THI/C TlfeN KINH NGHIEM Day hgc theo tin chi va vai txt cua ngirdi day; V ngirdi hgc bting day hoc theo tin chi • ThS NGUYtN THj KHUY Hgc ViSn Bao chi va TuySn frujJ Bii viit tfl, ttung lim to lich si[.]
THI/C TlfeN - KINH NGHIEM Day hgc theo tin chi va vai txt cua ngirdi day; V ngirdi hgc bting day-hoc theo tin chi • ThS NGUYtN THj KHUY_ Hgc ViSn Bao chi va TuySn fru Bii viit tfl, ttung lim to lich sii, bin chit cua tin chi nhitag dgc didm chmh ciia phuongfluicdid" no fteo tin cta, ^ t o g lpi Uie cda phucmg t u c daotoondy so vdi phuongttiucdao I Z y ^ vai oocuanguoidgyvanguoi hocttongdayhoetiieophuongflulc dao taoflieotinchidViptNgm^ dgy tpctaeotinch i^t faeu qua cm nhieu yeu to qugnttong,nhu: doi ngu can bd, g t ^ t g ^ n cp so vat chat phuc vugimg day vi hpc tap, heflidnggiio trtah, tii Kpu hoc tip cda c o S ^ D io tgotaeotincfa la mdt phuongtauedio phuongtaiicday hpc niy Hpe vita Bdo cfa vi Tiiyfc tgo dupc sing tgorad My, viec su dung ttuyen li co so dio tgo sir dpng phuongtaueddo lgo phuongtairediotooniy da dua lai nhiing tin cM sau hon so vdi cdc co sd dao tgo khdc chinj tainh qud tich cue cho he taing dio too eua My vi taue bat diu hi khda 35 nam hpc 2015 - 2016, hij ntaeu nudc phuong Tiy d nudc a, to kfa htoh taanh fliong dio taofteotincM mdi dupc su dmg mpt tich hetaongdio tao dai hpc, eao ding dupcttiinkhai taeo ddng bp, bii bin Tuy nfata, quittinhtapeUta COAB phuong ftiic tata chi Su tin tgi Idu dii cua phuang cho taayrd cung edn nhiiu lung oing, bit dp ^ ™ taue ddo tgo ndyttongnin gido due Viet Ngm da dua Lich sir ciia gidr tin chi ndttdflianh"phuongtaueddo tgottuyintaing".Tm Phuongtaiicdio tgofteotincfa 14 mpt sing Bin; cta Id mpt phuongtaueddo tgo toraca ntaiu uu tai ttong phuongtaueti chuc dgy eug ngudi My, hmingi so vol phuongtaueddo tmttuyintadng.(3 Viet Nam, tool phpc vp eho muc dich eug nin gido dpc My, Vde, phuongtauediotootaeotaieW duoc ip dmg iin diu cudi the ky XDC, d My sd lupng hpc stoh phi taing hen tgi Dgi hpc Bich Hioa tainh phd Hi CM Mfah ttung hpc dang ky vao hpc dai hpc ngdy edng tdng, ^ nam hpc 1993-1994 Din nay, hiu hit cicttudngdai ip Ivc khdng nhd cho qui tttah xdt fayin cua cie hpc chu dpng ip dung phuongtaiicdio too tita ttin ttitdng dgi hpc Hptadngflncfa', dupcfliiitkiradi Tuy taiita, dotatattidnchua B, chua ed nhimg gta Igi vd giditaiehmdt eichtodngminh nang Ivc hpc buoc di phd hpp vi taiit li chua ludng Oude duoc tgp cda hpc sinh phiftdngttunghpe, giiip cic chuy* nhmig Hid Uian cd tai niy stab ttong qui tttah dp vien Oong cic phdng dio tgo eug cicttudngdgi hpc dung cho nta kit qua ciia viec dp dung niy taudng cd can cutincay di tayin chpn dupc nhimg sinh viifi khong taeo mong muon; rtt cupe li c3ng vita ndy cd chdt lupng theo nhimg ehuin mvc mittudng^ ttiuong kettaueda dmg, v4 Hii dupc hai qum diim hpc cua mfah dera.Tu ngudn gdc dd hptaingtinchj ve dao tgotaeophuong thucta,chi, cmtaildi taudng din dmtaamnhgp vio eicttuongdgi hpc Iiic dau oU f; ' * ° 'P =•("& l^Mg phli hpp vdi hom cinh cua Met Nam", hoictauefatataeokliu btoh cu nrou mdi de gfa lgi diem sd cua eic mdn hpc lva chpn sau dd, : chua taue sv phit huy hit dupc nhung m tai ciia dp Iuc cua cic nhi tii tto, edc td ehucrirftipnyen oiu phii lim ro hay luong hdg ning lpc chuyta mdn Ly In$n clijnh bri A 'Dnny^n tfaAng I Sd thdng 8-201^^ THI/C TIEN-KINH NGHIfM vi H ning nghe ngU^) cua sinh vita vi Mta qua dao Nd cho phep hp chpnttongsi nhung mdn hoc duoc lgo cdattudngdgi hpc, hetaingtincfa dupc md ldng flnet kettongchuongttfah,nfaiuttongsd nhiing mdn ta lit ci cic mdn hpctaupecde khdi Kin ftue khic hpc dd COftefliayftidupc vdi nhm vd huu ich nhu ttong chuong ttinh dgi hpc vi ttd tainh mdt phuong taiic dil) lgo (ihfah Unic, Uigytadcho phuong ftuc dio Den day, ngudi to cd fti dgt ciu hdi: 'Tai phuong taiic dio tao fteo tin cfa lgi ed sdc hip din tgottuytaftdngmi nhung tai hd cha 3ng cua ngudi mgnh me nhu viy?" Tri ldi cgu hdi niy, ttirdc hit «ti My mang din hi chau Au chungtohay cung diflmbin chdt cua nd; dd li, Cic nhi ngUta cuu khdc dua cac qum 'Tm cfa la gi?" diim khic vi phuong ftiic dio taotaeottncfa LBanchitvaloithicua phiitnig thih: dao tao Dfag cfai y, nha ngfata euu giio due ngudi My Jesiea theo tin chi M.Shedd (2003) cho iing, he ftdng dao tgotaeotin Tfa cfa li dai lupng dung di khii lupng kiin cU d My cd ngudn gic hi ba nguyta nhan Thir nhal tave, kl ning cda mdt mdn hpc ma ngudi hpc cin nhu cm cm phii xu U sv da dmg vi su gia ting vi si phta tich My ttong mpt khoing tadi gim nhit duta lupng hpc sinhttimghpc phdtadnggfa danh vdo hpc tadng qua cic hmh ftuc: (1) hpc tgp ndn Idp; (2) lipc d cfcttirongdgi hpcttpngkfa vin tti nhimg tita tip ttong phdng flu ngUpm, ftuc tap hogc ldm cdc chum ve hpc ftugt Thie hai ddng co ftay ddi xuit phin vita khic (cd su hudng din cua giio vita); vi phit Irong npi bp he taing giio due dai hoc My, (3) tv hpc ngoii Idp nhv dpc sich, ngfata cvu, giii tape sv muon cd mpt cupc cdl cich vi giio (iuc dgi hp(:quyet vin de hoac chuin bj bdi v.v Tm eta cdn duoc vdi nhimg chuongttinhdai hpc "mo", chua dung nhifag fata Id khdi Ivong lao ddng cua ngudi hpcttongmdt mto hpc mi xa hpi cin, cd dp "mim dta" nliit dinh di khomg ftdi gim nhit djnhttongnhiing diiukitahpc ngudi hpc cd fte chpn nhifag chuyto nginh phii hpp, tap tita chuan nhifag mta hpc hptady cdntaiitdi phpe vu cho phdt taiii Truic hit,frongphuongtauedio tgofteottncfa, nghe nghiSp tongttronglai, mpt Hiu chuongttinhkhic vicobdn voi chuongttinh dio taottuyinttiingvdi nhung tv hpc, ta ngfata cuu ciig sfah vita dupc cmtipngvd * diem "ddng" vi "kho cung" duvc mang dinrirchiu tinh vio ndi dmg, tadi Ivpng eug ehuongttinh.Bay Au Oong ngudi hpc vaottudngvdrattudng ding logt, li phuongtauedua gido dpc dgi hpe vi vdi dung nghia Itatag cd bitki sv lva chon nio khic vi chuyto nganh vi cua no: ngudi hpctohpc, 01 ngtato euu, gidm sv nhdi vecicm8nhpc 2W6a apluctanhimgliehucvici nhdt Kta taiic eua ngudi day Do dd, phdt huy dupc nhintabta ngodittudngdgi hpc: chinh phu, eic nhd toitinh chu dpng, sing tgo ciig ngudi hpc IIP, cfc nhi su dpng nguin hic sinh vito tdt ngWep, v.v _ Hai la, phuongtauedio lgotaeotincfa Uta qum budc eicttirdngdgi hpe phii cd nhifag don vi chit dta dp mem dta vi Itah hogt cua chuong ttinh lupng dgy - hpctadngminh hon, cattichnWtai hon, dl Chuongttfahdupcfliiitkitaeophuongtauedio too ludng hnn vd phd hpp vdi yto ciu cuatapetienban tin cfa bao gdm mpt he taing nhiing man hpc taupe Theo tadi gim Oi luetincfa khdi diu duoc Uiiit khdi Htataiicchmg, nhung mdn hpetaupekhii Hin keradS ehuin hda nhifag taude nang hoc lap ftuc chuyta ngdnh, nhung mdn hpe tauta khii Hin cila hpc sfah phdtadngttunghpe, dip ung sd iupng taue cgn chuyta nginh Mdi khii Hintauediu cd si hpc sinhttunghpc phdtaanggta danh vdo hoc dai hpc luong nhung mdn hpc Ion hon si luong cac man hpe ngiy cing Sng, dta nd da dupc phdt ttiin va ttd hay sd lupng tin cfa dupc yta ciu; smh vita cd tai tadnh mdt hp Adng ddo tgo, mpt ftude ttiin tata taam khio gido vita hogc cd vin hpc tap di ehpn ttong gido (tac dgi hpe d My nhung mdn hoc phu hpp vdi mmh, di iiodn tadnh nhung yta cau cho mdt vm bdng vi di phue vu cho Vita dp dung he taing ddotootaeoflncfa phdn nghe ngfaeptoongIai eua mfah inh qum ditai liy ngirdi hpc lim Omg tam, ngudi hpc Ba Id chfah dde diim "tich luy tin cfa" ttong •Id nguditiepnhgn Hin ftuc nhung dingtadicitag li ngudi chu dpng tgo Hin ftuc, hudng tdi dip ung phuong taue diotoofteotincfa mmg lai Smh vita nhfing nhu ciu cuatinttuonglao dpng ngoii xa hdi dupc eip bing kfa datichIQy dupc diy du A lupng tin cfa dottudngdgi hpc quy duta; vay, ho cd tai Sdlhi-tttp li-2016 l y ln*n chinh t r i & li-nyen th6ng THirc T|£N - KINH NGHIEM hom thinh nhiing dieu Hta de dvpc cdp bingtaytaeo vd tv hpc ca mdi hta he hiiu CO vdi nhau, hd trp cho'.khi nang vi ngudn fac cua ei nhin vi tadi gian, tai giup ngudi hpc nam kiin ftiic vi tao kiin talie ehinh vi sue khije rapt cich Uta qui ban Ngudi hpc se ftiy kha hi^ Bon Id, phuongtaiicdiotoofteotincta phm anh hogc khdng Uta bii giang cua giio vita niu hp khfii^ duoc nhung mdi quan tam vi nhimg yeu ciu cua dpcttudenhimg npi dung dvpc giao Or hpc, tv nghi^ ngudi hpe nhu Id nhitag ngudi su dung Hintaunvd Cliu a nhi Ngupc lgi, ngudi hpc se khong tai sdng tjo nhu cdu eua cdc nhi su dung lao ddng ttong cdc ti neu khdng biit dupc fri ftuc cua mdn hpc tSa dope ehuc kinh doanh vi td chiic nhi nvdc ngtata euu dta ddu, cho nio cdn bd ngd Se khdng c6 iVam /d, nhu da di cap d ttta, phuongtaiicdiotgo phuong phip dgy - hpcfteotincfa niu khdng xde (^tl^ taeotineta' hau nhu dattdtainhphi biinonfaiu nudc lgi vai trd eua ngudi dgy vd ngudi hpc ,;0 ttdntaegidi Chuyta sang phuongtairedio tap taeo i^ai tro nguii day *.*> tinetasetaoduoesvhta ftdng giua cic co sd dao tgo Trong phirong ftuc ddo tgofruyintadng.nguin dgi hpcfrongvd ngodi nude Mpt kfa su hen taong day cd mpt sd vta oa,ttongdo hta vaitiondi bgt nhl^ dupe md rpng, nfaiufrudngdgt hpc cdng nhm chit li ngvdi biit mpi tii ftiic vi mdn hpe lita quaa isfc Iuong dio tgo eua nhau, ngudi hpc co tai de ddng di "ngudi quyet dinh mpi hogt dpng day - hpettongIdJ chuyentottudngdai hpc niy smg hpc dttudngdgi hpc" Trong vai frd tini nhit, ngvdi day dvpc ma hpc Hg (ke cifrongvi ngoii nudc) mi khdng gap khd nhv li ngudn kiin ftirc nhit vi ngudi hpc chi khanfrongviee chuyin diitincta Kit qui li, ip dmg cin tiip thu dupc ngudn Hin taue niy tii ngvdi % phvongtauedio tgo fteo tin cfa se khuyin Hiich sp li du Trong vta ttd ftii hta, ngvdi dgy dupe xemttdi chuyta cua sinh vita, mdrongsu ta chpn hpc tgp u li ngudi cd toin quyin quyit djnh dgy cii gi (n^ Clia hp, limfingdp minh bgch ciia he taing giio due dmg) vi day nhv tai ndo (phvong phdp); ngudi hpe vi giiip cho vipe so sinh giua cic he taing giao dpc dupc xem Id nhimg "con efaen" ngom dgo, nghe dgi hpettdntaigidi dupc di dmg hon giing bii, gU chdp vd hpctaupenhiing gi dupc dg, Vai tro cua nguM day, ngirdi hpc day khong dupc phepcmfliiepvdo nhung cdng vipc cSa vd hpc theo tm cfa ngvdi dgy Xet vi phvong phip dgy hpc, khdng cd phuang Trong phuong ftilc dio tgofteotincfa, hai vai lid phip dgy hpc danh litag cho day hpcftectincfa Tuy da nta dttdnd mdt miic dp nao dd vln dupc M, nhita, so vol phuongtaueday hpc ttuyin taing, day Tuy nfata, ngudi dgy phii dim nUtai tatai It nhit ba hpctaeotincfa ca nhung yta ciu mdi vi vaittoeiig VMttoniia; dd li: ci vin eho qudttinhhpc tip; nguM ngudi dayttongquattinhdgy vi hpe taam gia vio qui ttinh hpc tip; vi ngudi hpc vd nS Nhuttdndi di cap, phuong taue ddotoofteotin ngUta cdu chi li phvong ftuc dgt dgy - hpc d dgi hpc vio dung Vdi to cdeh li ci vin cho qui ttinh hpc tjp, kM vdi bin chit cua nd: na dgt ngudi hpc vio vifrittung gidng bii cimg nhu Hii hudng din taio luin, ngudi tim eua qui tttah dgy - hpc, tgo eho hp ftdi quen ttr dgy phii chpn nhitag vin di cit loi, qumttongdi hpc, or khim phd Hintaue,cd H nang giii quyit vin giing mi niu khdng cd ngudi dayfliingudi hpo kh$ dd to chii ddng tadi gim hom tainh mdt mdn hpe, COfteluta hdi dupc, laodiiuHtacho ngudi hpe fli;, mpt chuongtiinhcu nhan haytaacsT Nd khic phpe fliu vd kham phd tiip Min taue Li ci vin eho qil('t dvpc viec hpc lech, hpctil,ddn din quay edp ttong tiinh hpc tgp, ngudi dgy se: ^ i^ Hem Oa vi Oong cde kiflii.Hon niia,ttongphuong Truic hit, giiip cho chinh nunh hiiu dupe ngttdi taue dmtolltaeotfa chi, hiu nhu bit H mdn hpc nio hpc: fata dupc nhimg gi hp cdnttongqui tttah hpe cmg bao gdm h nhit haittongba htoh ftuc td chuc tip vi nhung gi hp cdftirirlim dupc di cd fti chnyL day - hpc: gimg bdi cua giio vito,tauetap,tauehdnh gim nhimg nUtai vu niy cho hptadngqua hudng dfc eug smh vita dvdi sv hudng din cua giio vien, vd to vi gidm sit; hpc,tangfata euu eua stoh vita Trcng cdc Unh taue Hai la, giup ngvdi hpe tai Uta id hon nhttng J ta ehuc day hoc niy, nghe gimg, ftuc hdnhftuctop djnh eiiahpde qua ddhpcdtaiphithuy dvpc vai Bd , 76 Ly I n ^ cfainh trf A l l r n y ^ tfadng THirc TIEN-KINH NGHIEM ehu dpng vi sing tao, vi nhfing nguon luc cua chfah hp de hpc tdt mdn hpc; Ba Id, hudng svtaamgiaticheve eua ngudi hpc vdo nhung muctitatavcti nhit cua giio due Uta dii: hpc gau vtii hinh chd dpi khde vi nginh hpe, mdt mdn hpc, vi ttong qui ttinh hpc hp ftudng xuyen diiu chinh ki hogeh hpc tap cda hp cho phu hpp vdi nhung muc tie cua mdn hpe Kiin ftuc ftudng dupc xde djnh igi kfa smh vita khim phi nfaiu hon vi nd vittongkfa xiy Trong vaittdcua ngvdifliamgia vio quittinhdgy dtaig ke hogeh hpc tap cho ritag mfah, sfah vita cd - hpc, ngudi day hogt dpng nhu li mptflianhvita fliam tae nhgnrarangcic cUin lupc hpc tip ttvde dd cua gig vio quittfahhpc tip d nta Idp vdi cic nhdm ngu- hp ca fte khang cdn phu hpp nua va cd fti Wftayfti di hpc Vdi to eich vva li eo van vua li ngudi taam bang cde cfata Ivpc hoe tip moi phu hpp ban C?ui gia vio (]uittfahhpc lip ngudi dgy cdn cdtaemmpt tttah dieu chinh niy dupc gpi Ii qui ttinh ddm phin vaittdbd sung nfia; Ii nguinttiamkhio cho ngudi vdi chinh mtah ttong qui oinh hpc tap di dat dupc hpc, giup hpftdogd nhfing khd khanttongqud tttoh nhung muc tita mi mdn hpc di Hon nfia, hoc hpc tap vd ngfata ciiu khdng hoin Oiin li mpt hogt ddng cd nhm; nd xiy Trong vta ttd Id ngudi hpc vi ngudi ngfata cvu, ttong mdt mdittiidngvin hda xi hpi nhit djnh ttong vdi to cfch Id mdtttianhvita taam gia vdo cfc boat da svriiongtic gifia nhfing ngvdi hpc voi cd vai dtag hpc tap d ttta lop, ngvdi dgy, d mpt miic dp ndo ttd bet siic qumttpngttongftnnhdn vi lgo Hin taue dd, ed dieu Hta ttd Igi vi tti cua ngudi hpc, taiu vi Xem hpc nhu li rapt vin di ei nhmfliikhdng khie cUa se nhvng khd khan vittachnUtai hpc tip voi hp ndo xem quittmhniy xiyraOong chm khdng, vi cd CotapeUta dupc vtattucua ngvdi hpcftingvdi dgy Ie cfch nhta khdng phu hpp vdi tai gidi Mn dgi, mdi cd tae phat huy dupc vai ttd tieh cue eua ngudi mdt tae gidi dd hpi nhgp vd todn ciu hda dmg hpe, Ipa chpn dupc phuong phip vi tad fcuat gimg dgy phu hpp Vditocdch Id nhi ngUta cuu, ngudi dgy li xutaetdt yta Thpc ti niy yta ciu ngudi hpe phii ftem mot vgittonOg; dd li, vaittdcua ngudi cung C O cdtadddng gdp nang vi Hin ftuc cua mfah vio vi^ Um Uta bm bit cua qui oinh day - hpc ndi Chung, dim phinttongnhdm vattonglap hpe bdn chit^ciia qua ttinh hpc mpt man hpc nai ritag Vi day - hpc taeo ttudng Idp taudng Id mpt qud nhfing yeu td tim U - xa hdi inh hudng din qui oinh tttoh cdng sfah, cho nta ngodi nhfing vtattdda ki ttta dgy - hpc mdn hpc dd Ngoiira,tadngqug ngUta cuu, ngudi hpcttongphuangtaiicdio tgotaeotincfa cdn ngudi hpc se ^ ftuc dupc ting dgy - hpc li mpt nUtai lihii dim nfaem ftem mpt vai od qumfrpngnua; dd Vjl cd qum hd nhin qui vdi - mdt nfatai vu mi ci ngudi day vd ngudi hpe diu cd Oich nhitai tham Id, nguditaamgig vdo mdi oudng edng tde day - hpc Trong vai frd niy ngudi hoc dupc xem nhv Id mpt m, ttong dd hpc cd vaittottungtam, dgy cd vai ttd hpfrp,vi mpc tita hpc t|p cU phdi Kim bd qui timh tadnh phm hop phap nong qud oinh dgy - hpc Hp hoat ddng vua nhu 14 nhung edng su vdi ngudi dgy dgy-hpc tiong vita xic djnh npi dmg vi phuong phdp gimg Vai Iro ctia ngudi hoc day vug nhu Id ngudi cung cdptadngtinphin hii vi Trong phuong taucdiotaotaeotincU, ngudi hpc bm tam mtah nhu li nhung nguai hpc (tttah dp kha phii dupctoodita Hta ditapesuttdttianhngudi dim khin tauin lpi nhu eiu, ehd dpi, mong mudn vi mdn phin tich cvc vi cd fata qui: vdi chinh mtah oong hpc, v.v.) eho ngudi dgy di ngudi day cdtaidiiu cfanh quitttahhpc lip, vdi muc tita hpc tgp, vdi cdc tainh ndi dmg, phvong phip vi ftu tauat giing dgy phu hpp, tdng fata ([ui dgy - hpc vitattongnhdm,ttongIdp hpc, vd vdi ngvdi dgy Stoh vita dgi hpettongxa hdi fata dgi khdng cfa Tuy ntaen, di cd fte ung dung phuang ftuc dgy Id nhvng ngvdi tau nhin Hin taue liiu ddng to giao hpc fteo tin cfa mpt cfch ed fata qui, ein phm tich vito vd tii sfch yd mi diiu qumfrpngli hp phai Id nfaeu yta tdtauetiincd lita qum din hoat ddng dgy nhttng ngudi biit cdch hpc nhu fti ndo Nhiiu cdng vi hpc: dpi ngu cm bd, giing vien, co sd vgt chit phuc tttah ngfata euu vi tam li hpc dgi hpe chofliiyring vu gitag dgy vd hpc tgp, he ftdng gido ninh, tdi hta sinh vita cd nhfing nhu cdu, dpng eo hpe tgp, vd nhfing hpc tap cua CO sd ddo tgon ... hpctaupenhiing gi dupc dg, Vai tro cua nguM day, ngirdi hpc day khong dupc phepcmfliiepvdo nhung cdng vipc cSa vd hpc theo tm cfa ngvdi dgy Xet vi phvong phip dgy hpc, khdng cd phuang Trong phuong ftilc... ftem mpt vai od qumfrpngnua; dd Vjl cd qum hd nhin qui vdi - mdt nfatai vu mi ci ngudi day vd ngudi hpe diu cd Oich nhitai tham Id, nguditaamgig vdo mdi oudng edng tde day - hpc Trong vai frd... biinonfaiu nudc lgi vai trd eua ngudi dgy vd ngudi hpc ,;0 ttdntaegidi Chuyta sang phuongtairedio tap taeo i^ai tro nguii day *.*> tinetasetaoduoesvhta ftdng giua cic co sd dao tgo Trong phirong ftuc