Trdn Minh Ddc Chinh saeh gido due ddn tgc thieu so'''' cua Trung Qud''''c hien nay 59 Sau khi thanh lap nam 1949, dac biet la tfl khi cai each md efla cho de''''n nay, Dang Cdng san va chinh phu Trung Qud''''c ra[.]
Trdn Minh Ddc - Chinh saeh gido due ddn tgc thieu so' cua Trung Qud'c hien 59 dae diem cua tiing DTTS, cac bd ban ng&nh Tnmg uong va ehinh quyln dia phfldng cae cap da xay dung mdt sd lupng Idn van ban phap quy, cac quy dinh, c&e van Men ed tinh quy pham ve giao due DTTS, dien hinh nhfl: "Cuong linh ve eai each va phat trien giao due DTTS toan qude" eiia Bd giao due Trung Qud'c nam 1992; "Dilu 1& gi&o due DTTS C&t L&m" tinh c a t L&m ban h&nh nam 1998; " Ke' hoach hanh ddng 10 n&m phat trien giao due dan tdc tinh TU Xuyen" tinh Tfl * Hodn thipn hi thong ludt phdp bdo Xuydn ban hahh nam 2000; "Dieu le giao ddm cho cdi cdch vd phdt triin gido due due dan tdc khu tU tri d&n tdc Hoi Ninh DTTS Ha" Khu tif tri Hdi Ninh Ha ban hanh Dilu 46 Hien phap nam 1982 cua Trung nam 2001.,, Cae van ban phdp quy d& Qud'e quy dinh: "Cdng d&n nfldc Cdng hda budc diu hinh he thd'ng phap luat nh&n d&n Trung Hoa ed quyen va nghla vu giao due DTTS & Trung Qud'c, nham bao dfldc hpe tap"; Dieu 119 quy dinh: "Co quan dam thuc day cdng cude eai each va phat quan ly nha nfldc cua e&e khu tii tri d&n tdc trien giao due DTTS d qud'e gia n&y quan ly tfl chii giao due, khoa hpe, v&n hda, * Chu trgng chinh sdch ddu tU tdi ve sinh, sfl nghidp t h i due t b i thao eiia dia phfldng minh, bao vd va chinh ly cdc di san chinh cho gido due DTTS v&n hda efla d&n tdc thilu sd, sfl phat trien Tfl nhOfng nam 50 cua the' ky XX, nha va phdn thinh cua van hoa dan tdc"; Dieu nfldc Tnmg Qud'c da xay dung nguon Mnh 22 quy dinh: "Nha nUde hd trd tren cac phi chuyen dung cho giao due DTTS, ngudn phuong didn nhU tai ehinh, vat chat, ky Mnh phi khdng ngiftig tang eung vdi thuat nham giup dd cae d&n tdc thieu sd sU ph&t trien cua Mnh te qud'c d&n, nam day nhanh phat trien Mnh te' va sif nghiep 1951 la khoang 1,5 trieu nh&n dan te, den x&y dung van hda"*^' Tren ca sd tinh t h i n n&m 1955 la 1,8 tridu nhan d&n te, nam eua Hien phap nam 1982, hd thd'ng cae 1979 la 7,1 tridu nhan dan td; tUn&m 1985 van ban phap luat khac nhu Lu&t khu tU trd lai day, hang nam cbinh quyen nha tri d&n tpc n&m 1984, LuSt Nghia vu giao nUdc Trung Qude da dau tU khoang 100 due nam 1986 (chinh sfla nam 2006) va trieu nhan dan te eho phat trien giao due Lu§t giao due nam 1995 deu nh&n manh cac khu vfle khd khan, DTTS, bien gidi hai de'n npi dung gi&o due DTTS, dfla cae dao'^', Cung thdi diem nay, nha nfldc quy dinh chi tiet va eu the ddi vdi v&h de Dfla tren Hidn ph&p va luat ph&p ed Trung Qud'c cung xay dUng nhilu ehinh lidn quan va eae quy dinh, can cfl vao tmh sach hd trp Mnh phi nhu "Kinh phi bd trd hinh thflc tien cu the cua tiftig khu viic va khu vU DTTS"; "Kinh phi ho trd sU nghiep xay dung vung bien"; "Kinh phi vien trd Sau lap nam 1949, dac biet la tfl cai each md efla cho de'n nay, Dang Cdng san va chinh phu Trung Qud'c rat coi trpng phat triln giao due qud'c d&n, chu trpng ehinh saeh giao due binh dang cho mpi dan tdc, giao due DTTS dUde coi la mpt bd quan trpng khdng t h i tach rdi Trung Qud'c da bUde dau x&y dung va thflc hidn mdt loat cac ehinh sach va phap luat phat triln giao due DTTS theo thflc te' ttmg DTTS va vung DTTS Cu t h i nhU: 60 phat trien khu vUe cd Mnh te khd kh&n" , Trong viec sfl dung cac nguon Mnh phi deu quy dinh: c&c I3nh, cae khu vfle tif tri ein danh mdt ty Id nb^t dinh eho phat trien giao due DTTS Nghien edu Ddng Nam A, sd 4/2019 Udng Trung Qud'e da diu tfl eho giao due d khu tu tri dan tdc thilu sd' sd tien la 1,8 ty nhan dSn td nham thflc day sfl nghidp giao due khoa hpc ky thu&t, day n g h i tai cac khu viic n&/*' Trong nam (20102014), Bd tai chinh trung UOng Trung Qudc da dau tfl v&o giao due d khu tfl tri DTTS sd tiln la 120 ty nh&n d&n td'^' Trong thdi ky ke hoach nam (1996 2000), chinh phu Trung Qud'c da c&p ckc ngudn kinh phi khac dl diu tU cho * Chd trgng cdc chinh sdch xdy diing giao due DTTS, vdi cac chfldng trinh hd trd nhfl: ehuong trinh hd trd Mnh phi giao due ddi ngu gido vien DTTS xda ddi giam ngheo; ehUdng trinh Nham giai quyet tinh trang ddi ngu giao due nghia vu vdi cae khu vfle kho giao vien DTTS vifa thieu ve sd' Ifldng, vifa khan; ehflOng trinh 211 (dau tU vao cac kem ve chat lUdng, phat trien khdng on trfldng dai hpc dilm) , da dau tU vao dinh, ehinh phu Trung Qudc da thflc hidn vung DTTS va cae khu vUc phia Tay Trung rat nhilu cbinh saeh flU dai nhfl; phan bl Qud'c khoang 7,5 ty nhan dan te Trong giao vien va sinh vien sfl pham td't nghiep nhiing nam trd lai d&y, thdng qua cae ve nhan nhidm vu giao due cf cac vimg chuong trinh cai tao phdng hpc trung tilu DTTS, tu nam 1974 dd'n nam 1998, sd giao hpe d khu vfle ndng thdn, ke hoaeh "hai cd vidn dd'n hd trd Tiy Tang la 2.969 ngUdi'^'; ban" d mien Tay Trung Qud'c, Bd Tai so' Ifldng tiep tue tang nhijiig nam gin ehinh trung Udng Trung Qud'e da dau tU day vdi chinh sach hd trd thdng nhat giao khoang hdn 29 ty nh&n d&n te, tich eUc cai vien v& sinh vidn sfl pham dd'n miln Tay thien dieu Mdn, cd sd vat chat hpc tap edng tac Thflc hien chinh sach chuyin vung DTTS Nam 2004, ehinh phu Trung ngfldi dan lam viec day hpe d cac khu vUe Qud'e trien khai thuc hidn cbinh saeh tfl tri gi&o vidn cua nha nfldc, tao "LuSng mien nhat bd" (miln phi sach giao nhOng chuyen bid'n tich cfle, tao sU 6n dinh khoa, miln tap phi, bo sung sinh hoat phi) cho ddi ngu giao vien khu vUe dan toe thieu dd'i vdi khu viic ndng thdn miln Tay, dahb sd Ddng thdi, thflc Mdn chinh sach flu dai Uu dai cho tuyet dai bp phan hpc sinh d&n dac thu ddi vdi gi&o vidn khu vfle DTTS tdc thieu so Nam 2006, Trung Qud'c lan nhu hd trd Ifldng, phue Idi lao dpng, bao diu thUc hidn cai each ehd' dp bao dam hilm y te, xac dinh vi tri vide lam, cdng Mnh phi giao due nghia vu ddi vdi khu vUc vide gia dinh ndng thdn, e&e khu vife dan tpc v& khu vUc dae biet khd khan, sap xd'p nguSn kinh phi Thanh tifu v a vS'n de dsit chuyen dung dl hd trp, nhU mdi nam s&p thiic hi0n chinh sach giao due dan tpc thiSu & Trung Qud'c xep 120 trieu nhan dan te ho trd giao due tilu hpc d eae eung ndng thdn Tay Tang 2.1 Thanh tiJu dat diidc vdi mue tidu "tam bao" (bao an, bao d, bao Vdi nhOtng chinh sach dae thij nhu trdn, phi hpc tap) Nam 2008, Cbinh phu trung gi&o due DTTS Trung Qudc da cd nhflng Trdn Minh Ddc - Chinh sdch gido due ddn tdc thiiu so'eua Trung Qude hien thay ddi to Idn va dat dUdc nhflng tUu tren nhieu phUdng dien, diln hinh nhU: Mgt la, he thdng gido due DTTS dd duoc xdy dUng vd hodn thipn, trinh gid^o due DTTS da dugc cdi thipn Trong nhifng n&m qua, he thdng giao due DTTS Trung Qud'c da tiftig bUde dflpc ho&n thien vdi diy du cac cip hpe nhfl gi&o due mam non, giao due cd sd, giao due dai h p c ; quy md giao due khdng ngimg md rdng, chat Ifldng giao due dfldc n&ng eao Dd'n cud'i nam 2008, cd 167 trudng cao dang v& dai hoc d Trung Qud'c, 2.217 trudng mau giao dan tpc, 20.906 trudng tilu hpc dan tdc, 3.536 trfldng trung hpc d&n tdc va trfldng day nghe dan tdc Tong sd hpc sinh dan tpc thieu so cac tnfdng khac d tat ca cac cap Trung Qud'c la khoang 21,9 trieu ngUdi Trong sd dd, sd lUOng hpe sinh dan tpc thilu sd d cae trudng tilu hpe \k 10,7 tridu ngUdi, chiem 10,4% ting sd' hpe sinh ca nUdc, so' lUdng hpc sinh DTTS thupc cae trudng trung hpc phd thdng la 6,8 trieu ngudi, chid'm 8,5% ting sd hpe sinh ca nUdc; s l sinh vidn cac trUdng dai hpc la 13,3 tridu ngudi, chie'm 8,2% tong so' sinh vidn; ch^t lUdng van hda tdng the cua eae khd'i DTTS da dUde cai tMen rd rang Theo Tdng dilu tra Dan so lan thfl nam vao nam 2000, Trung Qud'c cd 14 DTTS, bao gdm Trilu Tien, M&n Ch&u, Mdng C6 va Kazakhstan, cd thdi gian dfldc di hpe eao ngang bang vdi mflc trung binh cua qudc gia Dd'n nam 2009, 55 DTTS cda Tnmg Qud'e dlu cd sinh vien dai hpc rieng eua dan tdc; cd mudi may DTTS Trung Qud'c cd ty 1^ sinh vidn dai hpc trdn mdi trieu ngUdi da vUdt qua mflc trung binh qudc gia*''' 61 De'n nam 2014, tdng sd hpe sinh DTTS cae trudng khae d tat ca cae cap da tang Idn 25,3 trieu ngfldi (tang lan lUdt 27,6% va 6,14% so vdi nam 2002 va 2012), cho de'n n&m 2018 la khoang 27 trieu ngUdi'^' Ty Id bao phu dan so' dupe giao due bat budc chin nam d cac khu tU tri dan tpc da dat 100% Ty le hpe smh DTTS tong so' hpc sinh tnidng hpe eua Trung Qude da tang dang ke Tfl n&m 2002 dd'n 2014, ty le hpc sinh DTTS d cac trudng tieu hpc tang tfl 9,46% len 11,2%; d cae trfldng phd thdng trung hpc tang tfl 7,40% len 10,27%; d cip dai hpc tang tfl 5,99% dd'n 7,67%