NGHIEN cfluCQ CHAT LirONG QUAN LJ DAY HOC CUA NGirOfl HIEU TRlTQlNG T R O O N G PHO THONG Mpt trong nhdng nhi^m vu quan trpng h ing d iu eua ngudi h i lu trudng l i qu in li day hpe trong nha trudng n[.]
NGHIEN cfluCQ CHAT LirONG QUAN LJ DAY - HOC CUA NGirOfl HIEU TRlTQlNG T R O O N G PHO THONG ThS NGUYEN ANH THUAN Sd Giao due & Dao lao Hai Phong Mpt nhdng nhi^m vu quan trpng vifc lly yi kiln cda giio viln, hpc sinh v l chit lupng h i n g d i u eua ngudi h i l u trudng l i q u i n li day giing day cda tdng giio viln trudng; dinh - hpe nha trudng n h l m dat dupe chit g i i dung trinh dp, nang lire v i su phu hpp cua tdng giio vlln; kjp thdi ddng viln, khen thudng, tao lupng giio due Day l i mdt q u i trinh tieh cUc, ngudi dpng luc cho giio viln thUc hiln ddi mdi PPDH, Muc tieu quin li day - hoc ciia ngUPi hieu day chia s l thdng tin vdi ngudi hpc nhim cung d p v i gidp ngudi hpc xd li thdng tin d l dat tdi trtfdng Hilu trudng quin li day - hpc nhim: d i m bio mue t i l u thay ddi hinh vi Day dupe t i l n hinh vdi y nghTa go/y, hd trg vd tuvdn cho ngudi hpc Hpe vile hpe eua hpe sinh; d i m bio v i khdng ngdng l i q u i trinh biln thdng tin thinh tri thdc nhlm ning cao chit lupng day - hpe nhi trudng, thay ddi hinh vi mdt cieh tdng hpp Day - hpc l i bao gdm: d i m bio k l hoaeh day - hpe, tuyen sinh mdt q u i trinh tuong t i c ed ehd djnh gida eie y l u dung sd lUpng, chit lupng theo quy djnh Dam bao td nhlm tao su thay ddi hinh vi cda ngudi hpc, chit lupng q u i trinh day - hpc bing vile: t i l n hinh hudng tdi nhdng muc t i l u day - hpc eao hon Day cic hoat ddng day - hpc theo ddng chuong trinh, - hpc l i q u i trinh kiln tao tich cue, dupe t i l n hinh d i m bio ylu d u ndi dung eie mdn hpc; xiy dung d c ehd t h i phde hpp v i theo tinh hudng dpi ngd cin bp giio viln cd chit lupng ngiy cang Hoat ddng day - hpc dupe xem l i hoat ddng die cao; hoin thiln, ning cao chit lupng eo sd v i t c h i t trung n h l t l i dudng giio due tieu bieu nhlt trang thilt bj, phuong t i l n , ki thuit phue vu tdt "Chdt luang dgy - hgc dugc hiiu Id suphu hgp hay hoat dpng day - hpe; xiy dung v i hoin thiln mdi vugt trpi vdi muc tiiu ddp dng yiu cdu ngdy cdng cao trudng giio due linh manh, thdng nhlt; thudng cuaxd hpi" Hilu trudng l i ngUdi gid vai trd quin li xuyln eii t i l n edng tic quin ll day - hpe theo tinh eao nhlt n h i trudng v i thuc hiln nhilu vai t h i n d i n ehd hda, phin d p nhi tn/dng, d i m trd khic dd cd quin ll day - hpc Trong bio t i l n trinh ddng bd cd trpng dilm, chit tuong bii v i l t niy, chung tdi mudn nhin manh: qudn II hoat ddng day - hpe dgy - hgc dugc hiiu Id qudn II dugc thUc hiin Npi dung quin li day- hoc cda ngudi hieu trudng hoc ddi vdl hogt dpng dgy - hgc trtfdng trtfdng phd thdng 3.1 Quin lieie ehd thi dgy - hge Vai trd cda ngtfdi hilu trtfdng trtfdng phd Qudn II ede chu thi bin ngodi nhlm djnh thdng ddi vdi quin li day - hoc Hilu trudng l i n h i q u i n II trudng hpe vdi tu hudng v i tao dilu kiln eho hoat ddng day - hpc cd cieh td chdc hinh chlnh, su nghiip v i nhin sU, tic chit lupng; qudn IIcdc chu the bin nhd trudng nghiip hole chuyin mdn; l i ngudi lanh dao thuc nhim eu t h i hda chd truong, dudng Idi, chinh sich hiln chuong trinh giio due qua eon ngudi thupc giio due thinh eie k l hoacli, td chde, ehl dao, kilm n h i trudng Vai trd cda hilu trudng bao gdm: t u tra d l dua hoat ddng day - hpc dat muc t i l u de - Qudn II hogt dpng dgy ddi vdi gido vien: Thio v i n v i hudng d i n chuyin mdn eho cic giio viln, eho d e n h i giio dye ngoii n h i tn/dng; n h i t u v l n luin, b i n bae vdi giio viln v l day- hpe Ngudi hilu cho phy huynh v i hpc sinh n h i trUdng; vai trd l i trudng d n xiy dung Idng tin giio viln; phit ngudi hpc tich eye, thudng xuyln, di d i u triln nhdng nhdm chuyin mdn nha trudng; phit triln n g h i nghiip v i p h i t triln e i nhin; vai thuc dly su hpp t i e gida d e ddng nghiip; ho trp trd l i n h i nghiln cdu, dng dpng triln khai d c hoat huln luyin giio viln v l day - hpe; thudng xuyln ddng khoa hpe phuc vu day - hpe; l i ngudi di d i u quan s i t du gid; thUc hiln vile trao quyin cho mpi hoat ddng ddi mdi ndi dung day hpe, giio viln; tri tinh rd ring, minh bach n h i phuang phip d^y hoc (PPDH); kiln tri td chde thue tn/dng Thdc dly phit triln ehuyin mdn eua giio hiln ddi mdi PPDH; chim lo eie d i l u kiln, phuong vHn bing vile td ehde nghiln edu q u i trinh day t i l n phue vu ddi mdi PPDH; djnh ki td chdc hpp li - hpc; sin sing hd trp d l thue hiln nhdng ki nang sd 71-mAHG 1/2112 31 Q NGHltNCflU rndi, chip nhin rui ro d l ddi mdi v i sing tao; eung cap nhdng chuong trinh phit triln dpi ngu giio viln hilu q u i ; i p dung nguyin tie pliit triln v i t i l n bp; tuyin duong, hd trp, tao dilu kiln cho hoat ddng eda giio viln bing d e h cung elp ngudn lue, thdi gian, chip nhin phin hdi v i d l xuat Thuc dly su phin i n h eua giio viln: Phat triln ki ning phin i n h eua giio viln nhim xiy dung kiln thdc ehuyin mdn v i phit triln sir hilu bilt chfnh trj - xa hpi; lim guong v i phit triln nhdng kT ning nghien cdu nhin x i t eda giio viln; djnh hudng ylu d u ; sd dung dd lilu 64 ludng, dinh gii, p h i binh vile day - hpe; md rpng quyin tu ehd cho giio viln O l trd thinh nhi quin li day - hpc thinh cdng, hilu trudng d n : 1/ Bin luin mpt cich edi md v i thudng xuyln vdi giio viln v l vin d l day - hpe; 2/ Cung d p cic ngudn luc, thdi gian v i su llln kit ddng nghiip cho giio viln; 3/Trao quyin hpp phip cho giio viln; 4/ Linh dao, d i n d l t v i thUc hiln cic ho^t ddng quin lieu t h i - Qudn II hogt ddng hgc ddi vdi hge sinh: Quin ll hoat ddng hpc cda hpc sinh thdng qua giio vien: quin ll vile xiy dung y thde, ddng eo hpe t i p , vile bdi dudng d e phuang phip hpe t i p tich cue cho hpc sinh; xiy dung v i thue hiln nhdng quy djnh v l nin nip hpc t i p cho hpc sinh; theo ddi, dinh g i i - khen thudng vile thue hiln n i n nep Cie edng vile eu t h i : quin li hd so hpe sinh; ehuyin giao hd so hpc sinh cudi d p ; d p gily xie nhin; tuyen sinh diu d p ; hpe sinh ehuyin d i n , chuyin di; hpe sinh khdng dupe l l n Idp; hpc sinh bd hpc, thoi hpc; giii quylt hpc sinh hpc lai; ehuyin Idp; kl luit hpe sinh; ding kl mdn, chu d l tu chpn; x i p Idp; theo ddi chuyin d n ; dinh g i i , x i p loai hpc sinh; quan II hpe nghi; phu dao hpc sinh y l u , kem; bdi dudng hpc sinh gidi; td chde kilm tra djnh ki; x i t k i t qua hpe t i p , x i p loai hanh kiem hpc sinh cudi nam; theo ddi thi dua, khen thudng hpe sinh; td ehde rIn luyin h i ; kiem tra lai mdn hpe; quin ll hpc sinh ning khilu; quan li hoat ddng ngoai gid lln Idp; giio due hpc sinh c i b i l t quin ll hpe sinh diln chlnh sich; td chdc thi nghe phd thdng; xet cdng nhin tdt nghilp/hoin thinh ehuang trinh (ddi vdi d p THCS); td ehde thi tdt nghiip (ddi vdi d p THPT) 3.2 Quin liqui trinh dgy -hgc Quin l i q u i trinh d a y - hpc l i quin ll: vile thuc hiln mue tilu, chuong trinh, ndi dung, ddi mdi phuang phip, sd dung cic phuong t i l n day - hpc; td chde day - hpe; q u i n li chit lUpng day - hpc Od I i q u i trinh tic ddng den: ddi mdi nhin thde eua giio viln v l day - hpe v i ddi mdi hoat dpng day - •KHOA HQC GlAO DQC hpe n h i trudng - Quin li viie thUe hiin ehuang trinh dgy hga Chuong trinh day - hpe Bp GD&OT ban hinh l i edng eu ehd y l u 64 hieu trudng quin li, lanh dao v i giim sit edng t i e day - hpe nhi trudng thdng qua cie td chuyin mon ChUong trinh cung l i cin cd de giio viln dua v i o dd tiln hanh td chde cdng t i e day - hpc, lip k l hoach day v i td chde edng t i e day hpe cda minh Hilu trudng d n y^u clu giao vien nghiln edu, n i m vdng, thuc hien chuong trinh mdn hpe m i mlnh phu trieh, ddng thdi eung d n hilu, nghiln edu chuong trinh cie mon cd liln quan d l thilt lip 6ugc mdi quan h i llln mdn q u i trinh day - hpe Qua do, giup hpe sinh de dang hinh dung bdc tranh chung v l t h i gidi v i tao eho hpe sinh cd quan dilm phde hpp he thdng cung nhued tu linh hoat mem d i o hpe Hilu tn/dng d n thuc hiln nhdng biln phip quan li vile thue hien chuong trinh day - hpc cda giio viln mpt cich nghiim tdc d i m bio tiln dp k l hoach nam hpc - Qu^n li npi dung dgy - hgc: Theo Nguyin Ngpe Bio va Trin Kiem: Npi dung dgy - hgc Id mdt hi thdng nhdng tri thdc, cdeh thdc hogt dpng, nhdng kinh nghiim hogt dpng sdng tgo vd thdi dp cdm xuc - ddnh gii ddi vdi thi gidi phu hgp vimdt sUphgm vd duge djnh hudng vimdt chinh trj Hilu trudng phii cd trich nhilm quin li npi dung day - hpc bic hpc phd thdng, hpe sinh d n dupe trang bi nhdng kiln thdc, kT ning, t h i i dp d mde dp phd thdng, d n thilt eho ngudi lao dpng binh thudng Nhilm vu eung elp ndi dung hpe vin phd thdng v l ein bin dupc hoin t h i n h d elp hpc Cdng vdi vile xie djnh mde dp phd hpp ndi dung giao due phd thdng eho hpe sinh, d n coi trpng, dinh thdi gian v i dilu kiln thieh ding cho vile phit triln cic kT nang, ki xio, hinh thinh nang lUe tU v i hanh ddng, giio due tU tUdng, tinh cim, dao ddc, nilm tin, t h i i dp eho hpc sinh - Quan liPPDH: Hilu trudng quin li phuong phap day - hpc bing vile thUc hiln nhdng cdng vile: Thd nhdt, xiy dung k l hoaeh hoat ddng ddi mdi PPDH mpt cich khoa hpc v i thUe t l Thdhai, td ehde hoat dpng ddi mdi PPDH mpt cich chit che Thdba, t i n g eUdng chi dao hoat dpng ddi mdi PPDH Thdtu, thudng xuyln kilm tra dinh g i i hoat ddng ddi mdi PPDH Thd ndm, kjp thdi ddng viln, tao ddng luc cho c i n bd, giio viln, nhin viln hoat ddng ddi mdi PPDH - Quin li viic sif dung ea sir vat chdt, trang thiit bi, phuang tifn - ki thuit phue vu dgy - hgc: O l quin li tdt cic dilu kiln v i t chit eho vile day - NGHIEN hpc, ngudi hif u trudng d n : xiy dung npi quy va k l hoach ngudn kinh phi trang bj sd dung co sd vat c h i t trang t h i l t bj, phuong t i l n kT thuit phue vu day - hpc; quin li vile bdi dUdng ki nang sd dung cic phuang t i l n - kT t h u i t quin ll td chdc cupc thi sing kiln cii t i l n ki t h u i t sin xuat cie phuong tiln phue vu day - hpe; khen thudng, ddng vien giio viln sd dung kT thuit hiln dai day hpc v i sd dung ed hilu q u i co sd vat c h i t trang thilt bj, phuong t i l n - kT t h u i t quin ll cic trang t h i l t bi phuc vu day - hpe, hoat dpng d c phdng bd mdn, phdng chdc ning, thu vi6n; quin li vile sddung eo sd v i t c h i t trang thilt bj, phuong t i l n - ki thuat phuc vu day - hpc v i dinh g i i hilu q u i sd dung Chit Itftfng q u i n li day - hoc ciia ngtfdi h i l u trudng trtfdng phd thdng 4.1 Chdt lugng Crosby (1984):"Chlt lUpng l i su phu hpp vdl ylu clu" Peter New/by (1999) quan nilm "Chit lupng l i su dat dupe d e mue tilu", v i "Chit lupng giao due ed dupe ehinh td q u i trinh giio due" Chit luong l i ei mdt q u i trinh Chit lUpng giio due l i su thda mue tllu l i chua dd, muc tilu phii dupe xiy dung thda mln ylu elu eda xa hdi Muc tilu gdm: cie chl tilu muc t i l u (kit q u i , thinh tich, hieu q u i , thinh qui, ), eie ehl t i l u q u i trinh (trang thii, hoat ddng, ); v i d e chl t i l u dilu kiln 4.2 Tiip can qui trinh ddi vdi ehdt lUang quin li dgy -hge eda ngUdi hiiu trudng - Chdt lugng quin II dgy - hge duge ddnh gii bdng 'ddu via' Chit lupng quin II day - hpc cda ngudi hilu trudng dinh g i i d ning lire (kiln thde, ki ning v i thii dp), die b i l t l i ning luc quin ll day - hpe eua ngudi hilu trudng Od l i quan d i l m ngudn lue, eoi ngudn li/e ning lue chlnh la chit lupng Quan nilm niy bd qua sir tie ddng cda q u i trinh quin li day - hpe, ehi dua v i o su dinh g i i "diu vio" v i phdng doin chit lupng "diu ra" - Chdt lugng quin II dgy - hgc dugc ddnh gii d "viie thuc hiin hogt dpng" quin IIdgy - hgc Chit lupng dugc dinh g i i d q u i trinh (nhdng hoat ddng, trang thii) quin If day - hpc cda hilu trudng t h i hiin d cdng t i c td ehde, chl dao, kilm tra ddi vdi day - hpe Chit lupng thue hiln cic hoat dpng quin li eda hilu trudng ddi vdi giio viln, hpe sinh, ddi mdi phuong phip, ndi dung giio due v i co sd v i t c h i t trang thilt bj day - hpe, - Chdt lugng qudn II dgy - hoc du'pc ddnh gid bdng 'ddu ra' cda qui trInh quin 11 dgy - hgc Chit lupng dupc t h i hiln d"dlu ra'd d l y la k i t cfluQ q u i quin ll day - hpc eda ngUdi hilu trUdng, dd la: kit q u i hpc tip, rIn luyin eua hpe sinh; sir thay ddi eua giio vien, co sd v l t c h i t mdi trudng day - hpc; ning, nang lUc cung d p cac hoat ddng quin If cda ngudi hilu trudng Theo quan niem nay: Mdi liln he gida "diu vio" va "diu ra" khdng dupc xem xet dung mdc, cich dinh g i i "diu ra"eo t h i khie 4.3 Quan niim chdt lugng quin li dgy - hgc eua ngUdi hiiu trudng trUdng phd thdng Quan nilm v l chit lupng quin li day - hpc eda ngudi hilu trudng dua t r i n n i n t i n g cua quan nilm v l chit lupng ndi ehung Do l i chat luong hoat dpng cda ngudi hilu trudng vile quin li day - hpe d i p dng ylu elu quin li day - hpc cho hoat ddng day - hpc nhi trudng d i p dng mue t i l u day- hpe va ludn hudng tdi muc tieu cao hon Hilu trudng l i ngudi thue hiln tdt nhilm vu, trieh nhilm v i d i n d l t n h i trudng trd nha trudng chit lUpng Chat lupng quin ll dupc bing chit lUpng edng viec v i tin nhilm cda ngudi dd Chit lupng quin li day - hpc t h i hiln d: ning lire quin li day - hpe, hoat ddng quin ll day - hpc, va k i t q u i quin li day - hpc Chit lUpng quin li day - hpe l i mpt q u i trinh lao dpng quin li day - hpe eda ngddi hilu trudng mang lai, nd ed tie dung toan bp q u i trinh quin ll day - hpc, Theo ehdng tdi, "Chdt lugng qudn II dgy-hgc eua ngudi hiiu trudng Id sUphu hgp hay vugt trpi muc tiiu qudn ll ddp dng yiu cdu ngdy cdng cao cua qudn II dgy hgc nhd trudng" 4.4 Cae ddu hiiu die trUng ea bin eua ehdt luang quin li dgy -hge Chit lupng phii d i p dng muc t i l u quin li day - hpe (eie ehl t i l u dilu kiln, cie ehl t i l u q u i trinh, eie chl t i l u muc tilu), chit lupng bao him chit lupng lao dpng quin li, chat lUpng tie dpng d i n q u i trinh quin ll day - hpe, ddi tupng quin li day - hpc, hudng tdi "khieh hang" v i thda tdt nhlt nhu elu eda "khieh hing" (khieh hing d diy l i nhdng ddi tuong 6ugc thu hudng chat lupng) 4.5 Thinh td cia ehdt lugng quin li dgy hge eda ngUdi hiiu trUdng - Thdnh td thd nhdt, ndng luc qudn ll dgy - hgc cOa ngudi hiiu trudng Theo Nguyen Ldc (2005): "Ndng lUc Id td hgp hdu cacdc thdnh tdkiin thdc, kining vd thdi dp" HI thdng ning lUc eua hilu trudng, bao gdm: ning lUe chuyin mdn, nang lUe quan h i eon ngudi v i nang lUetlm nhin, Ndng luc chuyin mdn gdm: ning lUe ehuyin mdn theo nginh, nang luc chuyin mdn hd trp v i ning lUe ehuyin mdn v l quin li Sli7f-THANG1/2r2«33 ffl NGHliN Cflu Ndng luc quan he ngudi: VI bin chat ngudiv i ning lUe thue hiln nhilm vu quin lithUc hiln edng vile thdng qua nhdng ngudi - Thdnh td thd hai, hogt dpng qudn II dgy - hgc khic, vay nang lUc hilu b i l t tie dpng d i n ngudi cua ngudi hiiu trudng khic, d hinh thde e i nhin hole t i p t h i dong vai tro O l quin li day - hpc, ngUdi hilu trUdng thUe h i t sde quan trpng (thi hiln bing giao tilp) hien cic ehde ning: k l hoaeh day - hpe, td chdc Ndng luc tdm nhin: eing d bic quin li d p cao, day - hpe, ehi dao day - hpe, kilm tra day - hpc ngudi quin li eing can cd ning luc tam nhin cao Thuc hiln eie npi dung quin li day - hpc ddi vdi: hon, vi nd giup hp dua eie phin tich, du bao giio vien, hpc sinh, phuong phip day - hpc, ndi v i phin doin bdi cinh phde tap, dilu hinh dung day - hpc v i ca sd v i t chit phue vu day - hpc d i m bio giio due dn djnh v i phit triln b i n vdng, Oilu hinh: cic hoat dpng day - hpc, d e quan h i Ning lue t i m nhin bao gdm: Ning luc t i m nhin dai day - hpe, eie ngudn lUc phuc vu day - hpe, cic han v i ning iue t i m nhin cap n h i t tic dpng khieh quan d i n day - hpe, edng tie quin Nlu ehia ngudi hilu trudng theo ba d p dp la li cua bin than v i ehd t h i quin li v i thue hiln cic d p thap, elp trung v i d p cao thi tl trpng gida ba biln phip tao ddng CO day - hpe d l hudng din ning lue niy thay ddi theo tdng d p bic, cu t h i ta "khich hing ', - Thdnh td thd ba, kit qud qudn II dgy - hge cua ed t h i bilu diln su so sinh ba ning luc niy theo ngudi hiiu trudng bing nhusau: dp dp quin li Cdp thip CSp trung CSp cao Ning life chuyin mdn 3/10=30% 2/10=20% 1/10=10% Ning life quan hi nguifl 4/10=40% 4/10=40% Ning life tim nhin 3/10=30% 4/10=40% 4/10=40% 5/10=50% - Phdm chdt, ndng luc cda ngudi hiiu trudng Kit q u i q u i n If day - hpe eda ngUdi hilu ddp dng xu the ddi mdi gido due thi kl XXi trudng the hien d: chit lupng giio due, kit q u i hpc Theo Trin Kilm: mdi quan t i m hing dau cda t i p cda hpc sinh; chat luong giao viln, ea sd vit ngudi hilu trudng la gia trj sir tuong tic gida chat mdi trudng giio due, vile td ehde khoa hpc ngudi vdi nhau, phii xiy dung mang ludi eie quan lao ddng quin li,w SU hai Idng eda "khich hang" h i , ed giao t i l p t d t phin hdi nhanh; Ngudi hilu Chit lupng q u i n li day - hpe eda ngudi hilu trudng phii ed kT ning xd li thdng tin, bilt thuylt trudng trudng plid thdng vda l i muc tilu vda l i phuc hon l i linh, quylt doin, trung thue v i lilm dilu kiln quan trpng d l tao nhdng budc dpt phi k h i l t Ngudi hilu trudng phii b i l t tu sing tao ning eao chit lupng day - hpe nhi trudng v i hinh dpng h i l u q u i Vin 64 niy can dupc xem x i t nghiln edu v i quan - KI ning quin II hiin dgi cda hiiu trudng: Oe t i m mpt each dung mde d i p dng y l u clu hiln nay, ngudi hilu trUdng d n ed cic kT ning quin li: l i p k l hoaeh ehiln lupe, xiy TAI LIEU THAM KHAO dung nhdm, quin li thay ddi, khieh I I giao viln, Nguyen Hdu Chiu,"Nhdng vdn dicabdn ve kliio s i t phin tich, thdng kl, chuang trinh vd qui trinh dgy hgcf, NXB Giio due - Ndng lue Idnh dgo, qudn lldgy - hgc: Ngudi H i Ndi, 2005 hilu trudng d n cd ning lue phit triln dpi ngu, Nguyen Ldc, Uludn vequdn ll, NXB Dai hpc khoi diy si/ sing tao, t i n eda ein bp giio viln; supham Ha Ndi,2010 khuyin khieh d c thinh viln nhi trudng l i m Trin Kilm, Nhdng vdn dica bdn cda khoa hgc lanh d^o; xiy dung, thi/c hiln d c ehl dd chlnh qudn ligiio due, NXB Dai hpc SU pham, H i Ndi, 2011 sich ddi vdi day - hpe; hilu biet mue t i l u , y l u clu, Ou i n Hd trp ddi mdi quin ll giio due (SREM), n^i dung, chuong trinh, phuong phip day - hpc, 2007 hilu bilt quy trinh day - hpc vdi su kit hpp tdt d c phuong phip day - hpc; thu hut dupc ngudn nhan SUMMARY Jue ed chit lupng cao, g i n kit mdi quan he giio Conceming the management of teaching viln vdi hpc sinh learning quality by school principals: role ofprincipa - Ning luc qudn II cdc ngudn luc phuc vu dgy - in teaching management; objectives, contents, hgc Ning lUc q u i n li nhan lUe, t i i chinh, co sd vat quality of teaching learning management by chit v i trang t h i l t bj; q u i n li, dng dung cdng nghe principaL •KHOA HQC GlAO DVC