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Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM SS 45 ndm 2013 VAN DE NHA GIAO TRONG BOl CANH B O I M O I CAN BAN VA TOAN DIEN N E N GIAO DUG VIET NAM HIEN NÂ NGUYEN THANH NHAN'''' TOM TAT Bdi viit tgp trung vdo nhiing ndi[.]
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM SS 45 ndm 2013 VAN DE NHA GIAO TRONG BOl CANH B O I M O I CAN BAN VA TOAN DIEN N E N GIAO DUG VIET NAM HIEN NA^ NGUYEN THANH NHAN' TOM TAT Bdi viit tgp trung vdo nhiing ndi dung sau: (i) Phdc hga chdn dung nhd gido (G) Vif Nam hien dgi bdi cdnh thuc ti cua Viet Nam, (ii) Phdn tich lao ddng vd e * dg luan cua gido vien (GV) phd thdng cdc nuac tren ca so tham chiiu si lieu WEI/2009 cim UNESCO, vd (iii) Bi xudt nhung dinh hu&ng ddi m&i chinh sdch doi v&i nhd gido tro bdi cdnh ddi mai cdn bdn vd todn dien nen gido due ciia Viet Nam hien Tie khoa: nhd gido, lap ddng su phjm, chinh sdch ddi vdi nha giao ABSTRACT The issue of teachers in the current context of basic and comprehensive Vietnamese education innovation This paper focuses on the following contents: (i) Outlining a portrait of modern Vietnam teachers in the context of the our country today, (ii) Analyzing labor and salary school teachers on the basis of the WEl/2009 reference from UNESCO data, and (Hi) Proposing directions for policy renewal for teachers in the context of basic and comprehensive Vietnamese education innovation Keywords: teacher, pedagogical labor, policy for teachers Dat van d€ Trong khoa hpe gidp dye (GD) ciing nhu thye tien GD, G Iudn giii vi tri quan trpng: la mot nhirng bd phdn khong thd thiSu edu tnic cua qua trinh GD, Id thdnh td tac nhdn ddng vai trd ehu dao ddi vdi su hinh thdnh vd phat trien nhan each eiia thi he tre ndi rieng, ciia ngudi hpc (H) ndi chung Chinh G hosit dpng nghi nghiep ciia minh thdng qua viee thiit lap cdc mdi quan he tuong tdc vdi H - se thiie diy sy van hanh eac yiu to khac frong ciu hTic qua trinh GD theo djnh huong eua myc tiSu GD va yeu cau cua xd hpi ddt nhirng giai doan lich sir nhit djnh ThS, Trudng Bai hoc KHXH&NV BHQG TPHCM Mdi thdi ki lich sil khdc cd nhung dae diem rieng vd yeu cau cu thi vi miu nhan each ngudi phil hop vdi thdi dai, nhimg phai thira nhdn rang sir mStih, vai trd, nhiem vu va dnh hudng ciia G he thdng GD ndi chung la tuong ddi ben vung vd khdng gi cd thi thay thi dupe dii cho cdc tuu khoa hpc - kl thudt - cong nghe cd phdt trien den dau chdng nira Ddc biet, yeu td dan den cdng cupe ddi mdi cSn bdn vd toan dien nen GD ciia nuoc ts hien nay, theo chiing toi, khdng the khdng quan tdm den vin di G Phdc hoa chan dung nha giiio Viet Nam hien d^i Diing truoc cdng cupe ddi moi cdn bdn vd todn dien nin GD Viet Nam ttong giai doan hien va sdp tdi, trude yeu Tgp chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Nguyen Thdnh Nhdn cdu dat ddi vdi ngudn nhdn lyc nhdn each ciia minh Vai trd, vi tri cua G bii cdnh cdng nghiep hda vd hien dai hda anh hudng true tiep len he thong djnh ddt nude, npi dung trinh bay dudi day de hudng gia tri ddi vdi H va dd, G Id cap edc vdn de cd tinh thue te, lien quan nguai ddng vai trd chit dao viec true tiip din hinh dnh ciia G Viet Nam gdp phdn dinh huong su hinh thdnh vd hien dai phdt triin cdc gid tri nhdn cdch cua H 2.1 Vai tro, v/ tri cua nhd gido Thdng qua boat dpng nghe nghiep, G cd anh hudng den edng ddng xa hdi ndi Trong su phdt triin eiia bat ki qudc ehung vd den cd gia dinh ciia H ndi rieng gia ndo tren the gidi hien cung deu quan tdm va chii trpng mdt each hdi hda La mpt mat xich quan trpng cac ITnh vuc phdt trien kinh te - chinh tri, bd may eiia nganh GD, G dong vai trd van hda - xa hdi, khoa hpc cdng nghe va then chdt dam bdo chdt luang GD vd ddo an ninh - qu6e phdng The nhung, suy tao cua nganh Dong thdi, ehinh G la cho cdng, sy phat triin ciia cdc ITnh vyc nguai gin giit hinh dnh, uy tin cua ngdnh ki tren eiing diu xuat phdt tir nhu eau eiia GD trude xa hdi ngudi vd hudng din phuc vu cho Duong nhien, neu G the hien tdt vai ngudi cung nhu thiic ddy xa hdi phat triin tro, vi tri eiia minh mdi quan h? vdi cdng thjiih vupng va van minh Noi H va vdi ngdnh GD thi eiing ddng thdi Id nhu vay dS nh^n manh th6m m^t lan niia hp da lam trdn vai trd doi vdi xd hpi ndi vai trd v6 ciing to Idn vd quy bdu ciia chung Trong giai doan hien nay, noi len nguin vdn ngudi; md, mot each hang ddu vai trd ciia G doi vdi xa khdch quan vd chinh thiic, nen tang gin hdi, theo chiing toi, Id vai trd ddo tao giii, phat huy ySu td eon ngudi xa vd phdt triin ngudn nhdn luc cd chdt hpi hifn dai khong the khong ndi den vai luang theo nhu cdu phdt triin cua xd hpi tro eiia vdn hda, GD va dao tao Vi thi, G 2.2 Nhiem vu cua nhd gido la m^t nhiing phdn tinh hoa Trong cae van ban quy pham phap eiia xd hpi gdp phdn gin giii, phat huy, ludt dieu chinh boat dpng nghe nghiep trao truyin edc gia tri van hda dy din thi ciia G, cd quy dinh rd nhiem vu ciia G he tre thong qua su nghiep GD vd ddo tao tung vi tri nghe nghiep cy the cua minh day, can cii tir yeu cdu thuc tien va dua Do dd, tu gde nhin thuc te, ndi tren dac diem lao ddng su pham cua G den vai trd, vj tri cua G la ndi den tdm hien dai, chiing tdi de xuat ba nhdm dnh hudng cua G tren cd ba phucmg nhiem vy chu yeu ddi vdi G ndi ehung, difrj/e^p dp thdng qua mdi quan he vdi: bao gdm: (i) H, (ii) ngdnh GD, vd (iii) xa hdi ndi -' Nhiem vu gdn kit giiea trao truyin chung tri thiec khoa hpc vd phdt triin cdc ndng luc cdt loi a H, dat biet la nhiem vu trang G viia Id hinh dnh phdn chiiu cdc bi cho H phuong phap hpc tap di hp cd gid tri ^d hpi viia la san pham ctia su tu the ty hpc sudt ddi Hien nay, cd nhiing rfen Iuy|n ca nhdn thdng qua tdm guong 89 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM phan anh tir thyc ti vi sy qua tai cua chuong ttinh GD phd thdng; chuong ttinh GD - ddo tao sau trung hpc nang ne ve li thuyet, xa rdi yeu cdu thye tien nghe nghiep va cham ddi mdi gan ket giiia ddo tao dap ling nhu edu/yeu cau sir dyng cua thi trudng lap ddng Theo chiing toi, ben canh nguyen nhdn thudc ve ySu td co chi td chile va quan li ddo tap thi trach nhiem va vai trd eua G cdc trudng hpp neu tten Id khdng nhd Chang han, ddt vin di "gidm tdi" chuong trinh GD (pho thong) khdng phai la bdi toan vi sd lupng npi dung gidng dsiy (nhiiu) rdi ldm cho nd nhe (It) hon theo kiiu gidm "ea hpc" ma van de thudc ve "muc dich vd phuang phdp chuyen tdi" ttong thiit ki va triin khai thyc hien chuang trinh gidng day tir phia G cho hieu qua nhit Hay vin di ndng cao chit lupng dao tao d cao ddng isi hpc, chinh dpi ngii gidng vien Id ngudi cap nhdt nhanh nhat va thich hop nhat nhOng tri thirc khoa hpc hien dai hay nhiing kham phd cdng nghe mdi linh vyc chuyen mdn md hp ddm ttdch Chinh hp, vdi tu each Id chuyen gia ttong linh vuc hpc thuat vd thyc hdnh nghi nghiep, se phai biit day nhitng gi vi kiin thiic (ndi dung eo ban) vd tao mdi trudng ren luySn nhu thi ndo vi mjt ki nang (thyc hanh chuyen mdn nghiep vu) mpt cdch tit nhit cho H - Nhiem vu GD H cdc gid tri, phdm chdt dgo due - nhdn vdn vd hdnh vi tuang irng Van nan nha trudng cung nhu ngoai xa hdi gin day cd lien quan din su thieu gia ttj sdng, ki ndng sdng eua H din den rat nhiiu cdc he luy nhu bao luc hpe dudng, tdi pham vi nien, te nan xa 90 So 45 nam 2013 hdi cung nhu bdo ddng ve ti le nao pha thai lira tudi thiiu nien d nude ta hien la ede minh chirng rat "sdng dpng" va dau long cho thyc trang Theo chiing tdi, "tich hap " ede nhiem vii GD ndy vdo cac mdn hpc vd vdo cdc loai hinh boat ddng da dang ttong cung nhu ngodi trudng hpc/ldp hpc la Tnpt nhirng phuong an thich hpp vd khd thi nhat Ben canh dd, khdi phuc vd lam "sdng day" cdc gid tri ttong cd mdi trudng gia dinh va cac mdi quan he ngodi xa hoi thi moi mong kit qud GD nin tdng gia ttj sdng va ki nang sdng trd nen chac chdn vd ben virng hon Nhidm vu tu vdn chon nghe, GD ki ndng nghe nghiep vd gid tri nghe tucmg irng cho H Gin day, toan xa hdi vd nhdt Id ngdnh GD cung nhu cdc td chirc xa hpi - doan the rit quan tdm, tao nhieu moi trudng hoat dpng bd ich, thiit thyc eho hpe sinh - sinh vien cd co hpi dupe tu vin chpn nghi va dinh hudng viec lam sau tdt nghiep Tuy nhien, diiu ma chiing ta dl ddng nhan hien la vin Men tupng hpc lech, mo hd vi nghi nghidp tuong Iai, chpn ngdnh nghi theo phong ttao ttong mpt bp phan hpc sinh tdt nghiep THPT Vdn edn bit cap va mdt can ddi vi ca ciu, sd luong cQng nhu chat lupng ngudn nhdn lyc ddo tao bjc GD dai hpc Diiu vita lam ban che khd ndng sit dung san phim dao tap vita gay su lang phi khdng nhd Do dd, cdn nhdn thiy nhiem vu song hdnh viee GD kl nang nghi (nhdm dam bdo chat lupng ngudn nhan luc frgn phuong dien chuyen mdn) cho H di ddi vdi vi$c tu van va dinh hudng gid tri nghi nghiep Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM cho hpc sinh (trong giai doan chudn bi chpn nghe ciia hpc sinh d bae hpc phd thdng) Cling nhu cho sinh vien (trong qua trinh dao tao chuyen ngdnh d bae GD dai hpe) la yeu cdu hit siic cdp thiet ddi vdi G ndi riSng, ddi vdi nganh GD - ddo tao noi chung ciia Viet Nam hien 2.3 Yeu cau dot v&i nhd gido De CO the ddp ling nhiem vu cong tac thuc tien GD hien nay, cung vdi cdc quy dinh ve yeu cau ddi vdi G hien cd, chiing tdi thiet nghT G can dap ling dupe cdc yeu cau sau ddy: Yeu cdu ve nin tdng hpc vdn vd vdn vdn hda: hiiu biit r^ng, co v6n tri thiic khoa hpc eo bdn, thdm nbudn eac gid tri vdn hda truyin thSng ciia ddn tdc va co hieu biet ver tinh hoa van hda ciia nhan loai Yeu cdu ve trinh dp chuyen mdn vd nghiep vu su phpm: gi6i ve chuyen mdn gidng day; thudng xuySn e|ip nhat tri thiie mdi ITnh vyc chuySn mdn, chuyen nganh, lien nganh; vDng vdng ve ki ndng, nghiep vy su pham vdi tinh than tu hpc sdng tao; kT nang sii dyng co hieu qud ngoai ngG va cdng nghe thdng tin truyen thong boat ddng nghe nghiep Yeu cdu ve phdm chdt nhdn cdch vd dpo due nghi nghiep cua G phdi dupe ddm bdo Trong do, nhimg gia tri ve su Hem chinh, cdng bdng, trung thirc, gian di, bao dung vd y^u thuang hpc trd cung nhu tinh thdn trach nhiem cao vdi cdng vi^c la cac y6u cdu cd tinh chdt can ban cdn cd d G Vdi nii ve lao dpng sir pham vik che d$ liftmg cna giao viSn phd thong Nguyen Thdnh Nhan cac nirdc tren ca sd tham chieu so li€u WEI cua UNESCO [9] 3.1 Dan nhap Myc tieu chucmg trinh "CA/ sd GD the gidi''' (World Education IndicatorsWEI) ciia UNESCO la di xudt cac phuong phap tinh chi sd GD nham dat dupe su nhat tri ve mdi quan tam chinh sdch chung tuan theo phuang phap so sdnh xuyen qudc gia Cae chi sd quan trpng ndy phdn dnh su quan tdm, phuong phap ddnh gia va cdc cdng cu thu thap dii lieu can thiet, de qua de xudt cdc bien phap vd thiet lap cdc dinh hudng eho boat dpng phat trien GD dua tren khoi lupng cdc du lieu thu thdp dupe Cae bdo cdo qua timg nam da ddnh dau no luc hpp tdc vd chia se thong tin GD ciia khoang tren dudi 70 quoe gia (tiec la khdng cd sd lieu thdng ke GD ciia Viet Nam cac bdo cao nay) Trong thdi gian vira qua, cae nude tham gia da dp dung cdng cy WEI va phuang phap thu thap dfi lieu d cdp qudc gia Trong moi quan he cdng tdc vdi OECD va UNESCO, hp dd cirng td ehiic cdc cupe hpp vdi cdc chuyen gia cap qudc gia, khu vuc va qudc te; lam viec cimg cac ITnh vuc nhu qudn tri, GV vd ddu tu tdi chinh GD Bdo cdo ndy dua va phdn tich mpt loat cae ehi sd ve cdc van de chinh sach GD, tap hpp dii lieu tii cdc nude tham gra vdi cac dii lieu so sanh tir cac nude OECD Ndi dung chinh tap trung vao cac xu hudng GD tir ndm 1995 den (da cd sd lieu den nam 2011), dd xac dinh mirc dp cae nude dd dat dupe nhihig tiin bp eiing nhu phdn 91 SS 45 ndm 2013 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM tich khia canh bdi cdnh vd chinh sdch dd gdp phin tao nen kit qua GD khdc d cae nude Bdo cdo cung cip cdc chi sd GD cdn cu tren each tinh ddn sd dp tudi di hpc va ti le tham gia vd tdt nghiep GD Dae biet Id d bac GD trung hpc vd dai hpc da thay ddi ki tit ndm 1995 eung nhu xem xet cac yeu td lam han che su phdt triin dd Cdc phdn tich tap trung ldm ro sy thay ddi nhu cdu ve GD vai cae xu hudng ttong ddu tu ngudn nhdn luc va tdi chinh ttong GD, cdch thiic chung lien quan din sd lupng vd chat lupng GD Cling nhu thao luan ve su thay ddi cd lien quan din tdi chinh va qudn trj GD Npi dung trinh bay dudi ddy tdp trung phdn tich ede sd lieu ed li6n quan din lao ddng su pham vd che dp luong eila GV phd thdng qua thdng ke WEI ndm 2009 eua UNESCO d mdt sd nude dupe Ipc theo cdc khu vuc khac nhau, bao gdm dai dien cdc nude chdu A, chau Au, chau MT vd chdu Phi 3.2 Thdi luang giang dfy cUa gido vien phS thong mot sS nu&c Sd lieu thdng ke nam 2009 cho thiy biic ttanh chung vi s6 tuin 1dm vi?c nam cung nhu sd gid day trung binh cua GV tir tiiu hpc din trung hpc d edc nude Theo dd, GV cd sd tudn lam viec it nhit ttong nam thupc ve Tunisia(tiiu hpe: 32 tudn/nam; THCS vd THPT: 30 tuin/nam) ttong dd Indonesia "vo dich" cd vi sd tudn lam viee cua GV (44 tuin/nam) va cd vi sd gid day trung binh eua GV tiiu hpc (1255 gid/nam) Cd thi ndi GV tiiu hoc d Indonesia ddnh thdi gian lam viec nhiiu hon ea cac GV tieu hpc d cac nude ttong bdo cao khao sdt Bang Thdi gian gidng dgy trung binh cug GVtieu hgc vd trung hgc (thorn chiiu TABLE 24, WEl/2009) Quoe gia' Argentina Denmark Finland Greece Indonesia Ireland Malaysia Philippines Poland Republic of Korea Thailand Tunisia United States of America S6 gicy day nam THPT Tieu hoc THCS 1368 1368 680 377 648 648 550 677 592 589 426 426 734 734 1255 915 735 735 792 792 792 1182 1182 1182 489 483 486 836 618 605 740 1110 925 662 493 493 1051 1068 1097 So tuan glang d^y nam THPT THCS Tieu hoc 36 36 36 42 42 42 38 38 38 32 32 36 44 44 44 33 37 33 42 42 42 40 40 40 37 37 37 40 40 40 40 40 40 30 32 30 36 36 36 Ngudn: [9] 92 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Tuy nhien, d bdo cdo diiu thu vi la tai MT, sd gid gidng day vd thdi gian ldm viec thuc te ndm ciia GV tieu hpc eiing khdng hi nhd (1097 gid/ndm), diing thii sau Indonesia (1255 gid) va Philippines (1182 gid) s6 tudn lam viee eila GV tiiu hpe d MT chi la 36 tudn (d Viet Nam, sd tuan giang day vd cae boat ddng GD khac eiia GV tieu hpe la 35 tuan [4]) Diiu gdy bdt ngd thii vi la GD cua Ba Lan bdng khao sat chi rd: vdi 37 tudn nam, sd gid day trung binh nam ciia GV tieu hpe la thdp nhdt sd cae nude khdo sdt (489 gid) Trong dd, so tuan gidng day trung binh d Phdn Lan la 38 va sd gid gidng day trung binh nam cOa GV giam ddn theo cdp hpc (tiiu hpc: 677 gid; THCS: 592 gid; THPT: 550 gid), nhung hien nay, GD thdng d Phdn Lan lai dupe xem la tdt nhdt tren the gidi Nhu dd biit, PISA mdi tiin hdnh dupe ki (2000-2003-2006-2009) thi Phdn Lan dd gidnh dupe vi tri thii nhdt ki ddu Tai PISA 2009, Phdn Lan dimg thii hai ve khoa hpc, thii ba vi dpe hieu va thii sau ve todn hpe [10] Co Idn, Thii tudng Li Hien Long (Singapore) keu gpi GD nude phai lam de eho thdy/cd giao day it di ma H dupe hpe nhiiu ban [5] Qua thdy dupe mot diiu khong mdi nhung Iai mang tinh thdi su d nude ta hien la y nghTa thuc su cua GD ndm d chdt lupng chii khdng phdi d ve ngodi ciia hinh thiic, sd lupng, chi tieu Nguyen Thdnh Nhdn khau hieu chi mang tinh phong trdo (mac dil chiing khong phai la khong can thiet) Ngoai Hi Lap la qudc gia quy dinh so tuan lam viec trung binh nam cua GV THCS vd THPT thdp nhdt (32 tudn/nam) nhung Dan Mach Iai la nude cd so tuan lam viec den 42 ma sd gid lam viec nam cua GV THPT it nhat (377 gid/nam) so vdi sd gid lam viec nhieu nhdt nam thupc ve gao vien THPT eua Argentina (1368 gid/nam) Cd the thdy cac qudc gia thudc khu vuc chau A (trong bang khdo sat ed cae nude nhu Philippines, Malaysia Indonesia, Thailand ) quy dinh so tuan ndm hpc thupc nhdm cao (tir 40-44 tudn/nam) Trong do, cac qudc gia quy djnh sd tudn hpc ndm thdp nhat dao dOng tir 30-34 tudn/nam thudc cdc qudc gia Tunisia (32 tudn/nam d tieu hpc; 30 tudn/nam d THCS va THPT), Hi Lap (32 tudn/ nam d THCS vd THPT), Ireland (33 tudn/nam d THCS va THPT) Tdm lai, khong cd mdi quan he ndo mang tinh quy ludt ve tuong quan giiia quy dinh thdi gian lao dpng cua G vdi chdt lupng GD nhung theo chiing toi, thdi gian lao ddng va yeu edu khdi lupng cdng viec cung nhu tinh chdt lao ddng dac thil cua G ddi hoi viee ban hanh cung nhu thue thi chinh sach doi vdi thu nhap cua G phdi tuong xiing 3.3 Chi dp thu nhap cua gido vien d mot sd nu&c (xem bdng 2) 93 SS 45 nam 2013 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Bdng Luang GV phd thdng* tinh theo cd ndm a cdc tru&ng cdng (tham chieu TABLE 26, WEl/2009) Dan vi tinh: U.S.Dollars theo PPP THCS Tieu hoe Q u o e gia Argentina Czech Republic Denmark Finland Greece Germany Indonesia Ireland Luxembourg Philippines Republic of Korea Thailand Tunisia United States of America Luong kho-i dilm 10,998 17,705 46,950 32,692 27,591 46,446 1,514 36,433 51,799 5,142 30,522 5,996 10,008 36,502 Sau 15 n3m 13,642 23,806 54,360 41,415 34,209 57,005 1.917 60,355 74,402 5,676 52,820 11,613 14,011 44,788 Thang tu-oiig cao nh^t 16,522 25,965 54,360 50,461 41,265 61,787 2,183 68,391 113,017 6,112 84,650 19,689 Lu'o-ng kho-i diem 9,251 17,705 46,950 34,707 27,591 51,080 1,614 36,433 80,053 5,142 30,401 5,996 15,011 12,244 24,330 54,360 44,294 34,209 62,930 2,183 60,355 111,839 5,676 52,699 11,613 19,014 51,633 36,416 44,614 Sau 15 nam THPT Thang lu-ffng cao nhSt 14,780 26,305 54,360 54,181 41,265 68,861 2,372 68,391 139,152 6,112 84,529 19,689 54,725 Luong khoi diem Si^ul5 nSm 9,251 18,167 47,664 35,743 27,591 55,743 1,869 36,433 80,053 5,142 30,401 5,996 15,011 12,244 25,537 62,279 49,237 34,209 68,619 2,418 60,355 111,839 5,676 52,699 11,613 19,014 36,907 47.977 ThiiDg lutragot nhat I4,7|2!,!) 62,2) 61,11 41,21 • 77,0 2.61 6t,]) 139,IS 6,11 M m m Ngudn: [9] Bang cho thay nhung diem dang chu y sau: Mpt so quoe gia quy dinh thang luong khong khac a bac tiSu hpc cung nhu THCS va THPT nhu Hi Lap, Ireland, Philippines, Thai Lan Co qu6c gia tinh luong khoi diim bac tiSu hpc va THCS bing nhu Cong hoa Sec (17,705 USD/nam), Dan Mach (46,950 USD/nam) nhimg co nude Iai giu miie luong khoi diSm nhu cap THCS va THPT nhu Han Qu6e (30,401 USD/nam) va Argentina (9,251 USD/nam) Co quoe gia tinh luong khoi diim tang dan theo cap hpc nhu Diic (tiSu hpc: 46,446 USD/nam; THCS: 51,080 94 USD/nam; THPT: 55,743 USD/nam) Indonesia, nhung Iai eo trudng hop ngupe lai nhu o Argentina (tiiu hgc: 10,998 USD/nam; THCS; 9,251 USD/nam; THPT: 9,251 USD/nam) va Han Qu6e (tiiu hpc: 30,522 USD/nam; THCS: 30,401 USD/nam; THPT: 30,401 USD/nam) Miic chenh leeh luong khoi diem dau eSp cua GV tiiu hpc co thu nhap thap nhit (Indonesia) va cao nhat (Luxembourg) la tren 34 ISn (51,799/1,514), day cung la nuctc n k a hai d4u miit phan anh miic thu nhjp thap nhat va cao nhat Diiu ngac nhien la thu nhap binh quan tinh theo dSu nguoi cua Philippines Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM khdng phai Id qua eao (khoang 4,214 USD tinh theo PPP) [7] so vdi Viet Nam khodng 3,549 USD tinh theo PPP) [8], nhung luang khdi diem eiia GV tidu hoe Philippines Id 5,142 USD/nam tuong duong 8,570,000 V>fD/thang Vi ho I^i lam duge nhu vay ehinh sdch luong khdi dilm eho GV tieu hoe? Con thu nhdp khdi diem cua GV Viet Nam thi sao? Tra Idi phong van tren bao Kiin thiec, PGS TS Vu Trong Ry cho bidt: Mdt sinh vien su ph^tm tdt nghiep dai hoe cd miic luong trung binh khoang tren dudi trieu ddng/thang, gdm ca tiin dung Idp Doi vdi GV tre mdi trudng, tien luong ehua ehdc da du tiSn xdng xe, dien thoai Con an udng, nha eua, Id hoan toan nhd b6 me Luong thap kbSng du song, ap lye cao, dan den nhiing benh nghe nghiep ma nhieu ngudi khdng ed dieu kifn ehiia tri Nhung cai quan nhdt la nd khdng lam eho ngudi ta yeu nghe [6] Nhin chung, ede qudc gia vdo dieu kien kinh te va mdi quan tdm ciia ho den GD phd thdng ma co nhung chinh sach \h lao ddng su pham ciing nhu luang cho G khac Nhung rd rang la neu ddi sdng v£it chdt cua G co ban duprc dam bdo se Id diSu kien can va dii cho cac ehinh sdch vl chdt luong GD hien th\re Ddng thdi, ket qud khdo sat cdn cho thdy, Vi|t Nam cdn thue su hien thyc hoa quan dilm "GD Id qudc sdch hang dau", irudc hit Id thdng qua chinh sach vg lao dpng su pham va luong cho G yeu td then chdt md dudng cho tinh kha thi cdng cuOe ddi radi can ban, toan di^n nin GD Vi|t Nam hien M$t s6 dl xu^t ddi mdi vl chinh Nguyin Thdnh Nhan sach doi vol nha giao boi canh doi mdi can ban va toan dien nen GD cua nirdc ta hien De ed the hien thuc hda duoc hinh dnh G nhu trinh bay d muc 2, ehiing tdi eho rang it nhdt cdn quan tdm xem xet va doi mdi mot sd khia canh ehinh saeh ddi vdi G nhu sau: 4.1 Chinh sdch tuyen sinh vd tuyen dvmg GV Tu tudng chii dao Id tuyen sinh tuyIn dung nhiing ung vien that su tdm buyet vdi nghe va dat thdnh tich hoc tap cao Cu the la: Da dang hda ddi tuang tuyin sinh: Ben canh tuyen sinh eiia ede khoa su pham/GD cdc co sd GD dai hpe hay tai cdc trudng su pham nhu hien thi cung nen ddi mdi doi tupng tuyIn sinh theo dinh hudng da dang hda doi tuong ddu vdo Chdng h^n, tuyIn thi sinh dang hpe tai cdc nganh khac ngoai su pham dudi hinh thiic "lien thdng ngang" hay cdn gpi Id ddo tao theo "chuang trinh song hdnh " Ddi tupng phdi Id ngudi dang theo hpc mpt chuyen ngdnh d dai hpc nao dd ngodi su pham, nhung chuyen ngdnh ay hp dd hoan tdt khoi kien thiic GD dai cuong vd khdi kien thiic co sd nganh (tuong duong 60 tin chi) Ddng thdi, ITnh vuc khoa hpe thudc chuyen ngdnh hp dang theo hoc ed nghien cuu sdu va bao qudt duofc pham vi kien thiic cua mpt mdn hoe nao dd d phd thdng (vi du ling vien ndy dang hpc ndm thii "nganh Todn - Tin" Dai hpc Khoa hpc Tu nhien hay nganh "MT thudt ling dung" Dai hpc Mi thu^t chdng h^n) Va nhu vdy, sau thdi gian tieh luy khoang 80 tin ehi thudc khdi kiln thiic nghiep vu su 95 SS 45 nam 2013 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM pham, H dupe ejp bang cii nhan su pham (lien thong) va diiu kien rang bupe day la hp phai liy duoc van bang Muc dich la b i sung vao dpi ngu G ben canh dupe dao tao ehinh thing a cac truong su pham nhu hien co them nhan t6 moi me til dpi ngu G dupe tuyen sinh va dao tao theo phuong thiie Do ia su hpi tu nhan each nghi nghiep cua ho sit k6l hpp hai hoa kha nang "tu khoa hgc" trinh dp eao va co dupe nhimg "ki ndng su pham " tuong xiing giang day va nghien ciiu chuyen mon Dg dang hda hinh thuc tuyen sinh: thi tuyen, xet tuyen, phong v4n tCiy vao dac thd cua chuyen nganh dao tao de cho CO the chon dupe ling vien thich hpp nhat vol ehuyen mon eong tac sau Ddi m&i quy trinh tuyen dung GV theo huong eo tinh chat sang Ipc qua nhieu vong vol nhieu miie yeu eau khac de eo the chon dupe ling vien xiing dang va thich hgp Thong tin tuyen dung GV can bien eong khai va ro rang Vi diim chiing ta co thi tham khao cae mo hinh dao tao va tuyen dung GV eiia Phin Lan, Nhat Ban hay Han Qudc [3] 4.2, Chinh sdch ddo tao - bit du&ng nhd gido Chinh saeh dao tap - boi duong G CO lien quan true tiip din hojt dong ciia h8 thSng nganh su pham va trucmg su phjm Trong pham vi bai viit nay, chiing toi ehi di xuat doi moi tren phuong dien npi dung va phuong thiic dao tao bfli duong G ma thoi, cu thi la: Tang cuong viec ren luyen ndng lire tu khoa hoc vd khd ndng sdng tgo cua G Mpt nhimg kinh nghiSm dao 96 tao GV pha thdng truoc day duoc ap dung la dao tao hai mon chinh Chiing toi cho ring nen can nhae xem xet su dung hinh thiic vi thuc su mang lai nhieu kit qua tieh cue Boi vi, pham vi chuyen mon va trinh dp ciia G qua dao tao theo 16i se dupe nang cao ro ret; giam dupe s6 lupng GV ma vin dan»bao khoi lupng chuyen mon theo quy dinh; gop phin tang kinh nghiem thue tiln diing lop ciia GV eung nhu cai thien thu nh^p t6t hon Chu truong dupe ap dung dao t?o GV ph6 thong o Han Qu6c hien [3, tr 60-61] Chil trpng bdi duang nghiep vu cho G qua cdc hogt ddng ren luy^n ki ndng thuc ti a cdc co s& GD, Dong thoi, dii moi hoat dpng dao tao ehuyen mon kit hpp voi boi duong pham chit dao diic nghe nghiep doi vol G Tdn dung cdc thdnh tuu cdng nghe thdng tin de cd the dp dung cdc hinh thuc bdi duang linh hogt ma it ton kem, dac biet la doi voi G vung sau, viing xa (nhu hinh thiie b5i dudng tir xa hoac bii duong tai eho) Ldm tdt cdng tdc bdi du&ng thuang xuyen ve nghiep vu giang day, GD hoc sinh phil hpp vdi tinh hinh thuc te va mang tinh c$p nhat Ben canh dd, tJng cuong phd bien va gidi thieu nhiing dien hinh tdt tii thue tiln GD, kit hpp da djng nhiiu hinh thiic dao tao - bdi duong, chii trpng den tinh hieu qua cua cac boat dong trao doi kinh nghiem va tham quan thuc ti 4.3 Chinh sdch sir dffng va Mi ngp doi v&i nha gido Ddi moi chinh saeh su diing G theo hu&ng phdt huy vai tro tu chu vd sdng Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM tao cua G cdng tae gidng day va GDH Xdy dung khung chinh sdch ddi ngp cho G khong qud ban tdm den mini sinh vpt chdt di todn tdm vdi nghi Chia khoa cdng cua chinh sdeh la lam tdt edng tac huy dpng cac ddng gop cho GD td nhan ddn nude ciing nhu tu edng ddng qudc te; cdng khai hda va minh bach hda su phan bd cac ngudn luc ddu tu vd chi phi cho GD hpp Ii, tiet kiem vd hieu qud, ddu tu cho yeu td ngudi hoat dpng GD phai ehiem tu tren 60% tdng ngudn thu Ben canh do, viec phdn cong ddnh gid vd dai ngp lao ddng ciia G tren ca so khdi luang cong viec vd ndng li^c the hien ciia ho hon la khuon kho quy djnh mang tinh ciing nhde Tiic la, ehu trpng ede hinh thue qudn If nhdn su GD theo hudng nhan van hda ban Id hdnh chinh hoa Ngodi ra, ve che dp thu nhap cua G, khdng nen "danh ddng" ma edn xem xet yeu td dia ban cong tac (thanh thi, nong thdn ) de eo cdc dinh miie thich hop vdi dieu kien sdng va edng tae tai noi Trdn trpng mpi no lire dong gdp tieh cue cua G ddng thdi kien quyet loai thdi vd xir li nghiim minh vi mat phdp li cUng nhu phil hap vi mat dao li nhung cd nhdn, td chuc GD vi pham quy dinh ciia nganh; vua lam sach dpi ngu G va can bp quan li ngdnh GD viia gin giu uy tin ciia nganh GD trude xd hpi Cdn nhde su dung nhiing G ve huu tdi ndng vd d^o diie, ed khd ndng dong gdp eho su nghiep GD bdng nhiing hinh thiic da dang Nguyen Thdnh Nhdn Ket luan G bat ki thdi dgi nao cung deu dupe xem la thdnh phan tinh hoa eua xa hpi, hp xiing ddng dugc ton vinh bdi sii menh giu gin, trao truyen edc gia tn vdn hda, tri thiic, nghe nghiep vd vun dap tam hdn nhdn each cho the he tre Lao ddng nghe nghiep ciia G Id mpt nhimg loai hinh lao ddng dae thu bdi ddi tupng, san phdm va cdng eu lao ddng su pham quy dmh Ddc biet, la nghe ma G Idy ehinh gid tri nhdn cdch eua minh de dao luyen nhdn cdch H theo yeu cdu cua muc tieu GD, dap ling doi hoi cua thdi dai Nganh GD vd xa hdi cd nhiing yeu edu nhdt dinh doi vdi ehudn nghS nghiep cua G tren phuong dien chuyen mdn, nghiep vu cung nhu nhiing yeu cdu ve pham chdt nhdn each nghe nghiep edn co Do dd bdn thdn G cang y thiic ve vai tro cua minh bao nhieu thi edng phai khdng ngung ren luyen vd gin giu phdm gid ciia minh bay nhieu bdi cdnh thue te eiia xa hdi Viet Nam hien De CO the dap ling duoc yeu cau cua nghe nghiep va xiing dang vdi su nghiep "trdng ngudi'" eiia dpi ngu G Viet Nam, ngdnh GD vd ddc biet la Nha nude edn CO nhiing chinh sdch "ddi mai can bdn vd todn diin" nhiing vdn de eo Hen quan true tilp den lao ddng su pham dac thu cua G Thiet nghT, ba miii dot phd doi mdi ehinh sdch d6i vdi G co the Id (i) ddi mdi ehinh saeh vl tuyen sinh vd tuyen dung GV, (ii) ddi mdi chinh sdeh vl ddo tao va bdi dudng G, vd (iii) ddi mdi ehinh saeh sii dung vd ddi ngd G 97 Tap chi KHOA HOC B H S P TPHCM Sd 45 ndm 2013 ' - Dupe loc tir bang s6 lieu g6m 60rnrac,UNESCO-WEI/2009 10 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bain, K., (2008), Phdm chdt cita nhirng nhd gido uu tu (Nguyin Van Nh^t dich), Nxb Vdn hoa Sai Gon Banner, J M et al., (2009), Nhiing yiu td ca bdn cua nghi day hpc, Nxb Van hoa Sai Gon & Dai hpe Hoa Sen « Uy ban Cdi each Giao due Hdn Qudc (2006), Bdo cdo cdi cdch gido due cho thi ki XXI - ddm bdo di ddn ddu ki nguyin thdng tin vd todn cdu hda (Nguyen Quang Kinh dich), Nxb Gido due Bd Gido due va Ddo tao (2009), Thdng tu sd: 28/2009/TT-BGDDT ngdy 21 thdng 10 ndm 2009, quy dinh ve ehe dp ldm viec doi vdi giao vien thdng http://www.baomoi.com/Home/HocBong/tuanvietnam.net/Singapore-cai-cach-giaQduc-theo-huong-day-it-hoc-nhieu-Pl/3584859.epi http://www.zing.vn/news/giao-duc/mot-nua-giao-vien-hoi-han-vi-nghe-dachon/a265864.html http://en wikipedia org/wiki/Philippines http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam ;„ http://siats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/ReportFolders/ReportFolders.aspx?lF_ActivePa^ =P, 50&lF_Language =eng http://www oecd org/pisa/pisaproducts/ (Ngdy Toa soan nh$n dupe bai: 14-8-2012; phin bien ddnh giA- 23-01-2013; chip nh$n dSng-12-4-2013) 98 ... tudn /nam) Trong do, cac qudc gia quy djnh sd tudn hpc ndm thdp nhat dao dOng tir 30-34 tudn /nam thudc cdc qudc gia Tunisia (32 tudn /nam d tieu hpc; 30 tudn /nam d THCS va THPT), Hi Lap (32 tudn/ nam. .. 46,446 USD /nam; THCS: 51,080 94 USD /nam; THPT: 55,743 USD /nam) Indonesia, nhung Iai eo trudng hop ngupe lai nhu o Argentina (tiiu hgc: 10,998 USD /nam; THCS; 9,251 USD /nam; THPT: 9,251 USD /nam) va... lam viec trung binh nam cua GV THCS vd THPT thdp nhdt (32 tudn /nam) nhung Dan Mach Iai la nude cd so tuan lam viec den 42 ma sd gid lam viec nam cua GV THPT it nhat (377 gid /nam) so vdi sd gid