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Nguyen Dire Thang Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 102(02)'''' 93 97 TO CHirc VA Hl/CKNG D A N CHO HOC SINH KIEN TAO KIEN THlTC TRONG HOC TAP PHEP BIEN HINH L 6 P II THPT Nguyen Due Thang Truang THPT Cdm Thu[.]
Nguyen Dire Thang Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 102(02)' 93 - 97 TO C H i r c VA Hl/CKNG D A N CHO HOC SINH KIEN TAO KIEN THlTC TRONG HOC TAP PHEP BIEN HINH L P II THPT Nguyen Due Thang Truang THPT Cdm Thuy I - Ihanh Hou TOM TAT Van dung quan diem kien t^o day hpc, giSo vien (GV) la ngu^i 16 chirc cic hoat dpng hpc tap, xay dung cdc tinh hu6ng, hudng dan hpc sinh tu minh lim l6i, kham pha, chilm ITnh tri thirc Hpc sinh (HS) la ngudi chu dpng, tich cyc hpc l$p tren co s^ von kien thuc, kT nSng da c6 ciia ban than va cung h6a minh \ho moi trudng xung quanh, hgp tic v6i ngu^fi kh^c de kien tao kien thuc GV can luu y den nhUng van de' Quan niem c6 trudc ciia HS, tao lap cac ket noi tir quan ni^m da CO ciia HS vdi kiln thirc mdi; luon lao biu khong soi noi, khuyin khich HS the hien quan dilm va tranh luan vdi nguoi khac; GV chuin bj trudc nhUng cSu hoi "tSf, nhifng tinh huong su pham; GV t^o CO hpi cho hp dupe tham gia v^o qua trinh danh gia Tir kh6a: Kien lao kien thirc td chirc, hudng ddn, phep bien hinh, quan nt?m cd Irudc DAT VAN DE Van de quan cua viec djnh hudng ddi mdi phuong phap day hgc la "tich cue hoa boat dgng hgc tap ciia HS" vdi bon dac trung' Day hgc thong qua to chirc cac hoat dgng de HS tu kien tao kien thuc, kT nang, thai do; tang cudng hoat dgng ca the ket hop vdi hgp tac vdi su hgp tac ban be Idp hgc, hinh va ren luyen kT nang van dyng kien thiJc vao thuc tiln da dang, ket hgp danh gia ciia GV vdi ty danh gia cua HS Theo quan diem kien tao day hgc, GV la ngudi to chuc cac hoat dgng jioc tap, xay dung cac tinh hu6ng va hudng dan HS tu tim toi, kham pha va tu ki^n tao kien thirc GV cin COI trgng viec tim hieu nhiJng quan niem, nhiJng hilu bilt ciia HS ve kien thirc can hgc lap tir xay dyng cac tinh hufing hoc tap dong thdi tao dilu kien de HS vugt qua dugc nhUng trd ngai, kien tao kien thirc mdi, Nhu vay, viec nghien ciiu td chii'c va hudng dan cua GV theo hudng giiip HS tu kiln tao kiln thuc la dieu can thiet giai doan hien NOl DUNG Trong [3, tr 103-117], tac gia J.G Brooks va M.G Brooks cho ring, td chuc cac hoat dong dl HS kiln tao kiln thuc, GV cin chu trgng den nhiJng van de sau: - Khuyin khich HS hoat ddng dgc lap va de xuit nhii'ng sang kien ' Tel 01685276288 Emaii lhangnd275@gmad a - HS tu de xuat chien luoc giai quyet van de va dieu chinh can thiet - Tim hieu vl nhirng quan niem trudc cua HS trudc chia se cho ho nhu'ng kien thirc mdi; - Khuyen khich HS tham gia cac cugc doi thoai vdi GV, vdi cac ban khac - Khuyen khich HS dua nhirng cau hdi dac biet nhirng cau hoi ket thiic md; khuyen khich HS hoi ngudi khac - Khuyin khich HS the hien quan mem ciia ban than, co the mau thuan vdi gia thiet ban dau, sau d6 co vii hg tranh luan vdi ngudi khac - GV quy dinh thdi gian dl HS kip thdi xac lap mdi quan he va cai dat tri thirc ben cau hoi; - GV khuyin khich nhung suy nghT hilu ky tu nhien ma cac em thudng xu\eii sir dung qua trinh hgc Theo cac lac gia George W Gagnon Jr, and Michelle Collay [4], GV thiel kl moi trudng hpc tap kien tao can chii y den nhirng van de sau: - Tinh hudng: GV to chuc cac tinh hu6ng ma HS CO the giai thich dugc? GV dua tieu de ciia tinh hu6ng va mieu ta qua trinh giai quyet cac van dh dua ra; Tra ldi cac cau hoi; Cai dat cac tri thuc tiem an moi tinh huong; Lien kit cac phuang an giai quyet; Thiet lap muc tieu; Tinh hu6ng chua dung nhung gi ma 93 Nguyen Diic Thing Tap chl KHOA HQC & CONG NGH$ HS mong dgi, cung nhu each giai quyet van de CO y nghTa - Nhom: GV tao nhom HS nhu the nao? + Co the loan bg ldp hgc ho^c co the la mgl nhom gom hai I IS trd len + GV sip xep nhdm lai liC'u cho I IS co the sir dung dc li giai ciic linh huong biing Ciic mo hinh thi, mieu ui so hgc hoac viiit vc tap hop nhirng von kinh nghipm GV can xac djnh ro so vicn mgt nhom can thiel lap la bao nhieu - Lien kel- Tao dyng cac lien ket tii' kien thirc da CO ciia HS vdi nhirng gi ma hg cd the thu dugc thung qua li giai cac tinh huong GV co the dua mgl van dc don gian de HS Idp ciing thao luan, giai quyel van de dat ra,,, trudc cho hg tham gia vao hoal dgng nhom - Cdu hdi: Cau hoi co the xual hien loan bg thiet ke cac boat dong kien tao cho HS Cau hdi hudng dan dugc dua vao moi linh huong day hoc tao nen sy lien ket dong thdi giiip tri hoat dgng hgc tap xay thu'dng xuyen, cung co the diing de thuc dye, dgng \ien va khuyen khich HS hgc tap GV can du dinh trudc nhirng cau hoi, cung nhu nhirng cau hoi va cau tra Idi ciia HS - Sir the hien- GV khuyen khich HS trinh bay quan diem bat cu no la gi giai quyel cac linh huong Chimg dugc ghi chep lai tren bang hoac vao mau giay hoac co the minh hga qua sa do, bang bieu, ghi am, chup anh hoac quay video, - Sir nhdn xel vd ddnh gid: Trong qua trinh HS li giai nhung tinh hudng hg CO the dua cac nhan xet va sau quan sat su the hien ciia cac ban khac Thai do, kT nang va nhirng hieu bilt ma HS ITnh hpi dugc la gi? Nhirng gi ma HS ITnh hdi dugc ma khong bj lang quen Nhirng gi HS da bilt, nhirng gi ho da muon biet, HS da hgc nhu thi nao? GV tao dieu kien de HS dugc danh gia lan qua trinh hgc tap Tir nghien cuu cac quan diem cua cac tac gia tren chiing toi cho rang, day hgc mon Toan theo hudng to chuc cho HS kiln tao kiln thirc thi hoat dgng ciia GV co dac dilm sau: - GV xay dung kjch ban day hgc, xay dyng cac tinh hu6ng day hgc dua tren kit qua vl 94 102(02): 93-97 vi^c tim hieu quan nigm da cd ciia HS ve noi dyng hgc tgp GV phan loai va danh gia cac m$t kien thirc, kT nang da c6 cua HS - GV chuan bj nhu'ng cau h6i "tot" nhim djnh hudng qua trinh kiln tao ciia HS, dy kien cac tinh huong c6 the xay va each to chirc cac tinh huong ay Dac bi?t can chii y den nhihig cau hoi nhu Tai sao? The nao? La gi? - Dicu quan trgng HS tiep can vdi tinh huong la GV tao dugc sy lien ket giiia kiln Ihirc da cd ciia HS v^ tri thii'c can kien tao Dl lam dugc dieu nay, GV nen sir dyng cac bi?n phap nhu cong nSo, thao lu§n nhdm nhiing van de dan gian nhung gan gui vdi ngi dung se hgc, ggi dgng co xuat phat tir thyc te xung quanh HS, tir chinh ngi dung mon hgc hoac tir khoa hgc khac Tuy nhien, tinh huong ggi dgng co ban dau khong doi hoi qua nhieu tri thuc va each giai quylt vin de thuong ngin gon - Ngoai viec GV t6 chuc cho tirng HS dgc lap kien tgo nen tri thuc GV nen td chuc cac hoat dgng, cac tinh hudng de HS dugc hgc tap theo nhom vi chinh dieu se giiip HS hpc tap dugc tir cac ban thong qua giao luu, tranh luan vdi cac ban khac HS rut dugc nhieu dieu bd ich - GV khuyen khich HS tham gia cac hoal dgng tich cue va thudng xuyen doi thogi voi ngudi khac, GV tdn trgng nhiing sang kien ma HS dua ra, ddng vien de HS tich cue suy nghT, tim tdi de vugt qua dugc cac chuang ngai, CO vii HS tham gia tranh luan, trinh bay quan diem dSt cau hoi (dac biet la nhii'ng cau hoi nhu: Tai sao? The nao'' La gi) va li giai chiing - GV nen tao dieu kien cho HS dugc tham gia vao qua trinh danh gia va ty danh gia ket qua hgc tap ciia chinh minh Sau day, chung toi lay mgt s6 vi dy minh hoa qua trinh day hgc tren: Vi du minh hoa: Trong day hgc bai "Phep vi ty" - Hinh hgc 11 - Nang cao" Tilt theo phan phdi chuang trinh Vi ngi dung dugc chia lam tiet (tiet 910 theo theo phan phoi chuang hrinh) chiing toi chi the hien ngi dung tilt ciia bai day Nguyen Due Thing Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE Giao vien co the to chii'c cho HS kiln tao kiln thirc nhu sau: Trudc day hoc noi dung ndy, GV vd HS chudn bi trtrdc nhung cong vi^c sau: * GV phan tich chuang trinh, chuin chuang trinh, chuan kien thirc va kT nang * GV xay dung cac tinh huong, thiet kl cac hoat dgng: GV yeu cau HS chuan bi nhirng van de sau Irudc tien hanh bai day: - Xem lai khai niem phep ddi xung tam SGK Hinh hgc 11 - Cac trudng hgp bang ciia tam giac dong dang (Trang 69-87 SGK Hinh hgc 7Tap 2).' - Xem lai bai tich mgt so vdi mgt vecto' SGK Hinh hgc 10(trang 18-23) - Chuan bi \a\ dung cac tinh hudng HI' c i t hai tam bia hinh tam giac giong nhung kich thudc khac H2: c i t ba tam bia hinh tron da xac djnh dugc tam ciia chung (Co hai tam bia hinh tron CO ciing ban kinh bang cm, mgt tam bia hinh tron co ban kinh bang cm) - GV tim hieu quan niem co trudc ciia HS: GV yeu ciu HS hoan cac bai tap sau day philu hgc tap trudc tiln hanh bai day: Bdi I: Cho mot dilm O c6 dinh, mot diem M Hay xac djnh diem M' cho vecto' M ' = 3.0M Bai Hay ve mdt vecto MN, sau ^o_dyng mgt vecta M'N' la anh ciia vecto MW qua phepvity V{0,2) Bai 3: Hay ve hai dudng tron co kich thudc khac 102(02), 93-97 Tim diem I tren dudng thang 0 ' cho hai tam giac vuong lOA va lO'A' dong dang vdi nhau? Xac djnh ti sd dong dang ay'' * Du kien cac cau hoi chu chot: CHl: Em hay trinh bay each xac dinh diem M' d bai tap I? Cac can cir de em lam dugc dieu do'' So sanh dai ciia OM' va OM? NIU Ihay so bdi mgt so k ^-0 each xac djnh -dilm M' nhuthe nao? CH2: Cac em hay cho biet quan he giii'a ba diem O, M, M'? Dau cua k Men quan nhu the nao den vj tri cQa tam vj O va dai OM' va OM? Xac djnh phep vi ty cin phai biet nhiJng yen to nao? CH3: Gia su hai tam giac ABC va A'B'C ding dang d vi tri nhu hinh ve, Em hay dat hai lam giac ABC va tam giac A'B'C d vi tri khac nhau, roi ban tim tam vi ty va xac dinh ti so vj ty tuong ung (cac em co the dimg thudc, compa, may tinh)'' CH4: Em hay trinh bay each xac dinh vecto M'N' d bai tap 2? Em cd nhan xet gi ve dai CLia M'N' va MN khong? * Dua tren su chuin bi nhung cong viec ma GV da giao cho HS GV danh gia nhung quan niem co trudc ciia HS vl ngi dung phep vi tu tren cac phuang dien: - Nhung kiln thuc lien quan den phep \i tu nhu: Su thing hang ciia ba diem; hai vecto cimg phuang, cimg hudng; tich mgl so vdi mot vecto; Sy dong dang cua' hai tam giac; Khai niem va tich chit ciia cac phep bien hinh da hgc - NhQ-ng kT nang ma HS Ihyc hien qua trinh ITnh hoi kien thuc: Ve hinh, tinh loan, dac, Vdi viec chudn bi nhu tren Irong liel day GV CO Ihi Id chdc day hoc nhu sau: Trudc to chirc cac tinh huong day hoc cac boat dgng, GV xac djnh kien thiic va kT nang 95 Nguyen Due Thing Tap chl KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE cLia HS d mii'c dg nao? HS dS chuan bJ day du nhirng yeu cau ciia GV dua chua? Thai dg ciia ho CO tich cue hay thd o vdi vi?c chuan bj chicm ITnh kien thiic mdi? GV phai la ngudi hieu duoc doi tugng IIS trudc to chirc mgt ho^t dgng tuong irng vdi hg thi qua Irinh kien tgo kicn thiic ciia HS mdi hicu qua Chang hgn, doi tirgng la nhi'mg IIS dS hieu dugc Ciic kicn time ve: tich mgt sd vdi mgl vecto, hai tam giac dong dgng, kT nSng vc hinh, dyng mgl vecto bang mgl vecto cho trudc, hieu dugc cac tinh chat ciia phep bien hinh da hoc "fu\ nhien, mgt chudng nggi ma HS phai vugt qua la hai hinh kich thudc khac ma giong thi co mgt phep bien hinh bien hinh Ihanh hlnh hay khong? Chinh dieu se thaeh thirc va thu hiit HS tich cue tim toi de giai quyel van de GV: Yeu cau HS trinh bay each xac djnh diem M' d bai tap phieu hgc tap da chuan bj d nha Sau do, khuyen khi'ch HS trinh bay each giai ciia minh GV sir dung cau hoi CHl dIhoiHS Nhom: Em co nhan xel gi ve each lam ciia ban? Ban da thuc hien tot nhti'ng van de nao? Nhirng van de nao ban cdn sai sot? Bgn nao CO each giai quyet khac? GV chia Idp hai nhom: Hay trinh bay each xac dinh diem M' cho: OM'^k.OM dd O c6 djnh, M la mgt diem cho trudc,* * Hai nhom lan lugt lap ke hogch va chien luge de giai quyet van de dugc dat nhu: Can xac dinh diem nao? Du kien nao da cho? Cai cin lim va cai da cho cd lien he vdi the nao? Sau GV yeu cau cac nhom trinh bay kel qua ciia nhom minh va danh gia, hoan Ihien ket qua ciia moi nhdm GV- Sau hai nhom da trinh bay hoan thien san pham ciia minh va trinh bay xong kit qua GV dua nhan xet ring: Vdi mgt gia trj k^O, moi diem M luon xac djnh mgt dilm M' tuong irng thoa man dM' = k.OM Do do, CO mot phep bien hinh bien diem M diem M' GV yeu cau HS dinh nghTa SGK dirang24 GV: Sir dyng CH2 va khuyen khich HS dua nhan xet 102(02): 93-97 Nhom: GV chia Idp nhom va yeu ciu moi nhdm ty lay hai vi du ve phep vi ty (chi r5 tam vj ty va ti so vj ty), roi xac djnh anh ciia mgt sd diem qua phep vj ty ay Moi nhom nhan xet va danh gia ket qua cua nhdm khac, HS dua cac y kien va tranh luan GV la Irgng tii, la co van, tao bau khong soi nii vi than thi^n GV: GV su dung CH3, nhdm dugc chia c&p Moi cap chi djnh mgt vj tri khac ciia tam giac ABC so vdi tam giac A ' B ' C nhung phai tuan thii nguyen tae: Phep vj ty can tim bien A A', B B', C Ihanh C Nhdm: Cac cap nhdm thaeh va dira each giai quyet ciia minh cimg tranh luan vdi cac nhdm khac, roi dua ket luan GV: Tu cac vi du da trinh bay, phep vj tirco bao toan khoang each khdng? Bao toan tinh thang hang va thu tu ciia chiing khong? Neu khong anh ciia mgt hinh phy thugc vao yeu to nao? Nhom: HS dua nhgn dinh ve van de tren Can cir vao cac nhgn dinh cua HS dua GV cd the dieu chinh, giiip HS dua dugc nhgn xet "khi k ^±], qua phep vi tu anh va tao anh khdng bang nhau" va "phep vj tu bao loan tinh thang hang va tinh thir tu ciia ba diem thang hang" GV: GV to chuc tu kiem tra Igi bai tap dS chuan bj trudc GV chia Idp nhom va yeu cau mdi nhdm tu tinh bay ket qua GV sudyng CH4 Nhom: Trinh bay each giai ciia nhom va tra Idi cau hdi CH4 Cac ban HS khac lop gdp y de hoan thien cau tra Idi GV dieu chinh va giiip dd hg de hg di den dugc ket luan MN = 2.M'N' GV; Neu thay so bdi mgt sd khac k*0, lieu bieu thuc ve moi quan he ciia hai vecto M ' W va MN nhu thi nao? Em hay khai quat bai toan'' Nhom: Cac nhdm lan lugt dua quan diem Tir ket qua ciia cac nhdm, GV dieu chinh va xac nhgn nhirng kien thirc ma cac em HS da phat hien HS phat bilu tinh chit cOa phep vi ty va ghi lai ngi dung tich chit NguySn Due ThSng Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE GV: Giao nhiem vu cho m6i n h o m vdi nhiem vy d u g c phat bieu d y a vao b i n ndi d u n g tinh c h i t ciia phep vj ty: - N h o m 1: P h e p vj t y c6 bao toan tinh t h i n g hang va t h u tu ciia ba d i l m t h i n g hang? - Nhom 2: Anh d u d n g t h i n g , tia, dogn t h i n g qua mgt phep vj t u ? - N h o m : Anh ciia tam giac q u a m g t phep vj ty? - Nhom 4: Anh ciia d u d n g tron qua mgt phep vj ty la gi? Sau cac nhom lan lugt trinh bay kit qua ciia minh trudc Idp GV: Khuyen khich HS trinh bay k i t qua tim dugc trudc ldp,HS khac tranh luan d l hoan thien, GV chdt Igi van de KET LUAN Qua tiet hgc tren chiing tdi thay, GV la ngudi to chuc va h u d n g dan HS tim toi, phat hien, giai quyet van de, kien tao kien thuc HS la 102(02): - ngudi chii dgng, tich cue hoal dgng d l kien tao kien thirc mgt moi trudng than thien, cdi m d va h a p tac GV khuyin khich, CO vu, dong vien, giiip d d HS vugt qua nhung c h u d n g ngai, nhii'ng kho khan ma khong lam thay cho HS Ro rang, kiln thuc ma HS ITnh hpi d u g c chinh HS k i l n tgo nen T A I LIEU T H A M K H A O [1] Bp Giao Due va Dao Tao (2007), Sdch gido khoa- Hinh hpc 11- Ndng cao, Co ban, Nxb Giao due, Ha NOl [2], Nguyin Ba Kim (2006), Phuong phdp day hgc mdn Todn, Nxb Dai hpc su pham Ha Noi [3] J G Brooks & M.G Brooks (1999), In Search of Understanding ihe Case for Constructivisl Classroom, Association for Supervision and Cumculum Development Publishers, Virginia USA [4] George W, Gagnon, Jr and Michelle Collay (2006), Constructivisl learning design Key questions for teaching to standards Corwin Press, California USA SUMMARY ORGANIZE F O R H I G H S C H O O L STUDENTS BUILDING KNOWLEDGE IN L E A R N I N G G E O M E T R I C T R A N S F O R M A T I O N I N I I T H G R A D E Nguyen Due Thang' Cam Thuy I high school - Thanh Hoa Apply constructivisl view of the teaching and learning of alhematics, teacher organize learning activities, construct situations, to guide students research and discover, building knowledge Students inuiative and active learning wilh understand and them skills They cooperate with together students to construct of knowledge Teacher pay attention to problems as: conception of students, set up connection conception with new knowledge, create vibrant atmosphere, encourage students to present their conception and to argue, Teacher prepare good questions and pedagogical situations Teacher create opportunities to students participate assessment Keyword: Construct of knowledge Organize, guide, geometric transformation, conception Ngdy nhdn bdi:08/l/2012 ngdy phdn bien:26/2/2013 ngdy duyet dang TeL 01685276288 Email thangnd275@gmail com 26/3/2013 ... diem M'' cho: OM''^k.OM dd O c6 djnh, M la mgt diem cho trudc,* * Hai nhom lan lugt lap ke hogch va chien luge de giai quyet van de dugc dat nhu: Can xac dinh diem nao? Du kien nao da cho? Cai... trinh hgc tap Tir nghien cuu cac quan diem cua cac tac gia tren chiing toi cho rang, day hgc mon Toan theo hudng to chuc cho HS kiln tao kiln thirc thi hoat dgng ciia GV co dac dilm sau: - GV xay... dieu kien cho HS dugc tham gia vao qua trinh danh gia va ty danh gia ket qua hgc tap ciia chinh minh Sau day, chung toi lay mgt s6 vi dy minh hoa qua trinh day hgc tren: Vi du minh hoa: Trong day