuin Viet d u tra ldi eho ciu hdi Hpc sinh d hQng thU, ddng cd d l thyc hien nhiSm vy hdn bdi ki thuit dip Qng phong d e h hpe tgp da dgng thong qua phan IQa chpn kieu the logi vin bin (bit thuylt trinh, bii quing cao, edng thUe, ehi din, ) Cie budc thyc hiin BUdc 1: Chuan b| - Giao viin nghlSn cQu ndi dung bii hpc, lya chpn thdng tin, npi dung phQ hdp vdi viec sQ dyng kT thugt RAFT - Thilt k l ndi dung sQ dyng kT thuit RAFT + Xie djnh vai trd eQa ngudl vilt (R j : Xac djnh vai cua ngudl vilt v i n bin (vai cd the la ngudl, d l vat, ciy eli,v.v.) + Xac djnh ddi tupng, khin gia m i bii viet muon hudng den (A): Vilt eho al? + Xie dinh the logi vin ban (F): the loai v i n ban m i ngUdl hpc thfch trinh bay - diy l i ylu to ma GV tgo ep hdi cho hpe sinh cd nhilu ning lya chpn nhat dip Ung phong cich hpe tip Vf dy d d e the logi nhu: cho hpe sinh viet nhit ki, xiy dyng mpt d n g thQc, bang hudng din, vilt b i i bao, quang d o -••^msmmrnKM ""' ""y-"'"- xay dyng hdi thogi, bai hat, + Xac dinh ehCi d l , ndi dung (T) eiia v i n ban: l i nhQng vin d l , quan dilm thudc npi dung bit hpc phQ hpp vdl kT thuat d y Giao vien trinh biy thong tin dudi dgng bang d d u tnic nhu sau: Vai ngudi ! Ddi tuong/ vilt khan gii Th6 loai vin ban Chu dh/ ndi dung Budc Giai thfch cho ngudi hpe d c ndi dung RAFT va hilu dupc d u trdc vai trd cQa bien phip BUdc Hpc sinh IQa chpn, dinh dau hay td miu d e yeu to bang Itieo hQng thQ, phong d e h hpe tgp ciia d nhan Vi dy bang RAFT cho bii 13 Phdng benh bio phi, Khoa hpe Vai trd (R) BiesT Kbin gii (A) Ngudi bi benh tim Cic bpn Idp Ngudi ludi vSn ddng Ngudi thich an dd rin/dd in nhanh Nha bio The loai (F) Thuyet trinh Bii b^o Chu 6k (T) Nguyen nhan b§nh b^o phi Cich phdng trinh b6o phi Kich DiSu trj b?iih b^o phi BUdc 4: Nhdm hpc sinh (cap ddi hoie nhdm nho ba din bin hpc sinh) d cung chii d i va thye hiin nhiim vy BUdc Trinh bay ehia sd kit qua BUdc 6: Giio vien nhgn xet, kit lugn Bien phap 2: SQ dyng kT thuat "hinh lip phUdng" (cubing) Kf thuit "hinh lap phUdng" la chien lupe dgy hpe cho phep ngudl hpc xem xet khai nlSm, thdng tin, v i n de dUdl nhllu gdc dp, quan diem, each thQe khie SQ dung kT thugt hinh lap phUdng d tie dyng dip Qng dupe kha nang nhgn thQc da dgng, hUng thU v i gdp phin kich thich hQng thu hpc t i p cua hpc sinh bdi nd cho phip nhOng hpc sinh thfch lam viec vdi ddi tay cd cp hpi "sd md" v i o d c d l vit, dupe di ehuyin qua Igi v i ngudi hpe d cd hdi kham phi, flm hieu thdng tin khai niem d d e phUdng diin, quan diim khic nham phu hpp vdi PCHT ciia ngUdi hpe Vdl kT thuit "Hinh lip phUdng", sQdyng cic hinh lip phuong glm cd mit, dupe thiet k l da dgng v i Imh hogt, mdi mit c6 ghi eic eau hoi, hogt ddng khac (ySu d u khie nhung d i u eQng hUdng tdi mdt mye dieh gilng nhau) Hpc sinh se lya chpn eac hogt ddng phQ hpp vdl phong eich hpc tip cOa minh de thyc hien, kf thuit niy cd t i c dyng thQc dly hpc sinh hilu sau sac v i hilu v i n d l Cie budc thyc hiin: Budc 1: Chuan bj - Giao viin nghiSn cQu n$i dung bai hpc, lya chpn thing tin ndi dung phQ hpp vdi viSc sQ dyng kT thuit "Hinh lip phUdng' - Thilt k l ndi dung sQ dyng kT thuat "hinh lip ptiudng": Xiy dyng d u hdi dya v i o d c trf thdng minh n l i trpi theo Howard Gadner (tQy thude hpe sinh ldp hpc) - Vilt mdi d u hdi len mdt m|t eua hinh lip phUdng DttyvaHpci 25 Em hiy vS phac hpa mdt buc timih mieu ta canh D^ Mte dang bdab vyc ke ylu Em hay k€ lgi ciu Em hay lip bang so s^nh I Em hSy vilt vi the chityen Dd Men benh ve lyc lupng, thii dp, I hi^n mdt bai hit ndi tinh cieh gifta De Min • vk nhin vit De Men v\fc ke yeu vi bpn nh?n _ eau chuyen Em hay ddng vai thi hien eanh D€ M^n b6nh virc ke yeu I I • ' Em hiy liet kl tSn cic vat ed ciu ehuyen vi mieu tichjuiR Vf dy: Thilt ke npi dung frieo kT thuat "Hinh lap phUdng" dya vio If thuylt da trf thdng minh dgy bai Tip dpe DeMin binh vdc ke yiu (^ip theo), Tilng Viet (Tiep theo trang 31) Bdde 2: Giai thfch nhiem vy cho hpc sinh Budc 3;Hpe sinh lya chpn nhiim vy phu hpp vdl PCHT eiia tre tgo eho chQng ning glal quylt nhiim vy nhin minh thQc dudi hinh thQc d d i nhg nhing, hap dan, khdng bi i p Hpe sinh tiln hanh xoay eic mit eiia khoi lip phUdng, lya d i l NhOng nhiem vy chdi v i hinh ddng ehdi ddi hdi t r i ehpn mdt hogt ddng hay d u hdi phu hpp vdi hQng thQ v i phai huy ddng eac tri thUc, ky nang ky xio eQa minh d l dgt phong eich diin dgt cQa e i nhan d l tim tdi kMm phi kit qua m i trd ehdi dat SuiSc 4: Nhdm hpc sinh TCDG phat triln ning lye sing tap cQa tri NhQng bilu Vdi chiln lupc niy, hpe sinh d t h i lim viee d nhan, d p hien sang tao lim trd ehdi thay doi va d tic dyng rin luyin ddi hoie theo nhdm vdl cOng sy lya ehpn ve ndi dung hogt dc sang tao cho nhQng ngudi tham gia eude ehOi Tfnh d$ng sing tgo eua tre dupe phit trien mgnh me vl^c lya Budc 5: Trinh biy chia s i kit qui chpn nguySn vit liSu va ty lim dd dung, chdi phye vy trd BUdc 6: Giio vlSn nhin xit, kit luin chdi va vlSc "hda thin" ddng vai, ty qui Ude, thay d i l bS Bi^n phip 3' SQ dyng kT thuit "cd ca rd" (bang chpn) sung luit ehdi ehd phQ hpp vdl dilu kien eua cpng ding tri KT thuit "cd ca rd" l i ehiln lupc dgy hpc cho phep hpc sinh nhd cua minh d nhllu ed hdt lya chpn cic bl^n phip, each thQc khic TCDG rlt giiu ylu t l tuflng tUpng Dli vdl t r i em mpl qui trinh tim tdi, Wiim p h i nhim chilm ITnh kiln thQe, kT vit deu trd nin cd hdn nin chQng d t h i trd ehuySn vdl cd ning d y , hoa la, vdi d o loii, dd v i t xung quanh chdi tri "Bing ehpn" hay " d ca rd" glm d, mdi d d ghi d c d u bilt lly v i t tupng trUng thay t h i eho v i t thit h&i, nhl^m vy, bii tip Gilng vdl trd chpi d ca rd, hpc sinh phal TCDG rin luyin eho tri mpt s l ky ning nhu: hpe ndi, lya chpn v i thye hien nhiem vy bing, cic nhiim vy niy hpe dim, hpc tfnh t d n d IQc tre chPi lap di lip lgi hing phii nim cQng mpt ept hoic hing hoic trin cimg mdt chye lin m i khdng bilt chin, tri cQ ehdi eho din k9 dudng cheo Nhu viy, hpc sinh dupc lya chpn nhiSm vy vQa nang thgo, i n tupng v l sy vit, hiin tQpng xung quanh phU hpp vdi phong eieh hpe tip cua minh ddng thdi vUa dim chQa dyng tQ, cau dupc cQng c l vQng chic bio dupe sy da dgng v l d c d p dp nhgn thQc TCDG rlt phong phO v l npi dung, da dgng v l t h i logi, Cieh thilt ke bang chpn: d thi xiy dyng dya vio thang dieu tgo dieu kien thuin lpi cho vige hinh thinh v i phit bie nhin thQc d a Bloom (phu hpp vdl nang lue nhan thQe); triln mdt sd pham chat tri tuS eho tre nhu sy nhanh trf, Imh dya vio thuyet da trf thdng mmh (phu hpp vdi phong d e h hpc hogt, dc quan sit q u i trinh ehdi, d i y la nhQng phlm tip) hay dya vio hUng thQ sd thfch cQa ngUdi hpc de thilt ke chat tri tue d n thilt eho viSe tiep thu tri thUc mdi nhl$m vy bing chpn Ciu triic mpt bing ehpn thiet k l theo thuylt da tri thdng IV KET LUAN minh d cic gpi y sau: (Xem bing dudi) Cd t h i ndi ring: 'TCDG l i phUdng ti#n phit triln tri tu$ K ^ LUAN cho tre miu giio, tham gia vio trd chdi trS khdng ehl Dgy hpc theo quan dilm phin hda gdp phin t i l da hda dupc hpc nhQng tri thQe, ky ning nhit d|nh ma ehung hpc ning hpc tip cua ngUdi hpc Dge biit la dgy hpc phan hda dya dupc d e h ITnh hpi tri thQe v i ky ning i y , trang bj eho tri vio phong d e h hpc tap eQa hpc sinh d vai trd hit sQc quan mpt sd pham ehat hogt dpng trf tug" trpng dli vdi vigc hpe t i p v i d d l i vdi d nhan ngudi hpc TAI UEU THAM KHAO: NhSm dip Qng dupc phong d e h hpe tip da dgng d n phii xiy dyng d e bi$n phip, kT thuit dgy hpe phu hpp v i sQ dyng hiiu [1 ITrSn Hoa Binh (2007), Trd chdi din gian tri em - NXB Giio qui q u i trinh dgy hpe dye t21VuThjNho*:heC(aA.IJ