©IflODUCfiflOTflO CHINH SACH GIAO DUG VA DAO TAO 6 VIET NAM THUC TRANG VA KHUYEN NGHI PGS TS U Quoc Hpi Dgi hgc Kinh li qudc ddn Trong giai dogn day mgnh edng nghiep hda hiin dgi hda va hgi nhdp quoc[.]
©IflODUCfiflOTflO CHINH SACH GIAO DUG VA DAO TAO VIET NAM: THUC TRANG VA KHUYEN NGHI PGS.TS U Quoc Hpi Dgi hgc Kinh li qudc ddn Trong giai dogn day mgnh edng nghiep hda hiin dgi hda va hgi nhdp quoc te & Viet Nam, ngudn lyc nguoi ed y nghla quyit djnh sy thdnh cong cua edng cugc phdt triin ddt nu&c Gido dye vd ddo Igo ed vai Ird vd nhiem vy quan trgng viee phdt triin ngudn nhdn lyc Thyc Iiin phdt trien gido dye vd ddo Igo eua ddt nu&c da khdng dfnh nhOng chinh sdch gida dye dung ddn nhung ddng Ih&i cdng cho thdy nhiiu hgn chi vd cdn thiel co sy doi m&i di t^ nhOng buoc chuyen cdn bdn eua gido dye trang giai dogn tdi Bdi viet ndy ddnh gid thuc trgng chinh sdch gido dye vd dao tgo eua Viit Nam th&i gian qua vd de xuat mgt sd khuyen nghj thai gian t&i Til khoa: gido dye, dao tgo, chinh sach, Vift Nam Vai tro ciia chinh sach gido due va dao tao hf thong chinh sach xa hpi Tlieo cdch hieu rpng, gido dye li mpt qui trinh bao gdm tit cd cac boat dpng hudng vio sy phit trien vi ren luyf n ndng lyc (tri thiirc, ky ning, ky xio) vi pham chit (nilm tin, dgo dire, thii dp ) d ngudi dl ed thi phat triln nhan cdch day du vd trd nen cd gii trj tich eye doi vdi xd hpi Theo cich hieu hep hon, giio dye li mpt qud trinh dugc to chuc mpt cich cd myc dich, cd ke hogeh nhdm truyin dgt vd ITnh hpi nhirng kinh nghifm xd hgi cua loai ngudi Ddo tgo li qui trinh phit trien ed hf thong cic tri thii'c, ky ndng, ky xio vi thii dp, tu each ddi hdi d mpt cd nhdn dl thyc hifn nhifm vy chuyen mdn nhat djnh Nhu vgy, dio tgo dugc hieu li mgt dgng die thii cua giio dye, dd nd hudng ve giio dye chuyen mdn nghe nghifp Vi Id mpt dgng ddc thii cua gido dye, nen qui trinh dio lao cung tuan theo nhirng quy lugt chung cua giio dye Tuy nhien, nhu'ng ddc diem rieng ciia nd (ve myc lieu, d6i tugng vd phuong phap) nen thye tl, ngudi ta van thudng tieh neng giao dye v i dio tgo Chinh sdch gido due vd ddo tgo la mgt nhiing chinh sdch xa hpi co ban hf th6ng cic chinh sdch kinh te- xa hpi cua Nhd nudc Chinh sdch giao due v i dao tgo la cdng cy quin ly vT md cua Nha nudc doi vdi cac hogt dgng giio dye va dao tgo, 70 nhim thyc hifn cic myc lieu cua Nhd nudc ve ITnh vyc niy Chinh sich gido dye va dao tao Id mpt hf thong cic quan dilm, myc lieu ciia Nhi nirdc ve gido dye- dio tgo, cimg cdc phucmg hudng, giii phdp nhim thyc hifn cac myc tieu dd, mpt giai dogn nhit djnh cua sy phdt trien dat nudc Chfnh sich giio dye va dao tgo cd mdi quan hf bifn chiJmg vdi cic chinh sach kinh tl va xd hpi khic, die bift la mdi quan hf vdi chfnh sich lao dpng vd vifc lam, chfnh sach an sinh xa hpi Chdng hgn, chinh sach giio dye- dio tgo thye hifn tot thi CO hgi vifc lam tdng vi nguon nhan lyc dupc sir dyng cd hifu qui Kit qua la hifn tugng that nghifp sS giim di va chinh sach bao hilm xi hgi se giim dugc chi phf cho cdc trg cap that nghifp Ngugc Igi, ehinh sach giio dye va dao tao khdng dugc giii quylt t6t thi lam cho trinh dp dan tri thap, cdc tf ngn xd hgi se dl dang phit sinh, that nghiep sg tdng len Khi dd, ganh ndng doi vdi cdc chinh sdch ve bio trg xd hpi, an sinh xd hgi se tdng len, thgm chi cdn cd the gay bit dn djnh ve chfnh tri, xd hpi D6i tugng ciia chinh sach giao dye- dao tgo la ngudi, la v6n quy nhat, li nguon n$i lyc c6t Idi doi vdi sy t6n tgi va phat triln cua dit nudc Do vgy, giio dye- dao tgo Id mdi quan tam hdng diu cua moi qu6c gia, nham tgo mgt nguon nhan lyc cd tri tuf cao, cd tay nghe thinh thgo, cd phim chat t6t dep, dap iimg d muc cao nhat nhihig yeu ciu phit triln kinlild'hiittrieii GIflODUCDflO kinh tl- xa hgi ciia ddt nudc Neu nhu trudc tlay, sy thieu von va ngheo nan ve CO sd vgt chat la nguyen nhan ehu yeu lam chgm l6c dp phit trien kinh tl thi Ihdi dgi ngiy nay, phin quan trpng eiia tang trudng gin liln vdi chit lugng cua lyc lugng lao dpng Neu nhu Irudc day, nen kinh te ciia mdi qudc gia chu yeu dya vdo lao dpng vi ty nhien, thi ngdy chii yiu dya vio thdng tin vd lao dpng tri tuf Ky nguyen phit trien mdi coi dau tu phit triln nguon nhan lyc Ii quan trpng hon cic logi dau tu khic Kinh nghifm nhilu nudc cho thiy nlu khdng cd ehinh sich giio dycdio tgo diing ddn thi se khdng the tgo dgng lyc cho phal Irien kinh te- xa hgi Vi vgy, cic qu6c gia tren the gidi diu thyc hifn chiin lugc phal triln cua minh Iheo hudng chu trgng din giio dye vi ddo Igo Nhieu qudc gia coi giio dye vd ddo Igo Id nguon lyc hang dau cho phit trien kinh le Thuc trang chinh sach giao due va dao tao d Viet Nam tF# nay, Quoc hgi khda X dd thdng qua hai Nghj quyli quan trpng: Nghj quylt sd 40 ve ddi mdi chuong trinh gido dye thdng va Nghj quylt sd 41 vl Ihyc hifn cgp giio dye trung hpc co sd - Bdo ddm phdt trien cdn ddi he thdng gido dye tir phia Nhd nu&e: Nhi nudc thong nhat quan ly hf thong giio dye qu6c dan vl myc lieu, chuong trinh, npi dung, kl hogeh giio dye, quy chl thi cu vi hf thong van bdng Nhi nudc chu truang phit trien dong deu tat ci cic cip vd trinh dp dao tgo hf thdng giio dye quoc dan Ben egnh giio dye chinh quy, nhi nude md rpng vd Igo dilu kifn thugn lpi eho giio dye Ihudng xuyen Ben egnh hf Ihong cie trudng edng lgp, nhi nudc edn phdt Iriln hf thong cic Irudng din lap vd tu ihyc vi cd chfnh sich da dgng hda cie logi hinh trudng Ngin sich eho giio dye luy cd sy khic ve co cdu giiia cic cap hgc vd trinh dp ddo tgo nhung dupc cin ddi vi phit Irien mpt cich ddng deu - Chinh sdch xa hdi hda gido dye: Ciing vdi qui trinh chuyen sang nen kinh te thj irudng Nhi nudc da chu trucmg thyc hien chinh sich xd hpi hda giio due Quylt djnh sd 44/HDBT ngiy 24/04/1989 ciia Hgi ddng Bg trudng'vl vifc thu mpt phin hpc phi lrong gido dye phd thdng da danh dau lien trinh xa hpi hda giio dye v i thyc hien chia se chi phi giio dye giira ngudi dan v i nhi nudc Thdng qua Nghi quylt so 90/CP 21/08/1997 cua Chinh phii vl phuang hudng vi chu Iruong xd hpi hda cic hogt dpng giio dye, y te, van hda, Nhi nudc khuyen khfch md rgng nhieu hinh thuc giao dye, lao dieu kifn thugn Igi de phit trien cdc loai Irudng, tdp bin cdng, dan lap, tu thuc lgi lhanh phd, thj xa, thj tran Tir ndm 1986 den nay, ciing vdi qui trinh chuyen vi nhiing vimg cd kinh le thugn lgi Dieu 12 Ludt ddi sang nen kinh te Ihj trudng, chinh sich giao dye giio dye nam 2005 ghi nhgn vifc day mgnh hon xi vi dio tgo cua Viet Nam da cd nhung thay d6i rd rft hgi hda giio due thdng qua vife coi phit trien giio dye, xay dyng xd hgi hpc tap la sy nghifp cua nhi tren cae mat sau: - Thay ddi ve nhdn thiec vai trd eua gido dye - ddo nude vi sy nghifp ciia toin din Ngoii ra, Luil giio Igo: Quan nifm "gido due nhu mgt bp phgn cua dye cdn khang djnh vifc Ihuc hifn da dgng hda cic cupe cieh mgng tu tudng van hda" dd dupe thay thi logi hinh Irudng va cac hinh thire giio dye, khuyen bui cich hieu "diu tu cho giio dye Id ngudn diu lu khieh, huy dgng va tao dieu kifn de td chue, ca nhan eho phit Irien" Ding v i Nhi nude da khing djnh Iham gia phat trien su nghifp giio dye - Chinh sdch hd tro vd thirc hien edng bdng xa quan dilm: "Giio due- dio tgo cimg vdi khoa hpc vi cdng nghf Aaac xem Ii qu6c sach hang diu" hdi gido due: Nhdm tang eudng sy edng bing Day la mpt sy ddi mdi vl nhgn thirc va Ian dau lien xd hpi tiip can giio dye, Chinh phu dd thyc dugc quy dinh tai dilu 35 Hien phip 1992 vd sau hifn cie chfnh sich mien giim hgc phi vi cap hgc la Nghi quylt Trung uong II khda VIII Lugt giio bing cho cie nhdm yeu the Nghj djnh sd due nam 2005 cung mgt lan niia nhin mgnh lgi vin 49/2010/ND-CP 14/5/2010 ciia Chinh phii di de niy dilu 9: "Phit trien gido dye la qudc quy djnh vl mien, giam hgc phf, hd trg chi phi hpc sach hang dau nhdm nang cao ddn tri, dio tgo nhan tap va eo chl thu, sir dung hpc phi ddi vdi co sa giio lye, bdi dudng rhan tai" De thye hifn quan diem dye thugc he thdng giio due qude din lir nam hpc Chinh sich giio due vi dio tgo dugc the hifn d lrong F'ien phip nam 1992, Lugt Giio dye ban hinh nim 2005 vi sua ddi ndm 2009 Chinh sich giio dye va ddo tgo dupc chu trpng tren tat ca cdc m§t; cgp giio dye eic cap; lang cudng dio tgo vi giao due nghe nghifp tren ci mat kien thirc, ky nang vi phdm chit cua ngudi lao ddng; tdng cudng dio tgo ngudn nhan lue chat luong eao vi lao dgng cd ky thugt; chu trpng dau tu vi hd trp cua nhi nude cho giio dye; thyc hien xa hgi hda gido dye bdng vifc khuyen khfch su tham gia cua khu vyc tu nhan vio cung cap djch vu giio due va co sd vil chat giio dye kinhlfj'lial trien ?IAODUC0AOTAO 2010- 2011 den ndm hgc 2014- 2015 Theo dd, hing nim ngan sieh nhi nudc chi khodng 4.400 ly dong cho miin hpc phi (2.162 ty dong), giam hgc phi (383 ty dong) va hd trg chi phi hgc lgp (1.856 ty ddng) Ngoii ra, cung ip dyng nhilu chfnh sich rieng doi vdi cic cip dio tgo khde nhau: + Doi vdi giao dye mim non vd giio dye thdng: Chinh phii dd bah hanh nhilu Quylt djnh quan trgng nhu: Quyet djnh s6 101/2009/QD vl sua doi, bo sung mpt so dieu cua Quylt djnh so I12/2007/QD-TTg lilp lyc md rpng doi tugng thy hudng chinh sich (ho trg hpc tgp eho tat ci hpc sinh mau giio, thdng li hp ngheo thupe xd 135); Quylt djnh s6 60/2011/QD-TTg ngdy 26/11/2011 quy djnh chinh sich hd trg tr^ em miu giio 3- tuoi thupc cic xi bien gidi, hii dio, vung ddc bift khd khdn, hp ngh^o; Quyet djnh so 2123/QD-TTg ngiy 22/11/2010 v i Thdng tu lifin tjch s6 03/2012/TTLTGDDT-TC-LDTBXH ngiy 19/01/2012 quy djnh chinh sich cho trd em mau giao, hgc sinh, sinh vien thugc cdc dan tpc rat it ngudi; Quylt djnh s6 85/2010/QD-TTg vc mpt s6 chinh sdch hd trg hpc sinh bin tru vi Irudng phd thdng din tpc bin trii; Quylt djnh so 1640/QD-TTg 21/9/2011 ve eimg eo, phat triln hf thong trudng phd thdng dan tpc npi tni d mien niii, viing dan tgc thieu sd (vdi tren 70 nghin hgc sinh dan tgc ngi tni) Vifc hd trp chi phi hpc tap, hd trg tien an trua, phit trien hf thong trudng ngi trii di khuyen khfch Ire em, hgc sinh viing dan tgc thieu so, miin nui, hg ngheo v i can ngheo tiep cgn giao dye mam non, giio dye thdng + Doi vdi giio dye nghi nghifp: Chinh sich ho trg dao tgo nghe nhim tdng cudng co hgi cho cdc nhdm lao dgng yiu Ihl cd vifc Iim ngiy cing dugc ehu trgng, nhit li hgc sinh, sinh vien thugc hp ngheo, khd khdn, gia dinh chfnh sdch, lao dgng ndng thdn Ddi vdi hgc sinh, sinh vien, Thu ludng Chfnh phu dd ban hinh quylt djnh quan trpng: Quylt djnh so 157/2007/QD-TTg ngiy 27/9/2007 ve tin dyng ddi vdi hpc sinh, sinh vien cd hoin cinh khd khdn (md cdi cha mp, thupc hg gia dinh ngheo, gdp khd khdn vl tdi ehinh tai ngn, bfnh tgt, thien tai, hoa hogn ); vi Quylt djnh so 267/2005/QDTTg ngiy 31/10/2005 ve chinh sich dgy nghi doi vdi hpc sinh dan tpc thieu s6 npi tni + Doi vdi nien: Quyet djnh s6 103/2008/QD-TTg ngiy 21/7/2008 cua Thu tudng Chinh phu phe duyft De an dgy nghi va tgo vifc Iim cho lhanh nien giai dogn 2008- 2015 vdi myc tieu hd trg, tgo dieu kifn cho nien vay von hgc nghi, tgo vifc lam va di lim vifc cd thdi hgn d nudc ngodi, hd trg dau tu ndng cao ndng lyc va hifn dgi hoi 10 trung tam gidi thifu vifc ldm vi dgy nghi trgng dilm ciia Doin nien De in niy tgo dieu kifn dl 100% nien cd nhu ciu I^p doanh nghifp dugc cung cip kiln thuc khdi sy doanh nghifp vi nien dugc vay tin chip vdi ldi suit uu dai (0,5%/lhing) dl hgc nghi, dugc hd trp dl lilp cgn thdng lin tu vin vd gidi thifu vifc lim + D6i vdi lao dpng ndng thdn: Thu tudng Chfnh phu da ban hinh Quylt djnh s6 1956/2009/QD-TTg ngiy 27/11/2009 vl phe duyft Dl in vl dgy nghe cho lao dgng ndng thdn den ndm 2020 vdi muc lieu ting cudng ndng tiep cgn cua cac doi lugng niy den hf thong dgy nghe - Chinh sdch ddu lu cho gido dye vd ddo tgo: Ngan sdch cho gido dye dugc quy djnh ey the chuong VII Lugt giao dye ndm 2005 Chinh phu dd thyc hifn tdng chi cho cic chuong irinh myc lieu cua nginh giio dye nhu: doi mdi chuang trinh giao dye thdng vi thay sich giio khoa, hd trp giio dye mien niii vi dan tgc, xdy dyng co sd vat chfU Irudng su phgm va boi dudng gido vien, dio tgo ngu6n nhin lyc cdng nghf thdng tin va dua edng nghf thdng lin vao nhd Irudng, ting cudng eo sd vgt ehat trudng hge vi xay dyng mgt sd trudng dgi hpc, trung hpc chuyen nghifp Irgng diem, tdng cudng ning lyc dao tgo nghe Ngodi ra, Nhi nudc cdn thyc hifn cic bifn phip kiem soit vi ting dan hifu qui su dyng eic nguon lyc dau tu cho gido dye Ben egnh vife ting ngan sich dau tu cho giio dye, Nha nude da thye hifn vifc huy dgng nguon lyc xa hgi dau tu cho giio dye thdng qua chu truong xi hfi hoi Ket qua chinh sach giao diJic va dao tao 3.1 Thdnh tyu chd yeu Thu nhdt, mux: hu&ng thu ve gido dgc vd ddo tgo cua ngu&i ddn ngdy cdng tdng len, the hifn tren cic khia egnh sau: - Da hodn thdnh phd cgp gido dye tiiu hgc vdo nam 2000, phd cgp gido dye trung hgc co s& vdo ndm 2010 Giai dogn 2001- 2010, ty If hpc sinh dp tuoi di hge tdng nhanh, dd mau giao tu6i tang tir 72% len 98%, tiiu hgc tir 94% len 97%, yung hgc co sd tir 70% len 83%, phd thdng trung hpc tir 33% len 50% Quy md die tao n^e tdng 3,08 lin, trung cip chuyen nghifp tang 2,69 lin, quy md giio dye dgi hgc tang 2,35 lin, tong si sinh vien yen mpt vgn din dgt 250 Nam 2010, ty If lao dOng dd qua dio tao dgt 40%, dd, lao dpng qua dao tgo nghe la 25%, budc diu dap irng dupc kinliyiiilttrjeii GIAO DUC DAO T A ^ nhu ciu cua thj trudng lao dpng 400 nghin lao dgng ndng thdn, dd 48,4% hpc - Quy md gido dye vd mgng lu&i co so gido dye cac nghe ndng nghifp dugc phdt trien, dap ung tdt hon nhu cdu hge tgp - Tu CO Nghf quyit Trung uong (Khda VIII), cua xd hgi Vl co bin da xda dugc "xa trdng" vl ngdn saeh nha nu&c ddu lu eho gido dye - ddo tgo giio dye mim non; trudng tiiu hgc dd cd d tat ci dd tdng ddng ki, tu 5% tdng ehi ngan sich ndm eic xa, trudng trung hpe co sd cd d xi hodc cym xd, 1985 len 10% ndm 1995, 15% nam 2000, 18,1% bTTdng hpc tit eir cic huyfn ^ " 1.trung ô" I.-1 -thdng "1 cd d ã* ' • " ^ ^^^^ (tuang duong 60 nghin ly dong, yong dd Cae tinh va nhieu huypn mien nu da cd yuong ng tru va ban yu cho em dong bio dan tgc thieu so Cae CO so dao tgo nghe, eao ddng vi dg hpc dugc !,• u 1- ' u'- u ' f ' A- I.- Jw , lgp o hau bet cac dja ban dan cu Idn, cic vimg, cac dja phuong, nhat la d vung khd khdn nhu Tay Bic, Tay Nguyen, dong bing sdng Cuu Long Den nay, ei nude cd tren 10.000 trung tam hpc tgp cpng dong, gin 700 trung tdm giao dye thudng xuyen cip linh va huyfn, 1.600 trung ldm tin hpe, ngogi ngij vi nhilu trudng dgi hgc triln khai cic chucmg yinh dio tgo lu xa Ngoii ra, cd nhilu co sd dio tgo ngogi ngii vd boi dudng nang eao trinh dp chuyen mdn, nghifp vy lien kit vdi cic co sd dio tgo nudc ngodi dang hogt dgng lgi Vift Nam Hifn nay, ly If ngudi Idn bill chtr dgt 95% - Mgng luoi ea s& dgy nghi phdt triin nhanh chdng v&i cdp Irinh dg (so eip nghi, trung cdp nghi va eao ddng nghi) Din ndm 2011 cd nude da' ed 123 trudng cao ding nghe, 303 trudng trung cip nghi Thdi ky 2001-2010, binh quan moi ndm dgy nghe eho 1,8 trifu lao dpng, yong dd dgy nghi ngdn han khoing trifu ngudi Giai dogn 2006- 2010, moi nam da hd trg cho tren 300 nghin lao dgng ndng thdn hpc nghe ngin hgn va so cip nghe, bdng 2% tdng so nien ndng thdn.»Rieng ndm 2011, hd trp dgy nghi v i ddt hang dgy nghi cho khoing chi thudng xuyen chilm 77,6%, ehi chuang trinh ^^, tieu chilm 5,1 % vi chi diu tu xdy dyng co bin rhi^rr, M->o/\ Q,r ti ^ i,- u u ? cmem /,2%) by tdng ehi myc tifiu Ids 1600 ly dong/ndm len cho gin chucmg 1.300 ty trinh dong nam • • 2004 vi 3.000 ty dong ndm 2007 dd gdp phin giii quylt kinh phi thyc hifn cic myc lieu uu lien eiia nginh giio dye Thu- hai, cong bdng xd hgi gido dgc dd dugc cdi thien Ca hpi hpc lgp cho Ire em gii, tre em ngudi dan tpc thieu so, eon em cic gia dinh ngheo vi Ire em khuylt til dd tang len Giio dye d ^ ^""8 ^°"8 ^^° ^^'^ t^c thiiu s6, viing siu, viing x '^° nhung tiin bg rd rfl Viec miin, giim hgc phi, ^^^P hpe bdng vi cac chinh sach hd trg khic da lao ^'^" '''^" ""^^ ^^' ^^ P*^^" "^O" ^"^ ^^^ g'^ ^'"h "S''®?' 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