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DAY HOC BANG CAC HOAT DONG KHAM PHA TRONG DAY HQC SINH HQC P H 6 T H O N G O NGUYEN H Q U SUrVI* 1 Khdi niem hoqt ddng vd hoqt ddng khdm phd (HDKP) trong hgc tdp 1) Hogt ddng Id gi? Co nhi lu cdch djn[.]
DAY HOC BANG CAC HOAT DONG KHAM PHA TRONG DAY HQC SINH HQC P H T H O N G O Khdi niem hoqt d d n g vd hoqt d d n g khdm phd (HDKP) hgc tdp 1) Hogt ddng Id gi? Co nhilu cdch djnh nghia khde v l hoqt dqng: V l phuong dien trilt hqe, ngudi ta quan niem hoqt ddng Id phuong thuc tdn tqi cua eon ngudi t h l gidi Hoqt ddng Id md'i quon he tde ddng qua lai giua eon ngudi (chu thl) vd the gidi (dd'i tugng) d l tqo sdn phd'm cd v l phfa t h l gidi vd ngudi; V l mdt tdm li hqc, hoqt ddng Id tinh tich eye ben frong (trf Iyc) vd ben ngodi ( t h l Iyc) cua ngudi Hoqt ddng dugc sinh h> nhu cdu vd dugc d i l u chinh bdi myc tieu md chu t h l nhdn thue dugc Hoqt ddng gdn lien vdi nhdn thuc vd y chi, dya hdn vdo chung vd khdng t h l xdy n l u thilu chung 2) HDKP hgc tap Id mqt chudi hdnh dqng vd thoo tdc trf tue hodc co bdp hudng tdi myc tieu xde djnh cua bdi hqe Bdn chd't cua HDKP h-ong hqc tdp Id hqc sinh (HS) phdi ty chiim [rnh kien thuc qua tu ddc ldp, sdng tqo hodc hoqt ddng thyc hdnh Trong DHKP, 6i tlilet k§', td chuc cdc HDKP ddi hdi gido vien (GV) phdi gia cdng su phqm rd't nhieu d l chf dqo cdc hoqt ddng nhdn thuc cho HS Hoqt ddng cua GV boo gdm: djnh hudng phdt t r i l n tu cho HS, lya chqn ndi dung ddm bdo tfnh vua sue; to' chuc hoqt ddng theo nhdm Ken Idp; chudn bj cdc phuong tien trye quan ho trg edn thie't Hoqt ddng td' chuc, ehf dqo cuo GV nhu the ndo di mqi thdnh vien cdc nhdm d i u trao dd'i, tranh ludn tfch cyc HS tie'p thu cdc tri thue khoa hqc thdng qua dudng nhdn thuc: tu tri thuc cua bdn thdn thdng qua hoqt ddng hgp tdc vdi bqn dd hinh thdnh tri thuc cd tfnh chd't xd hdi cua cdng ddng Idp hqc; GV ke't ludn, duo nqi dung vd'n d l ldm eo sd cho HS ty kiem tra, ty d i l u ehinh tri thuc cua bdn thdn tie'p cdn vdi tri thuc khoa hqc cua nhdn loqi Khde vdi qud trinh nhdn thuc nghien cuu khoa hqc, qud trinh nhdn thuc hqc tdp Tap clii Giao due so (ki i lo/aon) NGUYEN H Q U SUrVI* khdng nhdm phdt hien nhung dieu lodi ngudi chua biet md nhdm h'nh hdi nhCrng tri thuc md lodi ngudi dd tfch luy duoc Tuy nhien, hqc tdp HS cung phdi "khdm phd" nhung d i l u mdi ddi vdi bdn thdn HDKP hqc tdp khdng phdi Id mdt qud trinh md mdm nhu nghien cuu khoa hqc md Id mdt qud trinh cd hudng ddn cuo GV, dd GV kheo leo dqt HS vdo vj trf ngudi khdm phd Iqi nhung tri thuc di sdn vdn hda cijo lodi ngudi, cuo ddn tde GV khdng cung cd'p nhCrng kien thuc mdi thdng qua phuang phdp thuyet trinh gidng gidi md bdng td chuc cdc HDKP de HS ty luc chiem h'nh tri thuc mdi Dqc diem cuo DH b d n g cdc HDKP Ld mqt phuang phdp hoqt ddng thd'ng nhdt giCra GV vd HS de gidi quye't vd'n 6e (GQVD) hqc tdp phdt sinh ndi dung tiet hqc (trong d d , GV Id ngudi neu vd'n d l , HS hqp tde vdi GQVD) DHKP Id mdt hudng tie'p cdn mdi cua DH G Q V D cd nhung dqc d i l m nd'i bdt nhu: Gidi quye't cdc vd'n 6e hqe tdp nhd vd hoqt ddng tfch cyc hgp tde theo nhdm, Idp 6i G Q V D ; DHKP cd n h i l u khd ndng vdn dyng vdo ndi dung cuo cdc bdi (trong DH GQVD chf dp dyng vdo mdt so bdi cd ndi dung Id mdt vd'n d l Idn, ed lien quan logic vdi ndi dung kien thue cu); Hinh thdnh ndng Iyc GQVD vd ty hqe d HS (song chua hodn chinh khd ndng tu logic nghien cuu khoa hqc nhu cd'u trtjc DH GQVD); Ld tien 6e thudn Iqi cho viec vdn dung DH G Q V D ; Cd t h l su dyng Idng ghep khdu G Q V D cija DH G Q V D ; Mye dfch cud'i cung cuo cdc HDKP Id hinh thdnh kien thuc, kT ndng mdi, xdy dyng thdi n i l m tin vd ren luyen khd ndng tu duy, ndng lye x u If tinh hud'ng, G Q V D ey the ndo dd d HS ^ N h u n g yeu cdu thiet ke vd su d y n g cdc HDKP Thiet ke cdc HDKP phdi ddm bdo tfnh Phong Giao due Dao tao Kjf Anii - Ha Tinh # 4) Quy trinh DH bdng cdc HDKP co thl tdm tdt logic, ddt mdi quan he vdi bdi trude, bdi sou vd mang tfnh vi>a sue, kfch thfch dugc sy tim nhu sou: tdi, sdng tqo cua HS; - Sy hudng Kiin thifc Vai trfl HS Vai trfl GV HDKP Cic bUdc ddn cua GV cho mdi hoqt ddng Tip trung nghiin cifU 1.Glaonhi$mvu Til hiSn v6n Djnh HDKP1 nhiim vu khim phi phdi d muc cdn thilt mdi Idi cudn khim phi thflng qua PTDH kiin thiifc di cfl hudng Glao nhiim vu dUdc glao (CH.BT.PHT ) dugc HS, gidm sdt cdc hoqt ddng nhjn thifc v i dinh Tl/ nghlfin cUu SGK, Ldl glil cua ci 2, HUdng din tim tdi, cua HS, gdn gui HS, phdt hien hudng khim phi T6 chUc TLTK, tranh inh, nhin khim phi sdm n h u n g n h d m di chech Trpng til, Ui giii cia tip t l i Thi hiin qua nhflm Ttf chUc thio luin hudng d l kip thdi d i l u chinh, HDKP cAvin (nhflm, t6,iet}) T6 chUc thio luin Ti/Wimtra ddm bdo ke hoqch thdi gian; d i tim hiiu khim Kit luin chinh xic KitMn Tu diiu chinh lai Kiin thiifc chung De hqn e h l tinh trqng HS khd, phi hda kiin thUc kiinthUc gidi thudng ddm nhdn vide bdo Tl/ Ihi hl^n sing t^o HDKP Kiim Ira Khic siu, md cdo k i t qud khdm phd, GV cd VJn dung glil quyit Vin dung kiin thUc Vin di/ng kiin thUc dinh gii rOng kiin thUc mdi t h l yeu edu bd't ki thdnh vidn ndo cic tinh hu6ng xijfllllnhhu6ng ciJa nhdm l§n trinh bdy hodc moi thdnh vien trinh bdy mdt y ki^n; - Trong qud trinh HDKP 1: Giao nhiim vy nhdn thuc vd dfnh td chuc HDKP edn trdnh xu hudng hinh thuc (tuc hudng khdm phd Id ehd ndo de 6i HS khdm phd mdi td chuc hoqt 1) Niu CH, BT GV gioo trude de djnh hudng ddng) vd cue doan (mud'n b i l n todn bd ndi dung cho HS nghien cuu SGK, cdc tdi lieu, ede PTDH bdi hqc thdnh cdc HDKP) sdp x l p theo thu hr logic chdt ehe tuong ung vdi Cdc d q n g hoqt d q n g vd cdc hinh thuc ndi dung bdi hqc Ben cqnh cdc CH chfnh cd t h l to chuc HDKP HDKP frong hqc tdp cd nhilu dqng dung CH phy giup HS tdi hien vd'n kien thuc dd khde nhau, h> trinh thdp len trinh cao Kiy ed hodc tu SGK d l gidi quyet cdc CH, BT chinh theo ndng lye cuo ngudi hqc vd dugc td chuc Trong frudng hgp cdn thiet cd the dung de cuong theo hinh thuc cd nhdn, nhdm nhd hodc nhdm hudng ddn frd Idi Idn theo muc phuc tqp cua vd'n 6e cdn 2) Hudng ddn nghiin cuu hdi lieu tim tdi, khdm khdm phd Cd t h l trinh bdy tdm tdt nhu sou: phd G V neu cdc ngudn tdi lieu cdn thiet bdng 1) Mye tieu HDKP: hinh thdnh kien thuc mdi; viec chf ddn cdc myc hodc doqn cua SGK HS ren luyen kT ndng so sdnh, hr duy, ndng lye x u li edn tdi hien kien thuc; thu thdp, x u If thdng tin tinh hud'ng, gidi quyet vd'n d l ; xdy dyng gid trj, duo Idi gidl, ghi lql ket qud de bdo cdo; cd thdi do, n i l m tin cdc hoqt ddng h/ duy: so sdnh, phdn tfch CH, BT 2) Cdc HDKP dugc td chuc thong qua cdc djnh hudng gidi quye't; phuong tien dgy hgc (PTDH): trd Idi cdu hdi (CH), HDKP 2: Td chuc thdo lugn de tim hieu, bdi tdp (BT), bdi todn nhdn thuc, phieu hqe tdp khdm pha (PHT), x u If tinh hud'ng theo cdc mue nhdn 3) Tdchue thdo ludn tap theed Idp hodc theo thue; dien h>, d i l n bdng, d i l n franh cdm, ldp nhdm; thdnh ldp nhdm, cu nhdm trudng, thu kf; bdng, b i l u , d6 thj, s o d d , bdn d6; ldm thi nghiem, khuyen khfch sy tham gio cua mdi cd nhdn HS; d l xud't gid thuyet, phdn tfch nguyen nhdn, thdng dua ro nhi/ng CH ggi y thdo luqn ne'u HS gap bdo k i t qud; d i l u tra thyc trqng, d l xud't vd thyc nhCmg be tdc khd khdn Q u d frinh thdo ludn Id nghiem phuong phdp mdi aud frinh hqc bqn, ldm cho cdc sdn phdm ban 3) Td chuc HDKP thdng qua hinh thuc hogt dgng nhdm d cdc muc do: hoqt dqng ddc lqp (cd nhdn); hoqt ddng nhdm (cdp hai ngudi; hgp tdc nhdm nhd ngudi; «Kim h/ thdp": hgp nhdm ngudi thdnh nhdm ngudi, hgp nhdm ngudi thdnh nhdm ngudi; «Be cd": nhdm A thdo ludn, nhdm B quan sdt, rut kinh nghiem sou dd ddi vai; thdo luqn chung cd Idp) thdo ludn, trao ddi ve cdc vd'n de khdm phd Phdn tfch: bdng, bieu, dd thj, so d d , bdn d6; trd choi; md phdng; sdm vai ddu dugc thdng qua, ddnh gid phdn tfch sdng Igc, bd' sung dieu chfnh Cdch td chuc nhu vqy ldm cho moi cd nhdn HS khdng thy dqng nghe bqn ndi, nhin bqn ldm md phdi hqc tfch cyc chu ddng bdng cdch: phdi tfch cyc chu ddng Idng nghe bqn frinh bdy Idi g i d i ; dd'i chieu vdi Idi gidl cuo minh; thom gia frinh bdy y kien bdo ve Idi gidi cua minh vd cd the phe phdn y kien cua bqn khde; ghi y kien b d sung cuo cdc b q n , hi dieu chfnh Idi gidi cua minh tren kinh nghiem cdi dijng, cdi sal cua bqn Tap Clii Giao due so (kM 10/2011) Ldi gidi ciJa tdp t h l (td, nhdm, Idp) Id sdn phdm duge tdng hgp h> cdc sdn phdm ban ddu cuo mdi HS vd duge bd sung, dilu ehinh bdng nhOng kiln thi/e h'nh hdi dugc aua thdo ludn cija tdp thl 4) Ket lugn, chfnh xdc hda kiin thuc Trong qud frinh td chuc thdo ludn, HS ed thl gdp phdi nhung vd'n 6e nan gidi khd phdn biet dung sai, khd di din kit ludn Ichoa hqe hodc ldl gidi eua HS chua hodn thien, GV cd t h l xu If cdc tinh hud'ng dd vdi tu cdch Id trqng tdi, cd' vdn nhu sou: xem xet vd tdng ket bdo cdo cua cdc nhdm; ghi Iqi nhung dilm nhdt trf vd chua nhdt trf, nhung khfa cqnh md cdc nhdm bd qua; yeu cdu cdc nhdm ldp ludn vd chung minh cdc kit qud; dua nhOng nhdn xet ddnh gid v l ke't qud cua tung nhdm; dua nhung ke't ludn dung h>c Id Idi gidi ddp dung eho cdc CH, BT yeu cdu HS bd sung hodn chinh Idi gidi cua minh Cdch tien hdnh nhu vdy HS khdng thy ddng nghe GV md hoqt ddng hqe tdp tfch cyc nhu: ty ghi Iqi y kiln kit ludn cua thdy, dd'i chieu vdi Idi gidi cuo minh, ty ddnh gid bd sung eho Idi gidi cua minh HS hqc dugc logic gidl cua thdy HDKP 3: Van dyng gidi quyet cdc tinh hudng 5) Van dyng kii'n thuc mdi: GV CH, BT tqi k5fp hodc v l nhd cho HS nhdm kilm fra tri thue vd khd ndng vdn dyng fri thue dd chiem h^nh vdo gidi quyet cdc finh hud'ng cy t h l frong hqc tdp vd ddi sd'ng Quo dd, cho phep GV ddnh gid chd't lugng Irnh hdi kiln thuc, kr ndng, thdi cua HS theo myc tieu bdi hqc, phdn loqi frinh HS cung cd'p lhdng hn ngugc 6i dilu chfnh qud frinh DH HS cung hj ddnh gid frinh cua bdn thdn, hr rut kinh nghiem ve cdch hqc, dilu chfnh thdi hdnh vi cua minh hgp If hon, cd thl xem ddy Id budc vua cd tdc dyng cung cd, hodn thien ldm cho kiln thuc thuc sy frd thdnh sdn phdm frf hje cua mdi HS, kiln thuc vua vOng chdc, vuo dugc vdn dyng linh hoqt frong cdc finh hud'ng khde Chuyin hda kiln thuc d l gidl quylt cdc finh hud'ng mdi Id bilu hien cao nhd't cua mue chd't lugng h'nh hdi Vl dy dgy Qudn the sinh vqt yd qud frinh hinh thdnh qudn the HDKP 1: Giao nhiim vy nhgn thuc vd dinh hudng khdm phd Budc 1: Niu CH: Nghien cuu myc I - SGK bdi 36 - SH 12 Idn lugt trd Idi cdc CH sou: 1) Sinh thdi hqc qudn the Id gi; 2) Mdt tdp hgp cd the cung lodi dugc coi Id mdt qudn t h l cd nhung dd'u hieu co bdn ndo? Cdc tieu chf dd cd the gqi Tap clii Giao due so (ki i -10/2011) Id nhOng hdng so sinh hqc eua qudn t h l dugc khdng? Vi sao? Tu ndi dung bdi fim mdt ddn chung chung minh rdng mdt chi fieu ndo dd Id hdng so; 3) Ti> dd phdt bilu djnh nghTa khdi niem qudn the vd gidi thich vi qudn the Id cd'p td chue sd'ng; 4) Hdy neu phuong thue tdc ddng cua ngoqi cdnh den qudn thl vd qud trinh hinh thdnh qudn the? Cho vf du? Budc Hudng dan nghien cuu tdi lieu tim tdi, kham phd To chuc eho HS ty nghien cuu SGK, hinh ve 36.1 de HS suy nghTfimtdi Idi gidi CH yeu edu HS nhd Iqi kiln thi>e sinh thdi hex ed thl d l bdng suy dien tuong hr Ka Idi Myc dfch giup HS xdc djnh qudn thl Id mdt cd'p td ehue song nen nd eung cd nhung dd'u hieu chung cho mqi cdp sd'ng nhu: he md hr dieu chfnh cd ndi cdn bdng, ngoqi cdn bdng nhd cd trao dd'i thdng fin giOa cdc ylu td cdu frue cuo qudn thl vdi mdi frLrdng, ;CH cdn hudng ddn HSbdng suy dien tuong hr Kr nhi/ng gi dd bilt v l hdng so sinh hqc CO thl d l hiiu hdng so sinh hqe mue qudn thl; CH phdt bilu djnh nghTa khdi niem qudn thl mdt Idn nua hodn thien he thd'ng hda, khdi qudt hda dd'u hieu sdng ddc trung eua qudn thl Hudng dan HS 6i Ka Idi CH tren cdn nghien cuu kT mye I Qudn thl sinh vdt vd qud trinh hinh thdnh qudn thl; Di Ka Idi CH hudng ddn HS nghien cuu ndi dung frinh bdy d myc I eua bdi kit hgp vdi kiln thue dd hqc d bdi frude Cdu frd Idi cho CH cdn cd y nghTa eung cd'vdn dyng kien thi/c thu dugc tu cdc cdu trd Idi eho CH tren HDKP 2: Td chuc thao lugn de tim hieu, khdm phd Bude Tdchue thdo ban Cdc CH d ddy dd bdm sdt md hdo ndi dung SGK d h/ng myc h/ng doqn vd cdu trd Idi khd cd thl dqt yeu cdu bdng doqn hqc thudc; vi ndi dung SGK trinh bdy dudi dqng thdng bdo HS cdn xu If bdng cdc thoo tdc logic, he thd'ng hda, khdi qudt hda suy dien hrong hr mai cd t h l rut ro duqc khdi niem, qud trinh Vdi dqc diem dd qud trinh thdo ludn, GV cdn cd them cdc CH phy, ddc biet cdc CH yeu cdu tdi hien kiln thue dd hqc d bdi trudc dd vd hudng ddn HS sdp xep cdc nqi dung theo mdt logic d l trd Idi mdt cdch chfnh xdc Budc 4: Kit lugn ehinh xdc hda kien Hide: GV chu y bd sung, chfnh xdc hda cdc Idi gidi cho CH cd tfnh vdn dyng vi ne'u HS biet vdn dyng kien thuc cd t h l gidi thfch cdc hien hrong thyc tithi dd Id muc cao cija sy thdng hieu ndi dung kiln thuc (Xem tiep trang 56) sn t a i lieu tham khao H Lectiner hda v4 chuydn \i\ tri thifc cd tinh phOdng phip m i vin khdng din din kit qui GV y6u ciu SV kiim tra lai Problemhafte lu(ln dt/(3l dang y^u ciu ddi hdl, hadng din, ii cic yiu td cd bin tinh hudng cung nhU xem x6t iai Unterrichtsgestaltung in dung v i phit hl^n tri thi/c thi/c nghlfim, 11 thuyit tif thit ki lUdng cic vin di (GV s6 chi trO giup tlip, hoat den Faechern Biologie cic chi/Ong trUflc dd, ti/ cic bd mdn OH khic v i ddng nghidn cifu GQVD ciia SV hifa hen cd kit qui) Chemie Physic kinh nghl?m thi/dng ngiy Berictite, Heft 12/1982, Chi din heuristic ii tndl sd cic y4u ciu d i di/Oc Yiu ciu SV hiy so sinh trUOng hop niy vdl cic blftn phip HU Berlin In: Methodilcdes sip xip nhim hd trQ In thac phi/Ong phip luin, thuc hl^n nhim lim thay ddi tdc dO ddng cd Physikunterrichts PH giiip hinh ddng di/oc xic dinh chi din dd rdng l i Potsdam 1984 mgc dich d^t duoc cd tinh xic su^t Ti6n doin trxfn gdi ii tnoi loai hudng din dai Nhic SV hiy nghi din thl nghiim "Mic m^ch diSn d0ng cd V Malhotra Methods ci/ong cd hudng quyit dinh tUOng ddi nhd vio Midng ddng bO m0t pha lim viSc d mitc diSn ip nOVvi of Teaching Biology khdng gian tim kiim, m i dd phil tim thiy 220V" (nhim hUdng v i phuong dlin nhin thUc di dat dUOc CPC in New Dehli & d bii thuc hinh trudc dd) suy nghi quyit dinh cung nhi/mdt ioai tUdng tu Wasshington DC 2006 Nht&m vv dUdc giao M' sung (hay trich nhljm Nhic SV hiy nhd lai so dd mach dlin cua ddng cO khdng NguySn Bao Ho^n hojic sif m$nh) l i ddi hdl/y^u ciu dUOc GV niu ddng bd pha lim vi^c chi dd mdt pha (cd thi cho B i o l o g i s c h e thim, m i phil huy ddng duoc cic kinh nghlfim SV xem mdt so dd tuong Ung d i gOI nhd) Gesetzeskenntnisse & tUdng tv nhim sif dung tic ddng heuristic Cd thi Evolution Dissertation nhiTng ddi hdl/yiu ciu niy khdng nim di til B/ Habilititionssctirift zur true tlip cua tiit hoc v i khdng hudng vio vin d i mudn tim mdi tinh hudng Erlangung des Cic ti/dng tu, dUdc cho SV suf dung dudi dang cic Yiu ciu SV quan sit, ddng co khdng ddng bd pha lim akademisctien Grades fuer vi^c d chi dd mdt pha, so dd mach diin cd thay ddi Doktor hl$n tUQng, sU ki$n v i mdi quan h^ der khdng? Di^n i p cip vio cic cudn diy cua ddng co cd Wissensctiaften (Dr Sc/ dung dinh mUc khdng? (giup lim phong phii kho ting kinh habil).PHPo«Jam 1988 nghiim cua SV), Rossa .Methodik Cic Y tudng giii quyit dUOc cho SV sif dung dUdi GV hdi, SV phil lim gi thay ddi diin ip cip cho ddng Chemieunterricht dang cic ciu tra idi lua chon v i SV phal 11 glal suCO m i khdng lim cho tdc dd cua ddng cd thay d6i VWW Berlin 1975 lua chon dd Tr^ Minh Sa Giao trinh Ki thudt dien va Giao trinh Thuc hanh thi nghidm Ki Vi the, viec gidi thieu hay nhdp de bdi hqe t h l thudt dien NXB Dgi hgc su phgm H 1/2004 hien tinh hud'ng cd VD se dem Iqi hieu qud cao h-ong QTDH SUMMARY De ke hoqch thie't ke bdi hqc phu hgp vdi qud Some ways of resecrctmg on protilem solving h trinh GQVD nhdm gdp phdn vdo tich cyc hdo teaching technical practice for students: students hoqt ddng nhdn thuc eua SV DH Thuc hdnh proposing ideas: lecturers orienting key protilerra for Kl thudt dien, thi nhung nghien cuu GQVD ludn students; students solve problems through phdi dugc ke't nd'i vd hda nhdp vdi todn bd hoqt experiments Ihte necessarypreccxxMon forprot^em ddng DtH • solving teaching is to mal(e lesson designhgplan Bi$n ph^p chi d^n Cich nfiu cic gii thuyit minh ho? Khich 1$ heuristic \i chfit ti/ nhSm til tich ci/c Niu SV di cd dU0c cich glil thich v i dUdng ll^n ddi Day hoc bang cac hoat dong Tai lieu tham khao Dinh Quang Bao - NguySn Diic Th^nh Li ludn day (Tiep theo trang 59) hpc Sinh hpc - Phin d^ cuong NXB Gido due, H 1996 HDKP 3: Van dyng qldi auyet cac Hnh hudng Nguygn Thinh D?it (t6ng chii bien) - Phan Van Up Budc 5: Van dyng kien tnue Cd the su dyng (chu bien) - D^ng Hitu Lanh - Mai Sy Tuin Sinh hoc cdc CH: So sdnh qudn the vdi tdp hgp cdc ed the 12.NXBG/do