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BIEN PHAP DAY HOC DITA VAO PHONG CACH HOC TAP CUA HOC VIEN NGIfill LflN TAI TRUNG TAM GIAO OUC THUONG KUYfN PGS TS TRAN Q U O C T H A N H " ThS H O A N G TIEN D U N G " 1 Hpc vien ngudi Idn (HVNL) la[.]
BIEN PHAP DAY HOC DITA VAO PHONG CACH HOC TAP CUA HOC VIEN NGIfill LflN TAI TRUNG TAM GIAO OUC THUONG KUYfN PGS TS TRAN Q U O C T H A N H " - ThS H O A N G TIEN D U N G " Hpc vien ngudi Idn (HVNL) la nhimg ngudi da trudng thanh, da co mot sd kinh nghiem cudc sdng va nghe nghiep Hp tham gia hpc sau da cd viec lam va tham ehi cd cudc song on djnh Nhihig ngudlnay tham gia hpc tap de nang cao trinh dp hoac ehuyen doi sang mdt nganh ehuyen mon khac Vi the, hpc tap cua ngudi Idn cd nhieu diem dang quan tam qua trinh day hpc HVNL cd khuynh hudng doe lap linh hdi cac tri thdc va phattrien kTnang cua ban than theo nhu cau cua hp Hogl ddng hpc tap cua HVNLdupc thyc hien theo nhihig phong each xac djnh Mdi nqudi ed mot phong each hpc tap {PCHT} uu the De nang eao hieu qua day hpe, rat can hieu PCHT eua HVNL Doi vdi hpc vien (HV), biet duac PCHT, HV se hieu each hpc phu hc^ nhat vol minh nh&m nang cao hieu qua hpc tap Ddi vdi giao vien (G V), nim dupc PCHT cua H V, GV se chu ddng viee lya chpn nhirng phong each dgy hpc tich eye, tgo mdi tmdng hpc tap dap ung nhu eau va thu cho ngudi hpe denang cao hieu qua dgy hpc Ketquanghien cull ve PCHT eua HVNL cho thay, ngudi hpc se cdng hon neu nhu ngudi day ke't hop phong each day cua hpvdi PCHT eua ngudi hpc Vi the, denang eao chat lupng dgy hpc cho ngudi Idn, viec nghien cuu dgc diem hpc tap, dae biet la PCHT cOaHV la rat can thie't Day hoc dya vao PCHT cua HVNL 1)Cac loai PCHT ea ban eua HVNL Cd nhieu each va nhieu tieu chidephan loai PCHT cua HVNL Song cdthedya vao each phan loai eua KoldvaHoney - Mumford de phan logi PCHT cua HVNL phong each cu the nhu sau: a) PCHT "ngudi hoat dgng (activisits)': - Ngudi hpc thieh kham pha va thil' thach Ngudi hpc ^mc phat huy td'i da kha nang duac tham gia vao cac hoatdpng da dang va thudng xuyen dd'i mdi; • Ng_udi hpc thich lam trung tam ciia sy ehii y, thich khang dinh minh cac hogt ddng chung, du chu tri mot cupc hpp Idp hay phat bieu y kie'n; - Ngudi hpe tan dyng cac eo hpi bay to y kien Irong cae cupc thao lugn 36 Tap chi Gido due so 339 hay tuang tac vdi nhihig ngudi khac; - Ngudi hpc khdng thich ddng vai trd thy dpng Idp; - Ngudi hpc khdng thich nhung cdng viec cudng ep, hay nhung viec ddi hoi phai tie'p thu sang td; - Ngudi hpc thich hpc nlidm, khdng thieh hpe mpt minh Do dd, ngudi hpe khdng hpc tap hieu qua vdi hinh thdc ty hpc b) PCHT "ngudiphin inh (reflectors)" Phong each cd dgc diem: - Thich co hpi dupc suy n g i m tat ea nhOng dieu an ehu'a dieu ngudi nghe hay dpe ducfc trude dua quan diem nao dd; - Thich ngdi phia sau cac cupc thao luan;- Hpe td nghe, quan sat chii'khdng the hien minh; - Khoal nhirng co hpi duoe hpe va lam viec dpe lap; - Thich cdng viec ddi lidi suy ng£m IhSi'u dao hon la di \ix; - Hpc hieu qua qua cac cong vipc ke hoach ca nhan, nghe giang va hpc dpe lap; - Khdng mud'n ddng gdp y kien xay dyng bai tren Idp Trong cudc thao lugn ma khdng can nh&c mpi dieu; - Khdng mudn vdi vang ehuyen td viec den viec khac; - Lo nggi thdi hgn ehdt phai lam vi^e hay hpe ma khdng can nhSc suy nghi can thein; - Hpc khdng hieu qua hoat dpng ty phat khdng cho phep thdi han, ke hoach can than Hpc nhgp vai, thao luan nhdm ly phat c) PCHT "ngudi li thuyet (theorists)" PCHT eddacdiem:-Hpc hieu quavdimo hinh lilhuy^l.qua cac van de tren lop, thao lugn tim hieu nhthig li thuyet vdi cac ban be thay co, ham doe va danh gia cac cuon saeh, bai bao; - Thich kham pha md'i quan he giite cac mdhinh, cac van de khai niem; • Quan tam d§'n viec chac eh^n r^ng cac phong each lugn lam easd cho cac li thuyet va logic hpp li; - Phat huy kha nang ve hieu biet va tham gia cac linh hudng phdc tap; - Thich mpt myc dich hpe lap, cong viec ro rang cg the; - Khong thich cham Iran nhihig trudng hc^ khdng cd nen lang nhgn thii'c, li thuyet rd rang hay nghi ngd nhihig dieu do; - Thoai mai vol nhihig sy viee khach quan va nguac lai; - Hpe khdng hieu qua qua cac cau * Tnrcing D^i hgc sir pham Ha Ngi * * Trang tam Giao diic thiHfng xuyen tinh Hai DtfiJng (ki 1-8/2014) hdi md, cdng viec ke hoach edtinh ehuyen ddng kham pha, thyc hanh kTnang d) PCHT "ngudi tht/c te (pragamatists)" PCHT ed dae diem:-Thich xem li thuyet lien he vffl thyc te nhu the nao?; - Thich cae kT nang thyc hanh, hpc tap phu hpp vdi ITnh vyc mdn hpc va di lam sau nay; Thich lap trnng Oiyc hanh eung ed'qua thyc tehon li thuyet; -Thich chi d i n rd rang detien hanh thyc hien; - Kiidng thich tai lieu li thuyet, khdng cd kha nang ung dung; - Hpc thieu hieu qua: Khi hpi thao, tranh luan Cae dgc diem cua tiing loai PCHT neu tren la co sdtmc tie'p eho viec nghien cuu de xua't cae bien phap to'chdc dgy hpc dya vao PCHT cua ngudi hpc 2)Daybgcdua vao PCHT cua HVNLDec6\he lam rd thuc trang cac bien phap day hpc dya vao PCHT cua HVNL, cac tac gia tien hanh nghien cuu lai6 taing lam giao dye thudng xuyen (TTGDTX) eae linh khu vyc B^c bd (nghien cuu tren 50 can bp quan li, 100 GV va200 HVNL) Ket quathu duac nhusau: a) Nhan thOc vey nghia cua day hoc dua vao PCHT cua HVNL tai TTGDTX Kelqua khao sat cho thay:-Da sd'GV dcac TTGDTX nhan thay dupe vaitrd vasyeanlhietcua viee Id'chiic day hpe dya vao PCHT cua ngudi hpe de phat huy linh lieh eye eua ngudi hpc nh§m gdp phan nang cao chat lupng day va hpe;-Khi to chiic day hpc dya vao PCHT cua ngudi hpc, GV se quan tam de'n dae diem rieng biet cua ngudi hpe; Nhung lac dpng cua GV phai phu hpp vdi kha nang nhan thiic cua tung ngudi hpe, phai kich ttiich dupe thu nhan thiic cua hp Cu the; 92,0% y kie'n cua G V d cac TTG DTX ddng tai lhanh phd, 88,0% y kien GV cac TTGDTX ddong bSng va 68% y kien G V cac TTG DTX dmien nui cho r5ng day hpc dya vao PCHT cua ngudi hpc se gdp phan phat huy dupc linh lich cue nhgn thirc cua ngudi hpcdeacTTGDTX;-Cd80%GV cho ring td'chue dgy hpc dya vao PCHT cua ngudi hpc se gdp phan vao viec thuc hi^n dupc syphan hoa dgy hpc Mdtsd'GVIi giai rlng:sy cao bang, ddng nhat each dgy hien da tao sy ap dat, dan gian ddj vdi ngudi hoc cd lyc hpc kha - gidi, qua tai dd'i vdi ngudi hpc cd hpc lye kem; - Sy phan hoa ddi tuong, phan hoa ndi dung, phuang phap dgy hpc (PPDH) theo huong dya vao PCHT cua ngudi hoc se gdp phan vao vigc nang cao linh tich cyc nhan thiic cua mdi ea nhan ngucflhpcDgc biet qua trao da.GV cae TTGDTX cho ring day hoc Ifieo hudng dya vao PCHT cua ngudi hpc thyc sy la dudng day hoc cd hieu qua, nhung GV phai dau lu nhieu cdng siic;-Cd79%ykiencacGV cac TTGDTX ddong bing ya 98% y kie'n cua G V cae TTGDTX ddngtgithanhphd'eho ring day hpcdua vao PCHT cua ngudi hpc cdn cho phep dam bao kip thdi (ki 1-8/2014) maJien he nguoe GV lam viec \nsc tieiD vdi tung ca nhan hay nhdm phan hoa ^iiip hp nhanh ehdng nam dupc cac thdng lin phan hoi td phia ngudi hoc Ngudi hpc cung kjp thdi phan anh nhQng thac m i c , nhiing ban khoan eua minh dedupc sy trp giup cua GV va bgn be Thdng tin hai chieu ludn tudn dupe cung cd sudt gid len ^ ; - 75% GV eae TTGDTX cho ring td'chue day hpc dya vao PCHT cua ngucri hpc se gdp phan lam cho kiai thiic cua ngudi hpc them vimg chSe.Dieu dupc cac G VII giai nhusau: + Dgy hpc dya vao PCHT cua ngudi hpc se khie'n ngudi hpc dupc hoat ddng mdi Irudng nhdm hpe tap phu hpp, vi nhdm dupc tao bdinhting ngudi edcungPCHT;+Nliiem vy hpc lap dupe thiet kedya vao PCHT euafejmgngudi hpc va nhdm ngudi hpc nen d l &\sqc ngudi hpe tiep nhgn mpt each ly nguyen va hdng thii thuc hien nhiem vy dd theo PCHT eua ban than; +• Khi dupc lam viec theo phong each cija minh, ngudi hpc cd trach nhiem cao hon vdi qua cua minh cung nhu cua nhdm, biet each bao ve quan did'm, chinh kien eua minh va ciia nhdm trudc nhung ngudi khac b) Nhiing bien phap tochuc day hgc dtiS vioPCHT cua tlVNL tai TTGDTX Ket qua khao sal eho thay: De to ehu'c day hpc dya vao PCHT eua ngudi hpc, d cae TTGDTX, cac G V da sii'dyng cac bien phap sau: - Bien phap "Lua chgn cic phuang phap day hgc dt/a via PCHT cua ngudi hgc" duac sd dyng phd' bien nhat Cd 52,8%% G V cac TTGDTX dddng bing va 64-70,8% GV cac TTGDTX mien niii va lhanh phd thudng sddyng Ket qua phan anh phan nao tac dung cua phong trao dd'i mdi PPDH hien d cac TTGDTX Tuy nhien, cac PPDH duyc GV lya chpn, si}dung cdphalla nhihig PPDH ed uu the day hpe dya vao PCHT cua ngucri hpc hay khdng thi chua duac khang djnh Ke't qua khao sat thu duac cd sy ktiacbietgiiracacGVTTGDTX dmien niiivadddng bing Clio thay, GV cac TTGDTX d mien niii tich cyc lya chpn va su'dung cae PPDH dya theo PCHT eua ngudihpc hon GVcacTTGDTX ddong bing;-Bien phap "De ngudi hgc tulua chgn nhom hgc tap"6[/qc GV siJ dung nhim to chuc day hpe dya vao PCHT cua ngudi hpc Cy the, G V eae TTGDTX dmien nui la 33,8%, cae trnng tam d lhanh phd cd 18,8% va d nong thdn cd 24,8%, xep thii' bae thu'2; - Bien phap "G&o nhiem vu cho nhom dugc phin chia theo P C W r t r o n g to' chuc dgy hpc dya theo PCHT ciia ngudihpc dupc cac GV su'dung dupe xep dlhif bac Cu the kel qua dieu tra eho thay, cae TTGDTX ddong bingvandng thon cdlLr18,8 den 20,8% sd'GVda si) dyng bien phap Cac TTGDTX dlhanh phdti le la24,8%.Trencasdphan nhdm ngudi hpe theo Tap chi Gido due so 339 37 PCHT dae trung, GV thie't ke va giao nhiem vy hpc tap cho cac nhdm Viec thy hien nhiem vy hoc tap tuang dng vdi nhdng hanh dpng dae trung eua kieu PCHT Vdi bien phap giao nhiem vy hpe tap theo phong each eua nhdm hpc tap, G V da su'dung nhiem vu hpc tap detae ddng den ca nhan ngudi hpe nhdm thdng qua hoat ddng chung eua nhdm, hoac thdng qua sy tac ddng cua ban bejrong cunp mpt nhdm, cac H V nhdm giup dd lan de hoan nhiem vu chung cua ca nhdm; - Dd'i vdi bien phap 'Thiet ke tai lieu hgc tap phuc vu day hgc dua theo PCHT cua ngudi hgc", cd tu 8,8-10,8% y kie'n cho ring da su'dung bien phap tdchii'c day hoc dya theoPCHTcila nguoi hpcdcac TTGDTX Cf cac TTGDTX dlhanh phd li ley i