TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Phgm Hoai Thao Ngan J^ AP DUNG CHU TMNH HOC TAP 4MAT CUA BERNICE MCCARTHY NHAM DAP UlVG CAC PHONG CACH HOC TAP DA DANG CUA NGLTOI HQC PHAM HOAI T H A O N G A N '''' TOM TAT Md[.]
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Phgm Hoai Thao Ngan J^ AP DUNG CHU TMNH HOC TAP 4MAT CUA BERNICE MCCARTHY NHAM DAP UlVG CAC PHONG CACH HOC TAP DA DANG CUA NGLTOI HQC PHAM HOAI T H A O N G A N ' TOM TAT Mdi cd nhdn deu cd mot phong cdch hoc tap (PCHT) rieng vd phong cdch dy cd su dnh hudng nhdt dinh den qud trinh tiip thu kiin thirc Bdi viit gidi thieu vi khd ndng dng dung chu trinh hoc tap 4MAT ciia Bemice McCarthy nhdm giup ngudi day thiit ki hogt dpng gidng dgy ddp Ong duac suda dgng ve PCHT cda nguai hoc vd tgo ca hdi cho ngud hQC dugc hgc tap vdi phong cdch hgc uu thi cua minh Tir khda: chu trinh hpc tap 4MAT, Bemice McCarthy, phong cdch hpc tap, sir da dang phpng cdch hpc tap, mo hinh phong each hpc tap ABSTRACT The application of Bemice McCarthy's 4MAT learning cycle to accommodate learners' diverse learning styles Individuals have their own learning styles which have certain influences on their knowledge acquisition process The article introduces the application of Bernice McCarthy's 4MAT learning cycle to help educators design teaching activities that can accommodate learners' diverse leaning styles and allow learners to learn with their preferred learning styles Keywords: 4MAT learning cycle, Bemice McCarthy, learning style, diverse learning style, leaming style model Ddt van di "D^y hoc Idy nguai hpc lam trung tdm" la mpt quan di6m su pham Men dai va ti6n b8 Mu6n dam bao hieu qua giang d^y thi cac dac dilm tam li, nang luc nh^in thiic ciia nguW hpc cdn dupe quan tam diing miic; co PCHT PCHT (Leaming Styles) "la nhimg dac dilm rieng co tinh uu thi, tuong d6i bin vimg cua ca nhdn, quy dinh each tilp nhan, xu li, luu giii va phdn hii thpng tin m6i truong hpc tap" [1, tr.6] Co nghia la, mSi PCHT se dl ddng thich iing va giai quylt mpt tinh huong, nhiem vu nhan thiic nao hem ca Mac dii co rdt nhiju each dinh nghia PCHT va mo hinh PCHT khac nhau, nhimg nhin chung cac nhd tam li hpc va giao due hpc deu thira nhdn sir dnh huong cua PCHT din qua trinh tilp thu kiln thiic PCHT khong chi dupe coi trpng viec thilt kl hoat dpng gidng day ma ca qua trinh kiem tra, danh gia ket qua hpc tap Dap irng su da dang PCHT ciia nguai hpc thong qua cac hoat dpng giang day va kiem tra danh gid la tao dilu kien cho nguoi hpc phat huy t6i da ndng luc ca nhan Hon nira, sir dap • HVCH, Truing Oai hgc Su pham TPHCM, Email: ttiaongansp@gmail.ctim 157 Tu lieu tham khao ling cdn kich thich ngudi hgc vupt qua "vung an todn" ciia PCHT thugn Ipi va ty thii thach vdi nhiiu PCHT khac de ngdy cang hoan thien hon PCHT uu thi ciia minh Khi dat dugc su can bdng, linh hogt PCHT, ngudi hpc se cd the tiep thu mpt each nhay ben va hieu qud nhirng ndi dung va nhiem vu hpc tap da dang Vi vdy, sy tuang quan giiia PCHT cua ngudi hpc va phong cdch gidng day ciia ngudi day hogt dgng dgy hpc Id mpt van de cdn dupe quan tdm thyc hi^n dgy hpc cd the hda Tuy nhien, ldp hgc, phong each dgy hgc ciia ngudi day thi chi cd mdt, ma PCHT ciia ngudi hgc thi lgi rdt da dang Vdy lam ngudi day cd the dap irng dupe su khac biet ve PCHT de dam bao tdt ca ngudi hpc deu dat dupe cdc myc ti6u hpc tap chung ma khdng phai chgy theo "chieu chuong" mdt cdch cd le timg PCHT hay de mdc ngudi hpc ty ed trach nhiem thich iing dupe vdi mgt cdch gidng day cd djnh? Giai quyet van de 2.1 Mo hinh phong cdch hgc tap cua Bernice McCarthy Cdc nghien ciiu ve PCHT vd chu trinh hpc tap 4MAT cua McCarthy Idy nen tdng la cdc hpc thuyet ciia nhiing nhd tdm li hpc ndi tieng nhu Carl Jung, Kurt Lewin, David Kolb, John Dewey, Jean Piaget, Carl Roger vd nghien eiiu ve sy khdc biet giiia hai ban cau ndo cda Roger Sperry vd Joseph Bogan [7] Vdi nin tdng dd, cdc quan diim vi PCHT ciia McCarthy khdng phdi la nhung quan diem hoan todn mdi Ig, dot pha, ma dupe hinh thdnh theo dinh hudng nang cao tinh 158 So 3(68) ndm 2015 thyc tiln cua li thuyit hpc tap, ung dung cdc nghien cuu vi PCHT vdo qud trinh dgy hgc vdi chu yinh 4MAT Dya tren cac nghien ciiu ve PCHT, chu trinh hgc tap 4MAT duac Bemice McCarthy di xudt (1979) nhu la mpt cdng cu hiiu hieu giiip ngudi dgy vira ddp ling PCHT uu the cua ngudi hgc vira thach thiic ngudi hpc trdi nghi?m va tiip nhgn cdc kieu hpc tap khac de cd cdch tiip cdn, gidi quyet van de ngdy cdng toan di6n va hoan thien hon Dya tren quan diim xem PCHT la cdc uu the linh hoat hpc t^p, McCarthy phan chia PCHT thdnh loai Nhin chung, mdi PCHT cd cdch tiep c|n va xir li npi dung hpc tap rieng, vdi nhiing cdu hdi dac trung nhu: Ngudi suy tudng (imaginative learner): Tgi tdi can hgc nhiing dieu ndy? Chung cd ^ nghTa gi vdi tdi ? Ngudi phdn tich (analytic learner): Tdi can hpc cdi gi npi dung nay? Ngudi thyc hien (common sense learner): Ldm thi ndo de tdi su dyng dugc nhiing dieu da hpc? ' Ngudi tdc dgng (dynamic learner): Neu tdi sii dung dupe nhiing dieu da hpc, dieu gi s€ xay ra? Cu the, nhiing ddc diem nhan difn cua mdi PCHT dupe McCarthy md td nhu sau: Ngudn suy tudng (imaginative learner): Coi trpng sy cam nhdn vd suy ngdm Hp cd kha ndng ngdn ngii vd truyin dgt rdt tdt Hp thich giao luu vd trao ddi nhdm nhd, cd kT ndng Idng nghe vd tuong tdc hieu qud vdi ngudi khdc Ben cgnh phuang phdp ldm vi?c TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM nhdm, ngudi cd PCHT ndy ciing ddp img rat tdt cae bai tap cdng nao Hp cd the manh viec gidi quyet vdn de bdng sy quan sat, suy ngdm de thu thdp thdng tin vd tudng tugng ban Id hdnh ddng Nhupc diem cua ngudi cd PCHT suy tudng Id cd xu hudng thieu quyit dodn, dy, khd dua quyet dinh Ddi vdi mpi hogt dpng, hp ludn ddi hdi sy ro rang, cy the va tinh cd y nghTa Hogt dpng chi dgt hieu qud cao Jchi hp hiiu rd muc dich cua hogt dpng va y nghTa, loi ich cua nd ddi vdi bdn thdn Ngudi phdn tich (analytic learner): cd each nhin nhdn sy viec mdt cdch khach quan, cd kT ndng phdn tich, tdng hop, khdi qudt hda cac thdng tin vd du kien rdt tdt Hg thich cdc ndi dung cd he thdng, cdu tnic, cd tinh chinh xac cao, cdc nhiem vu cd hudng ddn tung budc, cdc y kiin ciia nhung chuyen gia Hp la nhihig ngudi sdng ndi tdm, rdt kien nhan vd ti mi Nhupc diem ciia ngudi cd PCHT la it cdi md giao tiep, ludn than trpng vd khd chdp nhdn su pha each, bdt ngd Hp thudng gap khd khan lam viec nhdm, trd ldi cdc cau hdi md, thuyet trinh, ddng vai Ldp hpc truyen thdng la mdi trudng li tudng cua ngudi cd PCHT vi hp thich nghien cuu li thuyet vd lam viec dpc lap Ngudi thuc hien (common sense learner): hpc tap thdng qua qua trinh gidi quyet van de mpt cdch ehu dpng Hg thich vgn dyng thuc ti di kiim chimg nhung gi da hgc va thir nghiem nhiing y tudng mdi Hg ddp iing rdt tdt cdc nhiem Phgm Hoai Thao Ngdn vy thuc hanh Ngudi cd PCHT ndy cd nhupc diem la thudng gap khd khan tiep nhan cdc npi dung hgc thuat, ngdn ngii diin dat phiic tgp, khd tiip thu nhirng npi dung qua trim tugng, ma hd Hp dl cdm thay chan nan neu khdng dupe giao vien djnh hudng va gidi thich gid tri thuc tien ciia npi dung hgc Ngirdi tdc dgng (dynamic learner) coi trgng su hogt ddng va sang tao Hp hpc tap qua su thii-sai, kham pha, tim kiim nhiing khd ndng tiim dn, thach thiic cdc khudn mau vd gidi hgn Hg thu thdp thdng tin tir nhieu ngudn khac va cd each tiep can thdng tin tir nhiing gdc nhin mdi la Hg dap iing dugc cd nhiem vu lam viec dpc lap vd lam viec theo nhdm nhd ed kT ndng lien cd nhan tot Tuy nhien ngudi cd PCHT cd hgn chi la de dua nhiing phdn doan chii quan, thieu kha ndng sap xep edng viec, qudn li thdi gian va lam viec cd phuang phdp [3] _ Mdi ngudi cd the cd nhieu hon mdt PCHT, nhung se cd mpt PCHT chiem uu the Mdi PCHT deu tdn tai uu diem vd nhupc diem ciia nd, nen hieu qud hpc tap se tdi uu ngudi hpc dgt dupe sy linh hogt va can bdng PCHT 2.2 Ap dung ch u trinh hgc tap 4MA T Dya tren mo hinh loai PCHT vd li thuyet ve sy khac biet giiia nao trdi vd nao phai cua cdc nha than kinh hgc, McCarthy de xuat budc thyc hien chu trinh hgc tap 4MAT budc tuong iing vdi loai PCHT vd chiic ndng uu thi ciia hai ban cau ndo (xem bang vd hinh 1) 159 S6 3(68) ndm 2015 Tlf lieu tham khao Bdng PCHT vd bdn cdu ndo uu thi tuang img vdi cdc budc thuc hien chu trinh hgc tap 4MAT Budc Budc Budc Budc Budc Budc Budc Budc Ban cau nao uu the Ndo phai Nao trdi Nao phai Nao trdi Ndo phai Nao trdi Nao phai Nao trdi PCHT uTi the Ngudi suy tudng (imaginative learner) Ngudi phdn tich (analytic learner) Ngudi thyc hien (common sense learner) Ngudi tac dpng (dynamic learner) Id NANG KHAI NIEM (what-c^i^) Hinh Chu trinh hpc tap 4MATcua Bemice McCarthy [6] Bu&c Muc tieu cua buoc la loi cuon su chii y cua nguai hpc vao npi dung hpc tap bdng cdch dl nguoi hpc tu dp trinh bay nhimg trai nghiem cu the va hiiu bilt da CP ciia minh ve npi dung sdp dupe hpc Nguai hpc dupe khuyin khich chia se voi ban be hoac gido vien ve nhiing gi minh da bilt theo quan diem cd nhan Tdt ca nhihig kinh nghiem sdn co ciia nguai hpc la "nguyen lieu ddu vap" quan trpng ciia qud trinh hpc tap Nguai day co thi dua tren moi lien quan hay su tuang ddng giGa nhirng gi da co kinh nghiem ciia ngucri hpc voi npi dung bai hpc dl 160 lam diem xudt phdt khai thac npi dung • Budc Muc tieu ciia buoc la giup nguoi hpc tu xem xet nhihig kinh nghiem, quan diSm sdn c6 da thu thap dupe tir buac Nguai day vdn phdi tri thai dp tich cue d6i vai su da dang kinh nghifm cua nguM hpc, khong dupe chi trich hay phan xet Nguai hpc se suy tuong vl nhimg kinh nghiem, hieu biet sdn co ciia minh de tu ddnh gid xem minh cam thdy nhu thi ndo, nhimg dilu co hop II chua, CO gi bdt on hay bdn khoan hay khong Nguai hoc ciing co thi thue hien phuong phap thdo luan nhom dl nhan xft TAP CHi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM va so sanh nhirng kinh nghiem, hieu biet ciia cdc bgn vd minh de tim diem tuang ddng vd khac biet Tir qua trinh nay, ngudi day ed the giiip ngudi hpc nhdn mdi lien he giiia nhimg gi sap hpc vdi thyc tien ddi sdng, hieu ro tai minh cdn hpc nhiing dieu ndy • Bu&c Muc tieu ciia budc Id chuyen hda nhimg kinh nghiem, hieu biet san cd thdnh khdi niem Nhung kinh nghiem, hieu biet can dupe khdi niem hda de trd thdnh tri thiic Ngudi dgy chi sy lien quan giua nhiing gi cd kinh nghiem ciia ngudi hpc vdi nhiing gi ma cdc nhd khoa hpc, nhd nghien ciiu da chiing minh Sy so sdnh, ddi chieu giua hieu biet san cd cua minh, hieu biet sdn cd ciia bgn vd nhiing tri thiie nhdn logi se Id ca sd de ngudi hpc budc dau khdi qudt hda chiing thdnh khdi niem Bu&c Myc tieu cua bude la xdc lap khdi ni?m tir nhiing kinh nghiem, hieu biet da khdi quat hda tir budc Gido vien cdn nhdn mgnh vao nhiing phuong dien dac trung cua khdi niem mdt cdch cd he thdng, giiip ngudi hpc xac dinh dupe ban chdt cua khdi ni?m, npi dung bdi hgc Nhiing kinh nghidm, hieu biet rdi rac thu thgp tir budc va se dupe loai bd nhung thdng tin thira, xau chudi lai theo logic Diem khdc biet cua qud trinh hinh thdnh khdi niem d budc dd la phdi tap trung vao tinh cdt ldi, ehinh yiu, bdn chdt ciia vdn de Bu&c Tir budc 5, vai trd eua gido vien cd sy thay ddi vd vai trd tich eye, chii ddng Phgm Hoai Thao Ngan ciia ngudi hpc dupe tang len tdi da Muc tieu cua budc Id giup ngudi hpc xac dinh nhung kl nang can cd de ap dung nhihig khai niem da xac lap vao qua trinh dp dung thyc te Ngudi hpc dupe tgo co hdi de dp dung nhiing kien thirc vd kT nang da hpc vdo thyc tien ddi sdng ca nhdn vdi cdc phuang thirc hoat dpng da dang Bu&c Muc tieu ciia budc Id xem xet vd ndng cao miic dp dp dyng thyc te Ngudi hpc dupe khuyen khich van dyng tdi da nhiing gi da hgc de the hien nhiing gi minh dd tiep thu vd kha nang lam chu, sir dyng nhiing kien thiic dy Nhiing tinh hudng thuc te phong phii se giiip ngudi hpc tich eye tim kiem thdng tin, dii lieu tir nhieu ngudn de gidi quyet vdn de Qua do, ngudi hgc se dat dupe yeu cdu ciia budc nay, Id bd sung vdo vdn kien thiic vd kl ndng cua minh, md rdng pham vi thyc hanh Bu&c Myc tieu ciia budc la danh gid tinh hieu qua cua boat dpng vd kiem chiing nhirng gi da hgc thdng qua dp dung thyc ti Ngudi hgc dupe tgo ca hdi di trdi nghiem, di so sanh giiia kinh nghiem ban ddu vd kiin thiic mdi tiip nhan Qud trinh thir nghiem nhiing khdi niem dupe diit riit tir thuc tiin ciing nhiing kT ndng tuong ung, ngudi hgc cd thi ty danh gia y nghTa, tinh diing ddn, mdi me ciia cdc gid thuyit dd hinh thdnh tir sy quan sat, suy tudng d nhihig budc trudc Chiing se tiip tuc dupe cung cd niu qua trinh dd da dgt hieu qua Mpi sai lam dupe phat hien d budc se dupe chuyen hda thdnh mpt ca hdi hgc tap mdi 161 Tu" lieu tham khao S6 3(68) ndm 2015 • Bu&c Muc tieu ciia budc la khuyen khich ngudi hpc chia se nhiing gi da dat dupe qua cac budc thuc hien chu trinh hpc tap vd tiep tyc gidi phdng tam tri, phdt huy tdi da sy sang tao Ngudi hpc ty vdn xem neu minh cd the dp dyng dupe nhung dieu tuong lai thi se dat dupe nhiing Ipi ich gi cho ban thdn hay xa hdi, lieu cd cdn each tiep can mdi me, each thiic iing dung, hoat dpng nao dot phd ban ma minh chua phdt hien khdng? Ngudi dgy cd the dya tren cdc budc ciia chu trinh hpc tap 4MAT de thiet ke hoat ddng gidng dgy Dudi -day Id mdt sd gpi y cdc boat dpng phu hpp vdi loai PCHT cung nhu budc thyc hien chu trinh hgc tap tuong iing Cdc hogt dgng ndy dugc xem nhu nhiing boat dpng uu the nhat ddi vdi timg PCHT chii khdng phai la nhiing lya chgn nhdt Sy phdn chia cdc hogt dpng phii hpp tuong iing vdi cac loai PCHT chi mang tinh tuong ddi Trong qua trinh day hgc, ngudi dgy cd the sii dyng bdng ndy nhu mgt sy tham khao de tu thiet ke va phdi hpp cac hogt ddng hpc tap phii hop vdi npi dung, diiu kien hge tap cu the Bdng Ggi y mgt so hogt ddng phu hgp vdi logi PCHT vd buac chu trinh hgc tap 4MAT Phong each hpc tap Ngudi suy tudng (imaginative learner) Ngudi phdn tich (analytic learner) Ngudi thuc hien (common sense learner) Ngudi tdc ddng (dynamic learner) Hoat dong Cdng nao, thuyet trinh, thao ludn nhdm, ke chuyen, quan sdt Dpc sach va tdi lieu, nghien ciiu li thuyit, nghe giang, thu thdp so lieu, he thong kien thiic Thyc hanh, lam thi nghiem, thyc nghiem, gidi quyet van de, hpc theo dy an Hoat ddng ngoai trdi, trd choi ddng vai, md phdng, dat van de, sang tao, tgo sdn phdm mdi Ket lu^n Chu trinh hpc tap 4MAT khong phai Id bien phap "doi pho", ma id bien phap "dap irng" su da dang PCHT No khong phai la mpt phep cap bang, ciing khpng phai su thoa man rieng le timg PCHT Thong qua viec tham gia vao chu trinh hpc tap 4MAT, nguoi hpc khong nhihig Ichong bi dong khung vai kieu hpc t^p thuan loi va dl dang nhdt cua minh md dupe trai nghiem va thich nghi vai nhimg PCHT khdc, hpc each hpc ciia nguoi khdc nham dat dupe su cdn bdng vd toan dien hon nhan thiic Kha ndng dp dung cdc Ii thuyet ve 162 Chu trinh Budcl Budc Budc Budc Budc Budc Budc Budc PCHT Id rat Idn Day la mpt huong di toi uu giiip nguai day vira ddm bdo yeu cau day hpc phii hop vai ddc diem tam sinh li ed nhdn vira tich cue hoa hoat dpng ciia nguai hpc Tuy nhiSn, hien nay, cdc nghien ciju lien quan den mo hinh PCHT va chu trinh hpc tap chi mai dupe thuc nghiem chu yeu a cdc nuoc phuang Tdy Trong do, PCHT la mpt ylu t l chiu anh huong rdt lan ciia van hoa xa hpi Vi vay, nhirng nghien ciiu chuygn sau hon vl cdc II thuylt PCHT noi chung va chu trinh hpc tap 4MAT cua Bemice McCarthy noi rieng Id rdt cdn thilt dl gop phdn nang cao chat lupng gidng day TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Phgm Hoai Thao Ngan TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Ho Thi Hong Vdn, Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga, Phan Thi Huong Giang (2013), "Nghien cim mpt so mo hinh phong cdch hpc tap vd khd nang img dung vao gido due trung hpc phi thong", De tai nghien cim khoa hpc cdp Vien, Vien Khoa hpc Giao due Viet Nam, Hd Npi Amy S Nowacki (2011), Using the 4MAT Framework to Design a Problem-based Learning Biostatistics Course, Joumal ef Statistics Education, Volume 19, Number www.amstat.org/publications/jse/vl9n3/nowacki.pdf McCarthy, B (1990), Using the 4MAT system to bring learning styles to schools, Educatienal Leadership, ISSN 0013-1784,1990, Volume 48, Issue 2, pp 31 - 37 McCarthy, B (1997), A Tale of Four Learners: 4MAT's Learning Styles, Educational Leadership, ISSN 0013-1784, 1997, Volume 54, Issue 6, pp 46 - 51 McCarthy, B and McCarthy, D (2006), Teaching around the 4MAT cycle: Designing instruction for diverse learners with diverse learning styles Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press McCarthy, B (2007), 4MAT, Retrieved at 25-12-09, http.V/daretodifferentiate wikispaces com/file/view/4MA T.pdf Michael F Shaughnessy (2013), An Interview with Bernice McCarthy: Creator of the 4MAT System, Joumal of Social Sciences (COES&RJ-JSS), Vol.2, No.4, pp:196198 (Ngdy Tda soan nh$n duQic bdi: 05-11-2014; ngdy phdn bi$n ddnh gid: 27-11-2014; ngdy chip nhdn ddng: 23-3-2015) 163 ... cd djnh? Giai quyet van de 2.1 Mo hinh phong cdch hgc tap cua Bernice McCarthy Cdc nghien ciiu ve PCHT vd chu trinh hpc tap 4MAT cua McCarthy Idy nen tdng la cdc hpc thuyet ciia nhiing nhd tdm... dung cdc nghien cuu vi PCHT vdo qud trinh dgy hgc vdi chu yinh 4MAT Dya tren cac nghien ciiu ve PCHT, chu trinh hgc tap 4MAT duac Bemice McCarthy di xudt (1979) nhu la mpt cdng cu hiiu hieu giiip... xa hpi Vi vay, nhirng nghien ciiu chuygn sau hon vl cdc II thuylt PCHT noi chung va chu trinh hpc tap 4MAT cua Bemice McCarthy noi rieng Id rdt cdn thilt dl gop phdn nang cao chat lupng gidng