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sd 1 2013 DqifvciHpc Mot so''''phuofng phap giang day mofi nhim phat trien tiT duy sang tao cho ngifofi hgc NGUYEN VAN THIEN Trong chie''''n lupc phat trien dal nudc Dang va Nha nudc ta rat quan l i m dau I[.]
sd 1-2013 DqifvciHpc Mot so'phuofng phap giang day mofi nhim phat trien tiT sang tao cho ngifofi hgc NGUYEN VAN THIEN T rong chie'n lupc phat trien dal nudc Dang va Nha nudc ta rat quan l i m dau Id cho giao dye, coi giao dye l i qudc sach Nghj quye't Dai hdi Dang toan qudc lan thd X d i xac djnh viec dau tu eho giao dye cung ed nghTa l i dau tu eho su phat trien ben vdng, l i dau tu cho ngudn nhan IUc ed chat lupng cao nhim dda nudc ta mpt nudc cdng nghipp v i o nam 2020 Vi vay, cdng lac dao tao, bdi dudng de n i n g cao chat lupng dpi ngu can bp, dpi ngii tri thdc gid mpt vi Iri rat quan trpng D i y chinh la ye'u td then chdt, mang linh quye't dinh dua di't nude di len nhU eha dng ta da ti/ng ndi "Hien tai ia nguyen qudc gia, nguyen thinh thi nudc manh, nguyen ye'u thi nUde suy" Thyc trgng chung ciia n i n giao dye Viet Nam hien la ben canh nhdng tyu da dgt dupc cdn kha nhieu dieu bat cap, dd tdn tai ldn nhit la chat lupng dao tao chua cao Nhieu chuyen gia, n h i khoa hpc, nhQng ngudi cd tam huyet vdi sy nghiep giao dye va dao tao da bay td quan die'm cua minh ve thyc trang n i y , ddng thdi chi k h i nhieu nguyen nhan dfin tdi sy bi't cap giQa qui md dao tgo va chat lupng dao tgo Trong dd cac nguyen nhin chinh tgp trung vao sy yeu kem, bi't hpp ly' phuong phip giang dgy, dpi ngO giio vien giang day, chuong trinh dao tao, tai lieu hpc tap, giio trinh, Phuong phip giang dgy l i mdt Irong nhdng yeu id quan trpng v i anh hudng ri't ldn de'n cha't luong d i o Igo Mpt phuong phap giang day khoa hpc, phu hpp se tgo dieu kien de giang vien, v i ngudi hoe phat huy het kha nang ciia minh viec truyen dat, ITnh hpi kien Ihdc va phal trie'n tu Mdt phuong p h i p giang dgy khoa hpc se lam thay ddi vai trd cua ngudi thay ddng thdi tgo nen sy hdng thu, say me v i s i n g tao cua ngudi hpc Bdc tranh chung ve phuong phap giing day tgi cac cap hpc cua Chung ta hipn l i lip Irung vio ky ning tU phan lich, nghTa l i dgy cho ngudi hpc each hieu cac khai nigm, thao luin theo phuong phap djnh s i n logi bd nhQng hUdng di khdng dung, tim c i u t r i Idl dung nhal Thim chf, nhieu npi phUdng p h i p thuye't trinh (thay giang, trd ghi) van chiem uu the nhieu gi^ng vien chda chu trpng den de'n vipc gidi thieu, yeu cau, b i t budc ngudi hpc phai tham khao nhQng tai iigu gi Phuong phip giing day n i y da l i m mat di tinh lu s i n g tgo d ngudi hpc TU sang tao l i p trung vao kham p h i cac y tUdng phit trien nhieu giai p h i p tim nhieu phuong an tra ldi dung thay vi chi cd mpt Hgu qua ciia phUOng p h i p giving day cQ d i n den sy thy ddng cua ngudi hpc Irong viec tie'p c i n iri Ihdc Sy thy dpng la nguyen nhan tao cho ngudi hpc sy tri tr$, nggi dpc tai lieu, nggi tranh l u i n , Ihieu kha nSng thuyet trinh, ludi Id v i thieu tinh s i n g tgo ty khoa hpc Ngudi hpe cdn quan mem r i n g cht can hpc nhQng gl giang vien giang tren Idp la dii Ngoai su thy ddng the hien qua phan dng cua hp dd'i vdi bit giing cOa giing vien tren Idp Hp chi'p nhan ti't c i nhdng gi giing vien Irinh b i y Sd giao tiep trao ddi thdng tin ldp hpc hau nhu chi mang ti'nh mdt chieu Td thyc le tren cho thay de nang cao chat Idpng dio tgo, viec ddi mdi phuong p h i p giing dgy ddi vdl cac cip d i o tgo tgi Viet Nam ia viec lam cap thiet v i can lien hinh mpt each ddng bd Doi mdi phuong phap giing dgy se cung cap nhQng co hdi d i e bipt de nhin thdc ro nhij'ng gia trj quan trpng, thyc chat cudc sdng Dieu dd lam t i n g kha nang ma thpc la yeu cau giing vien khdng ngdng nang cao trinh dp hieu biet VI v i y val trd mdi ciia ngddi giang vien trd thinh nhan td kich thfch tri Id md ciia hpc vien, m i i sac them n i n g lyc nghien cdu ddc l i p , lang eudng kha nang to chdc, sCf dyng kidn thi/c v i k h i nang sang tgo Viec i p dyng c i c phUdng phdp giing dgy mdi ddi hoi p h i i co nhdng t i i li$u dgy-hpc mdi NhQng l i i lipu p h i i g i n vdi c i c phddng phip kiem tra mdi nham khuyen khfch khdng chf k h i ning nhO m i c i k h i nang hieu c i c ky n i n g thyc hanh v i sing tgo ciia hpc vien Tgi Vi^t Nam hign nhieu cd sd d i o tgo da va dang chuyen ddi sang mdt phUdng thdc d i o tgo mdi, d6 la phuong thdc d i o tgo theo tin chi Phuong thdc dio tgo n i y mang lgi nhieu Uu di^m, dd l i si/ mdm d i o v i linh hogt vi#c thiet ke chuong trlnh hpc viin cii Dalfl•^Wcs6^ thi iya chpn cho mmh chuong trinh hpc ly phii hpp vdi nang v i dieu kign cua minh Ben cgnh dd phdong thifc d i o tao theo tin chi g i i m di sy nhdt nhet kien thdc ciia ngudi dgy v i lao d i i u kien de ngudi hpc tu hpc, ty nghiin cdu dd phat huy dugc tinh chCi ddng sang tgo cua ngudi hpc NhQng Ipi ich cua phUdng thdc dao tgo theo tin chl mang Igl la rat Idn, vgy no cung dat nhieu thach thdc ddi vdi giing vien v i ngddi hpc Vi$c ap dyng hpc chd tin ch! v i o giang dgy se l i m thay ddi cd b i n each hpc hipn nay.Vi du, ngudi day can td quin ly ve thdi gian cung nhu lam cac cdng viec mdt cich ddc lap {tien hanh nhdng nghien cdu nganh dio lao ciia mlnh) Ngddi hpc cung can phai cd quan di^m hpc tgp la lap trung vao viec hinh kie'n thdc, dc sang tao v i each gtai quyet van de Nhln rdng c i c qudc gia cd nen giio dye phit tnen trgn the gidi, hp dac biit quan t i m den viec phit then tU sing tgo, kha nang lam vigc ddc lap va kha nang lam vi$c theo nhdm cOa ngudi hpc Cac qudc gia ap dyng nhieu phdOng phap khac nhim khfch lp va tao dieu ki$n tdt nhat de ngudi hoc phal trien kha nang sang tao cLia minh Nhieu sd cac phuong phuong phap, chitng ta cd Ihd hpc tap va ap dung cho Viet Nam ca nhQng Irudng, ddn vj chua ap dung phuong thdc dao tao Iheo tin chl Vidy Phuang phip hgc theo duin (Project Based Learning) Diy la md hlnh hpc tap ed nhieu khac bigt so vdi md hlnh hpc tap Iruyen thdng PhdOng phap hpc theo dU i n y§u cau cac hogt dpng hpc tap phai dupc thiet ke mpt cich can than, mang tinh lau d i i va lien quan den nhieu ITnh vyc hpc thugt Day la md hinh lay ngudi hpc lam trung tam va hda nhgp vdi nhQng van de thyc l i l n cua I h l gidl thyc tgi Myc tieu ciia phuong phap hpc theo du i n l i d e hpc vien hpc nhieu honve mpt chii de chd khdng phii la tim nhdng cau t r i ldi dung cho nhQng cau hdi dupc giio vien dUa PhdOng phap n i y yeu cau hpc viin cpng tac vdi cac ban Idp mdt khoang Ihdi gian nhat djnh de giai quye't nhdng van de v i cudi cung trlnh bay cdng vigc minh da lam trudc giang vien va cac hpc vien khac Phuong phap n i y cQng ddi hdi cae hpc viin phii dal c i u hoi, dong thdi lim kiem nhij'ng mdi lien hg va tim ragiii p h i p d e giai quyet van de Viec apdyng phuong phip giing dgy n i y se lam thay doi mdi trddng hpc cua hpc vidn td cho nghe giang vien ndi sang mdi trudng l i m vipc, td PhUdng phap hpc theo dp an mang de'n cho hpc vien rit nhidu lpi Ich, no tgo cho hpc vien kha nang kdt hpp kidn thuc td nhieu ITnh vyc, tgo nen cdng cy hd trp lien nginh de giai quyet v i n de Ddi vdi nhQng van de khd, phdc tgp, phUdng phap tgo cho hpc vien kha nang khim p h i , dinh g i i , g i i i thfch v i tdng hpp thdng hn mdt cich khoa hpc Thdng qua cac hogt dpng thyc te tren Idp, phuong p h i p ndy tgo cho hpc vien sd thich thu, hdng thil vdi vigc hpc Vai trd cCia giio vidn phddng phap hpc theo dy i n c6 rit nhieu thay ddi so vdi phyong phip truydn thdng Giio viin khdng ddng vai trb la ngudi dieu khien lu hpc ViSn m i l i ngudi hddng d i n , ngudi huin luy§n, ngudi tuvan va bgn cLing hpc Giio vien phai tap trung v i o vide hudng dan cho hpc vien, tgo co hpi de hpc vien phat huy het kha ning hpc lap va sing tao, day mgnh tinh than ddng ddi l i m viec theo nhdm ciia cac hpc vien Qua trinh thyc hien phuong phap hgc theo dy an+ Xac dinh mpt van de, dy an phu hpp vdi hpc vien + Lien ket van de vdi the gidi, mdi trudng xung quanh cua hpc vien + Xay dung eac chu de xung quanh van de, dy i n + Tgo cho hpc vien co hdi de xac dinh phuong phip va ke hoach hpc tap de g i i i quyet van de + Khuyen khich sy epng t i e bang each tgo c i c nhdm hpc tap + Yeu cau tat ea hpc vien trinh b i y ket q u i hpc tap dddi hinh thdc mdt dy i n hoic chudng trinh Phuang phip ngUdi hgc li trung tam (Learner - Centered) Day l i phUOng phap dat hpc vien vao vi tri trung tam ciia giio dye Phuong phap bat dau vdi viee tim hieu eac mdi trUdng giaodye lien quan m i hgc vien xuat phat Sau dd giao vien hudng d i n tiep tyc danh gia tie'n dd hpc ciia hpc vien so vdi mue tieu hpc, bing each giup cho ngddi hpc cd dupc c i c k y ning co ban de hpc tap, Phuong phip niy tao cho hpc vien nen tang cho vigc hpe sudt ddi, vi v i y hpc vien phai cd traeh nhiem vdi vigc hpe eua ban than Vdi phudng phap giao vien ddng vai trd la ngudl huong d i n hpc vien qiia trinh hpc, Phuong phap ngUdi hpc la trung tam mang den nhieu lpi ich, trudc het nd logi bd each day va hpc: " Giao vien ndi, hpc sinh nghe", khuyen khieh sy sang tao IU giao vien v i hpc vien mdt each loi da, ddng Ihdi tgo nen sy than thign giiJa giao vien va ngdOi hpc thdng qua viec tang cudng Irao ddi, hpc hoi qua lgi Phuong phip ngudi hpc la Irung lam tap trung sy tham gia nhigt linh, chii dpng ciia ngUdi hpc sudt qua Irinh kham p h i lim tdi, ddng thdi tao dieu kign de ngUdi hpe cd ed hpi Irinh bay, bap vg nhOng y kien sang tgo ciia minh Cac yeu td lien quan den phuong phap ngudi hpc l i Irung tam: + Bdl canh hoc: Viee hpc ch|u su t i e dpng ciia eae yeu td mdl trUdng bao gdm v i n hoa, ky thuat va eac phuong phap giang day, Giao vien ddng vai trd tuOng lac ehinh giDa hpc vien va mdi trUdng hpc NhQng anh hudng v i n hoa cd the tao nhieu t i c dpng lien quan mang linh giio dye nhu ddng CO hpc, dinh hudng ddi vdi vigc hpeva cach td Ky thugt va phUOng phap day phai phu hpp vdi Irinh dp kien thdc s i n cd, kha nang nhan biel va cac chidn lupc tu ciia hpc vien + Cae anh hudng ddi vdi viec hoc: Viec hpc ehiu anh hudng bdi cac mdi quan hg giao tiep vdi mpi nguoi xung quanh, Vigc hpc cd the nang cao nguOi hpc cd co hpi tiep xuc v i cpng t i e vdi nguoi khac Cac mdi trudng hgc cho phep tao cae mdi tuong lac xa hpi, tdn trpng linh da dgng khuyen khich ldi tu Imh hogt Qua vipc tiep xuc va hpp tac vdi giao vien hudng dan ca nhin nguOi hpc se cd Cd hpi tiep thu nhgn thdc va tu phin i n h , Id phit tnen Irinh dp hieu biet va hoan thi^n b i n Ihin + Myc dich ciia q u i trinh hpc: Ban chat chiin lupc cua vide hpc l i ddi hdi hpc vign phii bie't d|nh huong myc 62 ^^ tiiu D^ nam vdng cac tri thiHc, ky ning va dgt dupc cic chien lupc tu can thidt cho vi#c hpc, hpc vien phii tgo c i c mgc tieu cho bin than v i theo dudi cic myc tigu dd Khdi dau, c i c myc tieu ngin va v i i c hpc cd the so s i i mpt pham vi nao dd nhung qua thdi gian, mde dp hieu biet cua hpc vien cd the dupc x i c djnh Ihdng qua trinh td tim hieu, trao ddi va tich luy cac tri thdc can thiet Phuang phap Ky thuit t^a y tudng (Brainstorming) T i e gia ciia phuong phap Brainstorming (tam dich l i ky thuat tgo y Iddng) la Alex Osborn (Hoa Ky) Muc dfch chinh ciia phuong phap la giup ngudi hpc thoat khoi Id theo loi mdn va tao mdt loat cac ^ Iddng ma sau dd cd the lya chpn Phddng phip n i y ap dung phu hpp vdi nhdm hpc vien Mdt sd nguyen tac co ban ciia phdOng phap ky thugt tao y tudng' + Tdn trpng mpi y tudng dda ra: Khi eac y tddng ddpc dua ra, khdng ddpc phep chi trfch, phe binh Tat c i cac y tddng deu ddpc ghi chep lai v i phin tfch danh gia d cac bdde sau + Ty suy nghT: Khdng gidi han viec dda cac y tudng bay bdng ke ca nhQng y tddng khac thddng bdi tren Ihyc te ed nhdng y tddng ky quae da trd hien thue + Ket ndi c i c ^ ludng' C i i thien, sda ddi, gdp y xay dyng cho c i c y tudng Cac cau hdi thddng dgt Y tudng dupc de nghi ehit Idpng the nio? Lam the nao de ^ tddng dd dem lai higu q u i ? C i n thay ddi gi de y tddng trd nen lot hdn?, + C i n quan tam den sd Idpng cac y tddng: Tgp trung suy nghT khai thac tao khdi Idpng ldn cac y tddng de sau dd ed eo sd sang lpc Cd hai ly chinh de can sd lUdng ldn cac y tudng, Thd nha't nhQng y tddng luc d i u hpe vien dua thdng thddng l i c i c y tudng hien nhien, cu, ft cd tfnh sang tgo, vi vay can cd phuong phap de hpc vien tgo nhieu y tddng mdi, Thd hai cac y lUdng giai phap cang nhieu, eang cd nhieu y tudng de lya ehon Ngoai cac phuOng phap da de c i p Iren day cdn kha 502-2013 Dl3l^vaH(K nhleu cac phuang phdp khac da dupc phdt mlnh, nghiin cdu v i ap dyng vio giing d^y nhu phdOng phip l-fpc thuc tiln ciJa David A Kolb, phddng phap Quin ly y tddng (Ideas Management), phuong phap chide ndn tU ( Six Thinking Hats)_ Qua viec phan tfch mpt sd phUdng phap giing dgy cd the nhan djnh cac phUdng phap n i y cd rat nhleu sy khac biet so vdi phddng phap truyen thdng Trong dd sy khic biet cd b i n nha't l i val trd ciia ngudi hpc v i ngudi dgy da thay ddi, sy thay ddi da bien qua trinh hpc ciia hpc vien td thy ddng sang chii ddng, td viec nghe giing sang hogl ddng tu duy, l i m viec ddc lap, lam viec theo nhdm v i kich thich kha nang sang tao ciia hp Trd Igi vdi hogt dpng giao due dao tgo Viet Nam, van de cdt ldi van la can tim g i i i phap khic phuc nhdng tdn lai i n h hudng true tiep den chat lupng d i o tgo Oe nang cao ehat lupng d i o tao chimg ta can p h i i cai lien ddi mdi ddng bp ve nhieu mat: chudng trinh dao tgo, phuong phap giang dgy, dpi ngu giao vien, Trong viec ddi mdi phdOng phap giing dgy se la mdt nhOng yeu td quan trpng gdp phan nang cao chat Idpng dao tao mdl each ben vOng Doi mdi phddng p h i p giing dgy se lao dieu kien tdt eho ngddi hpc ed the phat huy het kha nang Id ciia minh, bien qua trlnh hpc cisa ngudi hgc qua trinh phat tnen tu sang tgo Tai ligu tham khio Farnors in learning, Md hinh trUdng hoc theky 21, Microsoft, 2008 Parners in learning, Chuang trinh hUdng dan dong nghiep Microsoft 2008 Pai Obanya, Juma Shabani, Peter Okebukola" Guide lo Teaching and Learning in Higher Education" http://www.bredaguide.tnpod com Tap chi thu vien Viet Nam So 7/2009 Nguon nhan lUe thdng tin thU vien d Viet Nam trUdcyiu cau sU nghiep cong nghiep hoa va hien dai hoa dat nUdc Kj yeu hoi thao khoa hpc, Dgi hpc Qudc gia Viet Nam, 2009 (Ngudn http //hue edu vn) ... mdi trddng hpc cua hpc vidn td cho nghe giang vien ndi sang mdi trudng l i m vipc, td PhUdng phap hpc theo dp an mang de''n cho hpc vien rit nhidu lpi Ich, no tgo cho hpc vien kha nang kdt hpp... ciia hpc vien so vdi mue tieu hpc, bing each giup cho ngddi hpc cd dupc c i c k y ning co ban de hpc tap, Phuong phip niy tao cho hpc vien nen tang cho vigc hpe sudt ddi, vi v i y hpc vien phai cd... phUdng phap tgo cho hpc vien kha nang khim p h i , dinh g i i , g i i i thfch v i tdng hpp thdng hn mdt cich khoa hpc Thdng qua cac hogt dpng thyc te tren Idp, phuong p h i p ndy tgo cho hpc vien