So6, 4 2015 ISSN2354 1113 THUCTIEN KINH NGHIEM V PHl/ONG PHAP DAY HOC LAY NGUTOfl HOC L A M TRUNG TAM PHAT HUY TINH CHU D O N G , SANG TAO COA NGU''''Gfl HOC TRONG QUA TRINH DAY HOC THEO HOC CHE TIN CHi[.]
So6, 4.2015 ISSN2354-1113 THUCTIEN - KINH NGHIEM V PHl/ONG PHAP DAY HOC LAY NGUTOfl HOC L A M TRUNG TAM PHAT HUY TINH CHU D O N G , SANG TAO C O A NGU'Gfl HOC TRONG QUA TRINH DAY HOC THEO HOC CHE TIN CHi ThS LUU Thj Kim Q u e * ' Gido due dgi hoe d Viit Nam dang trdi qua giai dogn cdi cdch dd hi thdng tin chl duac j xem Id mpt nhdng npi dung tdm Theo Bp Gido due vd Ddo tgo, dendng cao chdt ' luang ddo tgo chung ta edn tap trung nhieu vdo edng tdc hgc tap cua sinh vien, edn Idm cho ngudi hgc trd nin ndng dpng viec hgc cua chinh minh (Bp Gido due vd Odo tgo MOET, 2005) Ly thuyit vi viic lay ngudi hoc Idm trung tdm gdn ddy trd nin hit sdc bien, khdng chi d Viet Nam md d nhieu qude gia tren thegidi Rdt nhiiu trUdng Dgi hgc tren thegidi dd cd nhdng kit qud khd quan viic dp dung hinh thdc ddo tgo theo he thdng tin chi, hinh thde ddo tgo theo triit ly " Idy ngudi hgc Idm trung tdm" I II Dao tao theo he thdng tfn chl bdt dau ddpe dp dung tai TrUdng Oai hpc Harvard, Hoa Ky vao ndm 1872, sau dd dan dUpe md rdng khap Bac My va the gidi Theo danh gia eda Td chde Ngdn hang t h i gidi, ddo tao theo tfn chl khdng ehi hidu qua ddi vdi eac nude phdt triln ma cdn ddi vdi cae nude dang phat trien Tai ch? thj ndm hpc 2008 -2009, Bp Giao dye va Oao tao da chinh thdc ydu cdu cac trudng dai hpc va eao dang "ehuyen sang ddo tao theo hd thdng tfn chi vao nam hpc 2009 - 2010 hodc mudn nhdt Id nam hpc 2010 - 2011" Tuy cdn non trd nhung Trudng Dai hpc Ndi vu Ha Ndi da chinh thdc triln khai chuong trinh ddo tao theo hpc c h l tfn chi td thdng nam 2014 Mdt budc di mdi Idm thay doi nhidu khdu, nhieu bd phan hoat ddng ddo tao cda Nhd trudng ddng thdi cung ddt ydu cau cap thiet vide doi mdi phuong phdp gidng day Ddo tao theo he thdng tfn ch? Id phuong thdc dao tao theo triet Iy xem "ngudi hpc Id trung tam" NghTa la, qua trinh dap tao, ngUdi hpe cd the ehd dpng quyet djnh hpe cai gi, hpc nao va hpc nhd t h i nao Vdi triet ly trdn, bdi viet sau se tdm lUpc npi dung chinh eda ly thuyit day hpe lay ngUdi hpe lam trung tdm vd phan tfch sii khac gida vj tri, vai trd cda ngddi thay va ngudi hpc phUc^g ^sdh^h^^b_ phap day hpc truyen thdng vdi phUdng phap day hpe lay ngudi hpe lam trung tdm PhUcAig phap day hoc lay ngUdi hoc lam trung tam la gi? Cd kha nhieu djnh nghTa ve vide day hpe lay ngUdi hpc lam trung tdm the hien qua nhieu tdn gpi khac nhU hpe qua trdi nghiem (experiential learning), hay hpe cd dinh hudng bdn than {self-directed learning), eda eae nha su pham nhu Dewey, Piaget vd gan day nhat la eda Malcolm Knowles (O'Neil & McMahon, 2005) dng dUa khai niem mdi ed ten Id Andragogy, la phuong phap day hpe k i t hpp gida ly thuyet vd thuc hdnh, d dd ngUdi hpc se trai nghidm thdng qua vide tu hpc, tu nghidn cdu cda minh cdn ngudi thay chi Id ngudi hd trp Kember (1997) ung hp nguyen ly gido dye va cho rdng tri thdc can dupc xdy dung vd t i l p thu bang chfnh no lUe cda ngudi hpc cdn ngudi day chi ndn dtmg lai vai trd Id ngudi giup sdTe, la ed van djnh hUdng eho ngUdi hpc chd khdng ndn la ngudi truyin tdi thdng tin Vide day hpc lay ngudi hpc lam trung tam dupe djnh nghTa ddn gidn nhat la suy tCrten gpi cda nd Od la mpt t i l n trinh hpc tap ngddi hpc ddng vai trd chd dao Hp se quylt djnh hpc * Gidng viin Trung tdm Ngogi ngd, TrUdng Dgi hgcvu NpiHd Npi Tap chi NghiSn cufu Khoa hoc Noi vu (33) THUCTIEN-KINH NGHIEM cai gi, hpc nao, hpe nhu t h i nao va t u danh gia qua trinh hpc tap cua chinh minh Nguyen tac eda vide hpe lay ngddi hpc lam trung tam nhan manh tien trinh hoc, chu" khdng nhan manh sdn pham cda qud trinh hpc Kit qud hpc can dupe dat bdi chfnh moi ngucri hpc de hp cd ddng lUc va nd lUc vuon den Vide hpc xet d khfa canh mang tinh ea nhdn hpn Id tfnh ehuan mUc NgUdi hpe khong nhat thiet phdi dat dupe diem A, B, C de vUpt qua ky thi ma chl ddn gian la hpe de hoan thien chinh minh Nd khdc vdi nguyen ly day hpe lay giao vien lam trung tam chd nd ed the dap Crng nhu cau cua tdtig ca nhdn rieng bidt Idp hpc nguydn ly day hpe lay gido vidn Idm trung tdm cho rdng qua trinh day hpc Id mdt qud trinh truyen tdi thdng tin tu" ngUdi day d i n ngUdl hpc va ngUdI day la "ehuyen gia cda tri thdc" (knov^ledge expert) ngUdi hpe ehi don thuan la "ngUdi tiep nhan thy dpng" (passive recipient) Cd t h i ndi, quan d i l m lay ngudi hpc Idm trung tdm dd chuyin quyen lam chd Idp hpc tU ngudi day sang ngUdI hpc hay ndi ddng hdn la nd nhan manh vai trd cda ngddi hpc (Barr andTagg, 1995) Do vay, 6e ed the ehuyen td ldp hpe truyin thdng sang Idp hpe lay ngUdi hpc lam trung tdm, ngUdi day cdng nhu ngudi hpc can nhdn thdc duac vj trf vd vai trd cda minh qud trinh day - hpc Vj trf, vai tro cCia ngUdi day va ngUol hoc ldp hoc silr dung phuong phap day hoc lay ngUdi hoc lam trung tam PhUdng phap day hpe truyin thdng va phUdng phap day hpe lay ngUdi hpe lam trung tam cd sU khae biet Idn trpng vide xae djnh vj trf va vai trd eda ngddi thdy, ngUdi hpc trpng t i l n trinh giang day Od Id qud trinh chuyen giao vj tri trung tam td ngddi thiy sang ngudi hpc • Vl trivd vai tro cua ngUdi thay Mpt hinh dnh rat quen thupc mpt ldp hpe truyin thdng dd la bye gidng, tam bang d tren, ben dudi Id nhdng ddy ban g h i dupe kd ngdn Ngudi thay sd diing trdn bye giang ay, sd truyin dat nhCmg kiln thdc minh cd nhu the minh Id kho bau cda kho tang kiln thdc ay Ngddi thay sd ndi bdng h i t nhdng gi minh da chuan bi gido dn, ngUdi hpe cii cam eyi ghi (34) Tap chf Nghien cufu Khoa hpc Noi vu 566, 4.2015 ISSN 2354 -1113 chep tdng cdu ehCr cua thay NgUdi thay la trung tam cda mpi anh mat, la trung tdm cda Idp hpc chi phoi toan bd tinh than, kiln thOrc va hinh thdc eda buoi hpc Khdng gidng Idp hpc truyen thdng, ngudi thay ap dung phuong phap day hpc lay ngudi hpe lam trung tdm khdng edn la ngudi don thuan truyen thu k i l n thdc ma Id ngudi hudng dan, ho trp va t u van cho ngudi hpc tim, chpn va xd ly thdng tin Do ngudi thay phdi nam b i t dupe nhu eau eua ngUdi hpc va to chde d l hp quan ly dUde thdi gian eda minh, ed tfnh d i n su khac bidt ca the, ddng thdi dpng vien hp tfch cue tham gia vao qua trinh nang cao nang luc nhdn thUc va t u duy, ehi dan va giup dd hp phdt trien cdc ky nang hpc tap dpc lap n h u t u quylt dinh muc tidu cda bdn than, t d tim kilm vd xCr ly thdng tin, t u danh gia nang liic va chat lupng hpc tap cda minh de sdn pham dao tao cda dai hpc Id nhdng thuc the t i l p tyc phat triln sau tdt nghidp Vi trf eda ngudi thay khdng phai dupe xae dinh bdng sii dde quyen v l thdng tin va tri thde ed tfnh ddng cap, ma bdng trf tue va sU tdng trdi eda minh qua trinh dan dat ngUdi hpe tU hpe NgUdi thay neu van de va phat huy tdi da khd nang tu hpc va tU doe lap eda sinh vidn Cde cdch day hpc theo Idi truyen thdng truydn dat - ITnh hpi can dUpc thay doi bang nhdng cdch Idm mdi cung vdi sU hd trp eda phuong tidn mdi hidn dai NgUdi thdy ludn lidn he vdi thUe tien dang thay doi, lam eho sinh vidn bilt hpp tae va chia sd TUdng tac thay - trd la mpt nghd thudt ma di tao nd mpt each hieu qud doi hdi ngUdi thay khdng chl truyin cho trd phuong phap tu vd kiln thUc ma cdn phdi truyen cho hp ngpn Ida tinh ydu nghe nghidp va sU say me hpc tap Hon t h i nda, ngudi thay cung can tim hieu de bilt dupe cdm nhan cda sinh vien sau mdi gid gidng d l t u d i l u chinh lai bai gidng va cdch truyin dat cho phu hc^ va hidu qua • Vj tri vd vai tro cua ngifdi hgc Phuong phdp day hpc lay ngUdi hpe la trung tam, giap quyen lam chd Idp hpe cho ngUdi hpe, ngudi hpe se quyet dinh hpc gi, hpc nhu t h i ndo S66, 4.2015 ISSN2354-1113 NgUdi hpe hoan toan ehd ddng viec chuan bj, trinh bay, dan dat van de, ngudi thay se nhU mdt cd van dUa y kiln dung n l u nhu cd Idp hieu sai vdn de; ngUcri thdy sd lang nghe sinh vidn tranh luan vdi tren Idp Mpt sii khae biet nda chfnh la d ehd td van de can dUpc thao luan, ngudt hpc cd each t i l p can, chuan bj ridng cda minh; thd vj hdn, cac ban nhdm khdc sd dupc hpc bai "eae thay, ed" (ban minh) day Vi du, gid t l l n g Anh glao vidn dua chd d l " Ddng vat" (animals), chd de ma ngUdi hpc khd thfeh thd, roi chia thdnh cdc nhdm Sau khodng thdi gian nhat djnh, eac nhdm cd t h i sd cho kit qud cdng vide khde Nhdm k l tdn cdc lodi ddng vat, nhdm ndi ve kha ndng cda mpt sd vdt, nhdm khac lai phan biet mdu sdc cda nhdng eon vat, cd nhdm edn ndi ve vat ma minh ydu thi'eh Xet tren gdc dp ve hieu qua mang tfnh giao dye, each lam ndy thue sU khuyen khfeh ngUdi hpc tim hiiu, hpc tap lan nhau; sinh vidn ed edng mat bang kiln thdc vd van d l thdo ludn nen hp se hiiu ro nhdt ban minh can gi, mudn gi td bai gidng cda minh Trong mpi hoat ddng eda Idp, vai trd ehd ddng tich cue cda ngddi hpc ddpe phdt huy nhung vai trd cda ngUdi day khdng he bj xem nhe, bj thap ma ddi hdi giao vidn phdi cd trinh dp eao hdn v l pham chat vd ndng lue n g h i nghiep S.Rassekh (1987) vilt: "Vdi sutham gia tfch cUc cda ngUdi hpc vdo qua trinh hpe tap t d liic, vdi su de cao trf sdng tao eda mdi ngUdi hpc thi sd khd md tri moi quan he don phuong vd ddc doan gida thay va trd Quyen Ide cda gido vidn khdng edn dua trdn sUthy dpng va ddt ndt eda hpe sinh ma dua trdn nang lUe cda gido vidn gdp phan vdo su phdt triln tot dinh cda cdc em Mdt giao vidn sang tao la mpt giao vidn b i l t gidp dd hpc sinh tien bd nhanh ehdng trdn dddng tu hpc Gido vidn phdi la ngUdi hudng ddn, ngudi cd v i n hon Id chi ddng vai trd cdng cy truyin dat tri thdc" • Tai cdn thay doi vf tri trung tdm titngUdi thdy sang ngUdi hgc? Trudc tiin, su bdng n6 cua tri thUc va vide dng dyng tri thdc vdo qua trinh san xuat ddi hdi mdi lidn hd chat che gida nhieu ITnh vUe ehuydn mdn THUCTIEN - KINH NGHIEM da khiln eho giao vldn khdng cdn Id ngUdi eung cap tri thdc nda vi ban than hp khd cd the am hieu h i t tat cd mpi viee tren t h i gidi de giang giai eho ngUdi hpc Hp ndn la cd van v l phuong phdp nham dat den mdt don vj kiln thUe ma sinh vidn dang tim kiem Hp cd t h i gidp sinh vldn nhOfng ngudn t d lieu hoac cdch dat duac nhufng each thdc dd mdt each hieu qua nhat Thdhai, giao dye dang ehuyin dan sang giao dye dai chdng (mas education) chU khdng edn la giao due tinh hoa (elite education) Sd lUpng ngudi hpc cang tang cdc Idp hpe khiln cho ngUdi day gap khd khdn vide giam sat, chdm sdc dac bidt nhu d u hpe va dap dng khd nang hpc eda tUng ed nhan ngUdi hpc Vi t h i , gidi phap khd thi la ngUdi hpc can phai cd khd nang tu dieu chinh viec hpe eda minh dudi su hUdng dan eda ngUdi day Hp ndn hpe each t u quyet va tu chju trdch nhldm ddi vdi vide hpc eda ban thdn Thd ba, nhdng thd" nghiem sCf dyng phUdng phap day hpe lay ngUdi hpc Idm trung tdm da nhan dUpc nhCfng kit qud kha quan khiln eho nhilu nhd Idm edng tdc giao due quan tam Cy the, Lonka and Ahola (1995), thiie hien mpt nghidn cdu keo ddi sau nam d Helsinki so sdnh mdt nhdm hpc sinh hpe theo cdch truyen thdng vd mdt nhdm hpc thep phuong phap ehd trpng ngddi hpe Kit qud cho thay mac du tiln bd rat cham d Ide khdi dilm, nhung d i n giai doan cudi cdng nghidn cdu, nhdng hpe sinh lai cd ky nang hpc vd khd nang hieu biet tdt hPn h i n so vdi nhdm hpc theo phupng phap truyen thdng (0'Neill& McMahon, 2005) Bdng phuong phap nay, cae nha nghien cdu cdng nhan thay sU ehuyen bien tfch cUe cda ngudi hpc d eae phuong dien nhuxde djnh ddng CO hpc tap, tich cUc tham gia cdc hpat ddng hpc tdp vd d i l m sd cdng dupc cdi thidn (Hall and Saunder, 1997) Nghidn cdu d Anh cdng ehi ring mdi trudng gido dye lay ngUdi hpe lam trung tam, ngUdi hpc cdm thay dugc tdn trpng vi the lam tang eddng sU tU tin cung nhu tfnh tu lap eda ngUdi hpe (0'Neill& McMahon, 2005) Cuoi cung, nhdng quan nidm v l sU khae bidt gida mdi ca t h i , su khdc biet v l each hpc vd quan diem ve ddn ehu glao due cung gdp phdn Tap chl Nghien cihi Khoa hoc Noi vu (35) THUCTIEN-KINH NGHIEM khdng nhd vide hinh thdnh va phat triln Idn manh eda trao Idu lay ngUdi hpc lam trung tdm That vdy, moi ea nhan la nhat va d i u ed nhdng mye dfch sdng ridng Do vay, trUdng hpc nen la ndi gidp eae ea nhdn ay phat triln nhdng pham chat dac biet eda ridng hp va nudi dudng nhCfng udc md eda hp hdn la ddng hda va tap nhu^g ngudi ed cdng each nghi, cung muc dfch, cung chf hudng vi nhU t h i vd tinh ehdng ta da vi pham tinh dan ehd gido dye va hdn nda la ngan chdn t i l n trinh phat triln cda loai ngudi vt nhieu nghien cdu da chiing minh rang cae ca nhan vdi nhdng pham chat ridng biet se tao nhCfng cai mdi (innovation) tdt hdn la nhdng ea nhan ed edng pham chat Do dd, ngudi hpe nen dUpc quyen chpn npi dung hpc, phUdng phap hpc phu hpp de cd the dat dupe mye dfch sdng cua hp Phuong phap day hoc lay ngUdI hoc lam trung tam phat huy tfnh chu dong sang tao cua ngUdi hoc qua trinh day hoc theo hoc che tfn chi dTrUcfng Dai hoc Ndi vu Ha Noi Nam 2008, Ban Gidm hidu TrUdng Dai hpe Npi vu Hd Ndi da chi dao vide xay dung ke hoach Id trinh chuyen doi td dao tao theo nien ehe sang dao tao theo hpe c h l tfn ehi; mdi eae ehuyen gia, eae ed sd dao tao cd kinh nghiem den tap huan va tU van to chde chuyin ddi dao tao td nien c h l sang tin chf vd Trudng Dai hpe Npi vu Hd Ndi chfnh thUe dp dyng hinh thde dao tao theo he thdng tin ehi td thang nam 2014 Mye tidu chinh eua hpc ehe tfn chi chfnh la tao dieu kidn phat huy tfnh chd dpng, sang tao, phat huy kha nang, t h i manh cda tdng ca nhan ngUdi hpc, thdng qua vide trao quyen quylt dinh cho ngUdi hpc vide lUa chpn ndi dung hpc, thdi gian hpc vd phuong phdp hpc £>i dat ddpe mye tidu nay, TrUdng Dai hpc Ndi vy Ha Ndi khdng chi thuc hidn vide mem deo hda cau trdc ehddng trinh, md rdng ndi dung va sd Idpng cae hpe phan tu chpn, ma cdn thay doi ed ban ve phupng phap giang day PhUPng phap day hpc lay ngUdi hpc lam trung tam dupe ap dyng va dupe chia sd tren nhieu dien dan, hpi thao v l ddi mdi phuong phap gidng day tai Trudng Oai hpc Ndi vy Ha Ndi PhUdng (36) Tap chf Nghien cufu Khoa hoc Ndi vu 566,4.2015 I5SN2354-1113 phap the hien qua nhieu hinh thde td chde day hpe khac nhu thuyit trinh, ddng vai, se-mi-na hay nhCfng ehuyen thUe te, da ngoai day bd feh Thdng qua nhufng hinh thdc td chde day hpc dd, ngudi hpe hinh thdnh ky nang lam vide nhdm, lam vide ddc lap, ky nang phdn bidn, thuyet phyc, thuyet trinh mdt each tU nhidn ma khdng cam thay ap liic Cho d i n ed t h i not, phUdng phdp day hpc lay ngUdi hpc lam trung tdm da phan nao phdt huy tfnh chd ddng sang tao cda ngddi hpe tai Trudng Dai hpc Ndi vy Ha Npi Dieu dd dUpc the hidn vide ngudi hpe da ehu ddng tra ciJu, nghidn culi tai lieu trUde d i n Idp, b i l t su'dyng thUvien mdt each hieu qua, chu dpng viee danh gia k i t qua hpc tap cua minh ddng thdi dUa chien lupc hpe tap mdt cdch hdp ly nhat.Vide ngUdi hpc ddpe lam chd Idp hpc da thiie sii giup hp tU tin the hidn, phdt huy kha nang sang tao eda minh Kit qua dd la su nd luc eda toan the dpi ngd can bp, gidng vidn, sU quan tam cda lanh dao Nha trudng vide chd trpng dau tU eo sd vat chat, trang thiet bj day hpc de tao mdi trudng ma d dd ngudi hpc thUe sUdUpe tdn trpng, dupc phat huy sde sang tao eda minh Tdm lai, dao tao theo he thdng tfn chl id phUPng thdc dao tao theo triet ly lay"ngudi hpc la trung tam cua qua trinh dao tao" nhdm phat huy tdi da tfnh chu dpng, sang tao cda ngddi hpc ddng thdi gidp ngudi hpc trau ddi mpt sd ky nang phan bidn, thuyet trinh, ldp k l hoach, giao tiep, lam vide nhdm Vai trd cua ngudi thay vd ngUdi hpc khdng gidng nhu mdt Idp hpe truyin thdng, thay dpc, trd chep ma sii tUdng tac gida thay va trd, gida ngudi hpc vdi ngUdi hpc trd ndn gan gdi, than thidn Vide dp dung hpc c h l tfn chi khdng nhCfng doi hdi nhdng thay doi ve phia Nhd trudng ma cdn doi hdi nhdng thay doi rat Idn v l phuong phap day va hpc Vide ddi mdi phUPng phdp day hpe mdi dap dng dupe nhdng ydu eau, chuan miic mdi cua nen gido due hien dai la dao tao ngudn nhan lUe chat lUpng cao, cd tfnh td chd, nang dpng va tinh than sang tao Vi vay, td nhieu nam Trudng Dal hpc Ndi vu Ha Ndi da triln khai viee doi mdi phUdng phap day va hpc theo hudng lay ngudi hpc lam trung tam vd cdng S66, 4.2015 ISSN23S4-1113 THUCTIEN-KINH NGHIEM thu dupc nhdng k i t qud dang k l , the hien d san pham dau cua nha trUdng la nhOfng san pham cd chat lupng, dap dng duac yeu cau eda nganh Npi vy vd cda xa hdi Tuy nhien, de phuong phap day hpc lay ngUdi hpe lam trung tdm thuc su phat huy hieu qua, Nha trudng can chd trpng d i u tu hdn nda d i n cd sd vdt chat nhu phdng hpc, he thdng thdng tin thu vidn dap uYig ydu eau tu hpe, t u nghidn cdu cda ngudi hpc Odng thdi, Nha trudng cdng can nang cao chit lUpng, nang luc gidng day va su sdng tao cua ddi ngd can bd, gidng vidn d l gdp phdn phdt huy tdi da tfnh ehd ddng, sang tao eda nhdng ngUdi hpc qua trinh day hpc theo hpe c h l tfn chi./ TAILI$UTHAMKHAO Barr, R B., and J.Tagg (1995) From Teaching to Learning: A New Paradigm for Undergraduate Education Dang Van Ode & Le Khanh Bdng (1995), Dgy hgc Idy ngudi hgc Idm trung tdm Jones, Leo (2007) The Student-Centered Classroom Cambridge University Press Kember, D (1997) A reconeeptualisation of the research into university academics'conceptions of teaching Learning and Instruction, 7,255-275 Nghi quylt TW 02 Khda VIII, BCH Trung UPng Dang Cpng sdn Viet Nam, 24 thang 12 nam 1996 O'Neil, G., & McMahon, T (2005) Student-centred learning: What does it mean for students and /ecfurers.^Emerging Issues in the Practice of University Learning and Teaching Alt Ireland Society for HigherEdueatlon, Dublin htXp-J/ www.aishe.org/readings/2005-l/oneill-memahon-Tues_l 9th_0et_SCL.pdf S.Rassekh (1987)Contents of edueation,Unipub Press Student