SJJfDUNG PHEP LAI PHAN HCH HE DAY HOC CAC QUY LUAT Dl THUYfN PGS TS NGUYgN DINH N H A M NGUYgN D A N G B A N " Phan kien thuc Quy luat di truyen (QLDT), mot npi dung chuong trinh dupc de cap va dua va[.]
SJJfDUNG PHEP LAI PHAN HCH HE DAY HOC CAC QUY LUAT Dl THUYfN PGS TS N G U Y g N D I N H N H A M - N G U Y g N D A N G B A N " P han kien thuc Quy luat di truyen (QLDT), mot npi dung chuong trinh dupc de cap va dua vao giang day chuong trinh Sinh hpc (SH) va dupe tiep tue giang day d chuong trinh SH 12 Muc tieu day hpc (DH)phan kien thuc naydtrudng thdng la de hpe sinh (HS) khdng n h i ^ g nim ch^e dupc ban chat eac quy luat ma edn bietvan dung no vao giai bai tap, giai thich dupc mot sd'hien tupng di truyen lien quan Trong thuc tiln nghien euu va DH Sinh hgc d trudng phd'thdng, ehung toi da eai tien phuong phap day hpc QLDT theo nhieu kieu, vdi cac phuong tien va each thue to ehu'c khae Mdl kieu cd mpt vai iJu^diem nhat djnh nhung v l n eon khdng it nliupc diem (do phuong tien sudung khdng lam rd net dupc ban ehat QLDT) Vdi ap u chpn phuong tien de day cac QLDT ma su'dyng nd ban chait quy luat dupe phan anh that va ro net nhat, ehung tdi da lay phep lai phan tich (PLPT) dudi dang cac bai tap dephan chieu ban chat cac QLDT lam phuong tien truyen thu va ren luy^n kinSng hpc tap eho HS QLDT dupc cac nha khoa hpc phat hien chij yeu bang thyc nghiem nen qua trinh DH cd the cho HS tiep can va hieu nd bSng eon dudng ma cac nha khoa hpc da kham pha Tuy nhien, vol dieu kien CO sdvat cha'tva thdi gian han checua tiet hpe khdng the si) dung phuong phap mdt each bien dupc Chinh vi vay, eac nha s u pham viet sach da bien quy trinh thuc dudi dang nhung bai toan nhan thuc l^ng vol mdt quy luat co nhung dieu kien rang bu^,mptquy trinh tien hanh, tatca dupe ma hoa vao bai toan Khi giai d\sqc bai toan, HS se hieu dupc ban chSit quy luat dong then cd them kT nang thuc hanh cd dieu ki^n cho phep Hp thd'ng bai toan duqc trinh bay sach giao khoa (SGK) chu yeu dua vao phep laiti/phdi, phep lai cd ketqua phuc tap nen mudn lam ndi rova khac sau kien thuc ctio HS thudng mS't nhieu tfidi gian Vi ngoai nhung dau hien ban chat cua quy luat phep lai tuphdi cdn cho them mot sd dau h i ^ khac, nhat 1^ dau liieu djnh lucmg thucmg khdng hl^n rd tn/c tie^ ban chat Q LDT ma phai dung Idi diln giang HS mdi thay (kil-6/2013)- Td nhung han che tren, qua trinh giang day va nghien cuu, ehung toi de xuat sudung phep lai phan tieh (PLPT) lam tam guang phan ehieu cac QLDT PLPT la |3hep lai vdi co the ddng hpp tu lan (DHTL) nh^mkiem tra kieu gen eua cothedem lai Xet ve ban chat cothe mang tinh trang lan ddng hpp tu, phat sinh giao tund chi cho loai giao tu, giao tudd khdng cd kha nang bieu hien kieu hinh ed m|talentrdi(tn;atehegenlan).Vivay,khimptcathe batki nao giap phdivdicotheDHTLthikieu hinh lai se phan anh hoan toan kha nang eho giao tu" cua cothedem kiem tra NdciJng gidng nhumptvatdung trudc guong phang thi guong phing se phan xa hoan toan su vat cho ta nhin thay anh ao eija su vat sau guong Trong PLPT eon lai (Fb) coi nhu la anh eua kiem tra (Pkt) qua guong phing (eo the mang tinh trang lan), Z M p t s d v i d u m i n h hoa 1) Quy luat phan lieua Men den: Ban chat quy luat la suphan li ddng deu cua haialen cap alen luon dive hai te bao eon vdi ti le ngang Trong te bao, giao tu ludn chi cd alen cap alen De nhan thay dupe ban chat thi PLPT cho ta nhin nhan rdban chat cua quy luatdd Baitoan: Cay dau Ha Lan tinh trang eay eao trpi dddc quy djnh bdi gen (A) cay thap lan dupc quy djnh bdi alen lan (a) Khi cho dau than cao dj hpp tulai vdi cay OHTL (PLPT) Ketqua se nhuthe nao? Fl Dl hcfpcay cao KG AB KG Fb CSyihip M »• Kieu hinh phan xg qua guang phing aa Tam giiomg phang liAa •/, Cay cao •'iaa '/i Civ ihSp Nhu vay, vai trd cua co the cay thap BHTL da phan xa hoan toan kha nang cho giao tucua cay cao dj hpp tu da cho hai loai giao td (W A, Yt a) bang hai loaikieu hinh vditile ngang (1 cao :1 thap) Ban chat cua quy luat phan li thay rat rd nhd su phan xa mpt each chan thuc cija cothe OHTL qua PLPT ' Tnrcfng ll^i hQC Vinh Tap chi Gido due so 311 59 De kiem chdng kha nang phan xa chan thuc cua nd, ta eho cothe dong hop ti}trpi (AA) luon cho loai giao ti} (A) lai vdi eo the DHTL (aa) ta ludn ed loai kieu hinh chdng td giao tu chi c d l alen cap alen ma thdi Fl Cay cao CSy thap ^ Tam guong phsng NST cap ddng dang, vi vay, mot cothe cho bao nhieu toai giao tu nd dupc the hien qua phep lai phan tich Sa/toan; Cho biet drudl dam gen quy djnh tinh trang mau Xam than trdi dupe quy djnh bffl gen (A), alen lan eua nd (a) quy djnh tinh trang mau den Gen lien ket hoan toan vdi gen Quy dinh linh trang dp j ^ j ^^^^ ^^ g|g^ ,^^j |^ ^Q^ ^^ly ^jf^^ tinh trang canh dai alen lan (b) quy djnh tinh trang canh ngan Khi cho SF^ cdtinh trang minh xam -canh dai dj hpp lai vdi eon minh den - canh cut Tinh trsing ddi Kieu hinh phe phan bdnhuthe nao? Ketquaphep lai phan anh 2) Quy luat phan li dgc lap cua Men den BaitoamCho biet dau Ha Lan gen quy djnh tinh trang mau vang hat la trpi dupc quy djnh bdi gen (A), alen lan cua nd (a) quy dinh tinh trang mau xanh nkrr\ tren cap NST thd Tinh trang ehieu eao eay cd alen trdi la (B) quy dinh tinh trang than eao, alen lan (b) quy djnh tinh trang than thap n^m tren NST dong dang sd2 Khi eho (Fl) lai cdtinh trang Hat vang - t h a n eao iai vdi eay Hat xanh - Than thap Tinh trang ddi phan bd nhu the nao? Ketqua phep lai phan anh QLDT nao? F1 Di h