Nghien g i n TVao dfii XAC DINH DUNG MMC TifiU GlAO DUC oi THVC HllN D 6 I M 6 I CAN BAN VA TOAN bllN NiN GlAO DMC Vl|T NAM NGUYfeN MINH THUVfeX* H O A N C H 6 A B I N H * * Cutmg iJnh xdy d^g dit nud[.]
N g h i e n g i n - TVao dfii XAC DINH DUNG MMC TifiU GlAO DUC oi THVC HllN D I M I CAN BAN VA TOAN bllN NiN GlAO DMC Vl|T NAM NGUYfeN MINH THUVfeX* HOANCH6ABINH** Cutmg iJnh xdy d^g dit nudc thdi ky qud ^ lin chu nghla xS hpi (bi sung, phdt triin ndm 2011) cua Ddng Cpng sdn Vipt Nam xdc dfnh su mpnh cda gido d^c nhu sau: "Gido d^c vd ddo tgo cd su mpnh n&ng cao ddn tri, phdt triin nguin nhdn i^rc, bii du9ng nh&n tdi, gdp phin quan trgng phdt triin dit nudc, xdy d\/ng nin vdn hda vd ngudi Vipt Nam"" Bi thurc hipn sur mpnh vi vang H^, gido dtfc dn du^ "doi mdi cdn bdn vd todn dipn ", nhu yiu du cua Dgi hgi XI cua Ddng Tuy Vdn kipn Dgi hpi khdng su dfing cfim tit '*cdi cdch gido dgc"" nhung "ddi mdi cdn bdn vd todn dipn " thifv chat Id cdi cdch I- Theo Tir diin tieng Vipt, "cdn ban" vdi tu each danh hi cd nghTa Id "Cdi lam nen gdc, cdi cdt yiu quy djnh bdn ehat ciia sy vftt", cdn vdi tu each tinh tir cd nghTa Id "cot yeu cd tde dyng quy djnh ban chat cua sy vftt""' Hieu nhu vgy, "ddi mdi edn bdn" Id ddi mdi tii nen tang, tir edi quy djnh ban ehat ciia sy vftt Cdi Idm nen nen tang, quy djnh ban chat cua gido dye, theo quan diem ciia chiing tdi, la triet ly giao dye md tmdc hit Id quan nipm v i mye Thuyit bdn vj xd hgi quan nipm phdi lay \ ipc ddp img nhu eau xd hpi Idm myc tiiu gido dye, "hp cho rftng, \ e phuang dipn myc dich gido dye, ca nhdn khdng cd chut y nghia ndo cd; mpi chi dp gido dye ciia quoc gia ehi cd mpt mye tieu la dao tgo nhiing cdng ddn phyc hing tuyit ddi lpi ich qudc gia"*" tieu g i a o d y e Giao dye Thanh nien Thieu men va Nhi dong cua Quoc h$i Ddi mdi triet ly gido dye tdt yeu si dan din ••d6i mai toan di?n" njn giao dMC tit h« th6ng giao due qudc dan iin npi dung, phuong ph4p g i a o dMC c o n g tac q u a n ly g i L d y e v l p h i t • GS, TS nguyen Pho Chu nhipm tjy ban van h6a, " res, TS Vi?„ Khoa h« giio dye v * Nam ("ã"ô" ^sSn nga hpc: m dim nmg m Nxb Di ^ang^Tmng in, T< di«„ h,c Ha NOi - Di NSng 2006, trien dpi ngu nha giao'-' , Theo mgt so nha nghien ciiu, hai khuynh huong triet hpc co anh huong q u y a diiih toi viec xay dung myc tieu giao due la thuyet ban vi xa hpi va thuyet ban vi ca nhan SO S39 ( t h a n ' ' n a m 2012) (2) "Toin di?n" c6 nghta Ii "day da cic mit, Idiong oiilo mji nao" (xem: 7&«* ning vm sdd tr 1003) ,3, i ^ g vi Htog ichdng Khang Hoa (Bili Dfc Thijp dich): T»ei h^ giao due hifn dd Nxb CMnh oi quoc gia, 2008 tr 150 Nghien ohi - Trao doi Day Id m^t quan niim p h i biin vdo thdi ky ci dgi vd trung dgi, tir Ddng sang Tdy Myc tiiu eiia gido due liic dd Id ddo tgo ngudi phuc vy vuong quyen, thin quyin O Trung Quic vd Viit Nam, khdng triiu dgi phong kiin ndo ma gido dye khdng nhdm ddo tgo quan Igi d chau Au ed dgi, gido dye etia thdnh bang Xpde 6Hy Lgp "lay vipe ddo tgo quan lgi ede chi huy qudn sy vd ehiin binh bdo v i sy thong trj lam mye dieh Vdo thdi ky Trung cd, gido h$i d vdo dja vj dOc tdn, tdn gido thing trj tit cd, gido dye mang dgm sdc thdi tdn gido; chinh trj vd gido hpi la mpt Phye vy gido hpi, thich iing vdi nhu cdu ciia gido hpi trd thdnh myc dich gido dye cua ca chdu Au"*^' Den gi&a thi ky XVIII, nha hogt dpng ehinh tq ngudi Phdp L.Sa-ld-te (1701 - 1785) vdn cdn bdy Id mong muon "nhd nudc ddm nhgn edng tac gido dye, dao tao nhihig cdng ddn de phyc vy nhd nude Gido dye phai gdn vdi hien phap va phdp ludt, tien theo dudng ldi ehinh tri"**' Ngupe vdi thuyet bdn vi xd hpi, nhiing ngudi chil truang thuyet bdn vj cd nhdn lay ngudi lam trung tam, tir dd xem xet mpi gia tri va dmh hudng xd hdi Quan diim phat trien tir thdi ky Phye hung, vdn hoa, gido dye thodt khdi dnh hudng cua "ehii nghTa tm dieu vd ehu nghTa khd hgnh eua nhd thd, gidi phdng eon ngudi vd nhdn thire, tri tup, tdi ndng theo hudng ciia chu nghTa nhan van"'*' Ngudi ta lay vipc phdt triin, hodn thipn nhan edeh cua ca nhdn ldm myc tiiu gido due Gi Lde-ea (1632 - 1704), nha triit hpc Anh, quan niim: "Moi ngudi ed nhihig dgc tinh cua minh Cd le khdng ed hai tre em ndo md cd the nudi duong, giao due bdng phuang phap hoan todn gidng nhau"''' Do do, theo dng, giao dye phai de myc tieu va phuang phap sat thye Ong vi ngudi h9C nhu mdt ihiiy thii di bien, khdng edn biet bien sdu bao nhieu, chi can biet eho nao cd da n§am can tranh Ngudi hpc cung vgy, "khdng can biet mpi viee, chi can biit nhutig vipe quan he den each hudng lai cupc ddi" eiia hp"*' Cdn nha triit hoc Anh Gi S Min-lo (1806 - 1873) Ihi d i cap din vai trd cua ty phat triin nhan each thdng qua quan niem v i moi quan he giiia ea tinh vdi Tap chf C4>ng s d n thiin tdi n g cho rdng thiin tdi thudng cd cd tinh mgnh han ngudi khde, phii nhgn ed tfnh Id giit ehit thiin tdi Dk xd hpi ed nhiiu thien tdi hon, cin tgo mOt biu khdng ty cho mpi ngudi cd diiu kiin phdt huy cd tfnh ciia minh''' d nudc ta, tir liie khai sinh nhd nude ddn chu cdng hda, md diu bdn Tuyen ngdn dpc lgp, Chil tjch H i Chl Minh dd din Igi "nhiing ldi bit hii" bdn Tuyin ngon dpc lgp cua nude My: "Tdt ed mpi ngudi deu sinh cd quyin binh ddng Tgo hda cho hp nhthig quyin khdng ed the xdm phgm dupe, nhihig quyen ay, ed quyen dupe song, quyin ty va quyin muu cdu hgnh phiie" Dieu dd ehimg id tir lgp nude, Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh va chinh quyen each mgng da cd nhgn thtrc dung ddn vi cae quyen eua ngudi, cd quyen ty phdt triin Tuy nhien, ehien tranh xdm lupc bung nd d miin Nam sau Ngay Dpc lap roi Ian rpng ed nude vd tdn tgi hai chinh the doi dich keo ddi tdi 30 nam, dong Ihdi ehdm khdc phuc tu Urdng phong kien va cung ban ehi ve nhgn thire nin tu tudng tien bd vi quyin eon ngudi chua dupe trien khai day dii thyc tien Diiu 50 Hiin phap hien hanh khang dinh quyin ngudi, nhung thdng nhat no vdi (4) Lucmg Vl Hirng, Khdng Khang Hoa: Sdd, tr 158 (5) Nguyen Manh Tuang: Ly lugn gido due chdu Au (the ky XVI XVII XVIII) Nxb Giao dye, Ha Npi, 1995, tr, 322 (6) Hpi dong Quoc gia Chi d^o bien s o ^ Tir dien Bach khoa Viet Nanr Tir dien Bdch khoa Vi^tNam t Nxb Tu diSn bach khoa Ha Noi, 2003 tr 508 (7), (8) Nguyin Manh Tucmg: Sdd, tr 228 - 229, 224 (9) Xem: Lucmg Vj Hung Khflng Khang Hoa, Sdd tr 148 Co 15 xuSt phdt tir ni^m tin n^y, cSc tmong d^i hQc danh lieng ciia Anh, nhu Dai hoc Oxford, Dai hgc Cambridge, da co nhung quy dinh de bao v? nhihig sinh vien khong quan tam den nhung dieu vun vat, c6 thoi quen ky quic nao Cho den nay, Dai hpc Oxford da dao tao duoc 29 vj thii tirong ciia nuoc Anh; c6n Dai hpc Cambridge ciing da dao tao duac 63 ngiroi doat giai Nobel «/ S I O / t h i t i o 3m 7017^ T% llpp chf C»ng«*n Nghien curu - Trao doi quyin cdng ddn: " nudc C^ng hda xd hOi ehii nghTa Viit Nam, cdc quyin ngudi v i chinh hi, ddn sy, kinh ti, vdn hda vd xd hdi dupe tdn trpng, thi hiin it cdc quyin edng ddn vd dupe quy djnh Hiin phdp vd lu^t" vdi 1^ hrdng d0c Idp dfln tdc vd chu nghla xd h^i; hlnh thdnh vd bii dirOng nhan cdch, phim chit vd ndng lyre ciia cdng ddn, ddp iing yiu ciu ciia sy nghiip xfly dyng vd bdo vi Mpt nhihig quyin cdng ddn dupe Hiin phdp ghi nhdn Id quyin hpc tdp phii hpp vdi diiu kiin, ndng lyc eiia minh: "Cdng d ^ cd quyin hpc vdn hda vd hpc nghi bdng nhiiu hlnh diiie, Hpc sinh cd ndng khiiu dupe Nhd nudc vd xd hpi tgo dieu kiin hpc tdp d i phdt triin tdi ndng Nhd nudc vd xd hOi tgo diiu kipn cho tri em khuyit tgt, tri em cd hodn cdnh ddc bipt khd khdn khdc dupe hpe vdn hda va hpc nghe phii hpp" (Dicu 59) Vdi mye tiiu nhu tren, hdng chye ndm qua, gido dye Viit Nam 6& ddo tgo vd cung eip cho xd h0i ddi ngii nhdn lyc v i ca bdn ddp ling dupe yiu cau sii dyng ciia cdc ngdnh nghi, ca quan, dan vj Nhung vl chi chu trpng myc tieu phyc vy phdt triin kinh te xd hOi dy bdo nhu cau sir dyng nhan lye cdn yiu, nin nhdn lyc ddo tgo khdng trdnh khdi tlnh trgng vira thiiu vira thira N$i dung cdc mdn hpc, k i tir bgc hpc p h i thdng din dgi hpc chua thodt khdi tinh trgng kinh vipn; phuang phdp gido dye ft quan tdm din ed the hda; ndng lyc thyc tiin, ndng lye sang tgo ciia ngudi hpe yeu, Dk thyc hipn ddi mdi cdn bdn vd todn dipn nin gido dye Vipt Nam theo Nghj quyit Dgi hpi XI ciia Dang, trude hit, edn ddi mdi mye tiiu gido dye Liic ndy, mpt myc tiiu gido dye de dgt dupe sy ddng thugn ban ea la kit hpp hdi hda sy phdt trien ty eua cd nhdn vdi sii mpnh dao tgo nhdn tyc phyc vy xd hpi Tuy nhiin, cho din nay, mye tieu gido dye, sy phdt trien ciia cd nhdn vin chi dupe d i cgp nhu Id pham ehat md cdng dan cdn cd d i thyc thi nghTa vy xd hpi eiia minh Chua bao gid chung ta nhgn thiic rd sy phdt trien da dgng ve nhan edeh eua ngudi hpc la mpt myc tiiu gido dye, mdc dii khdng it lan bdy td mong mudn "bien qua trinh gido dye qua trinh ty giao dye" Theo Nghj quyet Hpi nghj Ian thii hai Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uang Ddng khda VIII, "nhipm vy va myc tiiu co bdn ciia gido dye la nhdm xay dyng nhQng eon ngudi vd the hp thiet tha gdn bd vdi ly tudng dpe lgp dan tpc vd chu nghTa xd hpi, cd dgo diic sdng^ cd y chi kien eudng xdy dyng va bdo vp Td qudc; edng nghipp hda, hipn dgi hda ddt nude; giir gin va phat huy cdc gia trj vdn hda eiia dan lpc cd ndng lyc tiep thu tinh hoa vdn hda nhdn logi; phat huy tiem ndng eiia dan tpe va eon ngudi Vipt Nam, cd y thiic cpng ddng va phdt huy tinh tieh eye ciia cd nhan lam ehu tri thirc khoa hpc va cdng ngh? hipn dgi, cd tu sang igo, ed ky ndng thyc hanh gidi, cd tac phong cdng nghiep, cd tinh td chirc ky lual; cd siic khoe, la nhirng ngudi thira kc \ay dyng chii nghia xa hpi vira hong vira ehuyen nhu ldi dan ciia Bac Hd" Dieu Lual Giao due cung quy djnh: "Myc tiiu giao due la dao tao ngudi Viet Nam phat Irien toan dien, eo dao dire, tri thiic, sire khde, tham my va nghe nghipp, Irung S6 839 ( t h a n j - nam 2012) Ti quic" Chinh C Mac ciing dd timg khdng djnh: "sy phdt triin ty eiia moi ngudi Id diiu kipn cho sy phdt trien ty ciia tdt ca mpi ngudi"""" Y kien eiia nhd sdng lgp ehii nghTa cpng sdn la mpt gpi y tdt cho vipc xay dyng mpt mye tieu gido dye hdi hda nhu chiing toi dd y-inh bdy 2- Myc tieu giao dye mdi tat yeu dan den quan nipm mdi \ e dinh hudng phdt trien cua gido dye nudc nha Theo chung ldi, nin gido dgc I let Nam giai dogn phdl trien mdi phdi Id mpt nen gido due thuc hoc vd ddn ehu Dudi day Id npi dung chii yeu ciia hai dinh hudng phdt trien nay: Thir nhdt ndi ve thuc hgc De dap iing muc tieu dao tgo nhdn lyc phyc vy xa hpi, thuc hoc cd nghTa la uu tien phat (10) C.Mac va Ph, Ang-ghen Todn tdp, Nxb Chfnh tri quoc gia, Ha Npi, 1995 t tr 628 NghiSn c m i - Trao dd'i trien nguon nhan lyc nhihig ngdnh kinh t^ - ky tiiudt cd tfnh iing dyng cao Nude ta cdn nghio, Igi Id nudc di sau vd muin nhanh chdng bdt kjp cdc nudc di mrdc thi khdng thi phat hiin ddn trdi Trong vdng 50 ndm tdi, cdn tap trung ddo tgo nhdn lye eho nhfing nganh tryc tiep sdn xuit ciia cdi vdt chat, cd kba n ^ g tdng cudng siie egnh ti*anh ciia nin kinh te Ddi vdi ede ngdnh khoa hpe ea ban, ben cgnh vipc ddp iing nhu ciu ndng eao dan tri, chi cdn dau tu ddo tgo s i Iupng It nhihig ngudi thye sy cd ndng khiiu, sd trudng de boi dudng nhan tdi Vdi tu tudng thyc hpe, h i thong gido dye thdng ciing can du^c xem xit [gi Vipc kio dai thdi gian hpe phd thdng tdi 12 nam td khong phii hpp vdi hoan cdrih ciia da phdn ngudi hpc vd diiu kipn kinh ti cua dat nudc noi ehung Theo quan diem ciia chimg tdi, nin thiit ki hp thdng theo cdng thirc + 2, hic la dgi bp phan hpc sinh chi hoc chuang trinh giao dye co bdn ndm; sau dd, tiiy sd nguypn, sd trudng vd kit qud hpc tap md tiip tyc hpc d tnrdng trung hpc nghe hodc trung hpc phd thdng nam vdi chuong trinh ty chpn gdm cac mdn phye vy chuyen ngdnh tuang lai ngudi hpc ty xdc dinh Di dap ling myc tieu phat triin vd hoan thipn nhdn each phii hpp vdi sd nguypn, sd tnrdng cua mdi ca nhdn, thuc hgc cd nghia Id chuyen ddi tir chucmg trinh theo dinh hudng npi dung thdnh ehuang trinh theo djnh hudng ndng lye Xay dyng ehuang frinh theo dinh hudng npi dung Id dinh ehuang trinh mpi he thong ede dan vi kien thiie, ky nang cdn trang bi cho ngudi hpc Day Id kieu chuang trinh xac dinh dau vdo Cach tiep can thien ve ly thuyit, kit qua la ngudi hpc dupe tran^ bj kiin thiie cd linh he thong nhung yeu ve ky nang thyc hanh, ddc biet la ky nang sdng Xay dyng chuang Irinh Iheo djnh hudng ndng lue la djnh mdi khung nang lyc va hoai dpng lam sinh d ngudi hpc nhu cau kham pha thi gidi, kham pha nang lyc ciia ban than di phat hiin Day la kiiu chuang trinh xac dinh ddu Viec xae djnh dau ra, tiie la lap Tpp chf C^ng mAn danh sdch nhihig ndng lye cin hinh thdnh vd phdt triin d ngudi hpc khdng d i d d n g vi nd khdng phdi Id m^t hp thong cd sdn nhu khdi niim khoa hpc Chuang hinh chi cd thi xdc djnh bp khung ndng lye vd hogt d^ng 6e moi hpc sinh, thdng qua hogt ding hpe tgp ty phdt hiin vd phdt frien sd nguyin, sd trudng eiia minh ma trd thdnh mpt thye thi vdi ndng lye rieng Nhd trudng khdng ed myc dfch vd cung khdng cd khd ndng tgo nhihig Idp ngudi ed ndng lyc giong hpt nhu "nhChig chiec may sdn xuat cdng nghiip" Ngupe lgi, ehfnh tinh da d^ng eiia ede cd nhan s3 tgo nen sy hai hda va sire mgnh tdng hpp eiia xa hpi Chuang trinh theo djnh hu