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:'- XA Hi J iL » ^^ L i * VilefiiiliiMijtiiliiillliNliliiinf NGUYEN HA PHUONG Vien Nghien cutu Trung Qudc M oi truong co vai tro het sue quan trpng va la moi quan tam cua toan cau, dac bi^t vdi Trung Quoc, mpt dat nuac dang giai do^n phat trien nhanh chong cfla qua trinh thi hoi va cong nghidp hoa I THU'C TR4.NG M I TRUNG QUOC HI$N NAY TRlTOfNG Th\rc ti'ong Hi$n nay, nhiem moi trucmg dang la van de noi b§t cin tro duong phat trien cua Trung Quoc Nghi6n cuu cua Kuznet cho ring kuih tS suy thoai, nhiem gia t^g Kinh t^ tang trudng, nhiem dupc cii thi^n nho cic cong ngh? tien tien Nhung dieu CO v6 khong dung voi Trung Quoc Du biet cic nudc muon phat trien thirong se chiu ton tfiat v^ m5i trudng nhung Trung Quoc van de m6i tnrong duong nhu den qua som, qua nhanh so vdi cac nudc phat trien Cac nudc tr&i the gjdi bi nhiem n&ng mat khoing 200 nim Trung Quoc chi mat khoing 30 n W d cac nudc phit trien, N6HI£N Cilu TRUNG QUtfC so 7(155) - 2014 GDP binh quan dau ngudi dgt 8000 USD, nhiem dat (finh, cdn Trung Quoc hien GDP/ngudi mdi khoing 6000 USD, Trung Quoc lam vio tinh trang "chua giiu da o nhiem" nhiem hien d phgm vi rpng nhat, muc dp sau nhat, inh hudng ldn nhat tren &e gidi, thgm chi gkn giai hgn cuoi ve an toin moi trudng "Nh%) sieu" nhiSm moi trudng cing ldn Bp Bio ve Moi trudng Trung Quoc ciing phii thira nh§n chat lupng khong khi, nudc vi dat cua Trung Quoc deu dang xuong cap * nhiim khong Theo Chi so Ho^it dpng Moi trudng ciia Dai hpc Yale tai My, Trung Quoc xep o vj tri 128 sd 132 nudc ve chat lupng khong khi*^^ Theo Ngan hing The gidi, chi CO 1% tong so 560 tri?u cu dan thi cOa Trung Quoc hit thd khong dupc xem la an toin theo tieu chuan EU Mirc PM 2,5 cua Bac Kinh roi vio hang toi nhat the gidi Cic hat cd hai d mien Bic hi^n cao hon d mien Nam 55%f^', Bing 1: Cac mirc PM2.5 theo tieu chuan chSu Au Chi so nliiem (microgam/m^ ) Muc Chat lugng khong Duoi 50 Tot 51-100 Kha 101-200 nhiem nh^ 201-300 nhiem vira Tren 300 nhiem n|ing trd thinh nudc tieu dung nang lupng ldn nhat the gidi 10 nam trudc do, Trung Quoc chi dimg lupng nang lupng bang mpt nua ciia My*^' Tnmg Quoc hign dung 47% lupng than cua the gidi, xap xi tong lupng dung cda cic nudc khic cpng lai, moi nam Tnmg Quoc d6t khoing 3,8 tan than*^ Theo mpt hpc gii nudc ngoii: "Tinh tnmg binh, cd tir den 10 ngiy lai cd mOt nhi may nhipt di|n dot than vdi cdng sudt du phyc vy mpt thinh cd Dallas (My) dupc khanh d Trung Quoc" Nam 1990, lupng thii giy hieu ung nhi kinh dioxid carbon (CO2) ciia Trung Quoc chi tucmg ducmg 10% cua the gidi Gid day, ty 1? tang len miJc gan 30%*^' Hi?n Trung Quoc cling li nudc sin xudt nang lupng ldn nhat th^ gidi va la nudc dung dau danh sach cac nudc thii nhilu CO2 bau quyen nhat Xe to cung li nguon thii PM2,5 ldn anh hudng nang ne den 20 trieu ngudi dan Thii Bac Kinh hipn cd khoing gan tri§u chiec xe d td nhung sue chua ciia dudng xa chi khoing tren trieu chiec Giac mpng tfi nhiem khdng cd nhieu nguyen nhan: cua Trung Quoc cd the bien thinh moi de chinh sich cap than mien phi cho dan phia doa- Tic dudng da trd thinh "cin bgnh Bac song Hoai, cac nhi miy nhi?t dien dot pho" d Bac Kinh, Thupng Hii Ngan hang than dupc xay dyng khdng ngimg, thii tir Deutsche Bank (Due) udc tinh, so lupng xe xe d to Nam 2010, Trung Quoc vupt My Mpt so ncri khdi bui hon ca phdng hut thuoc la d san bay, tham chi len muc bio dpng Cd viing chi so nhiem len tdi khoing 1.000 microgram/m^, ngang cac dim chay rung Muc nhiem khong tai thinh Bic Kinh cd luc cao g ^ 35 - 40 lan muc cho phep cua To chiic Y te the gidi (WHO) Nhihig dim khdi b\ii tai Trung Quoc tham chi cd the nhin thay dupc tu inh chyp vp tinh ngoii khong gian nhu khdi tu nhung vu phun trio nui lua*'*' Cd tii lieu cdn noi khoi byi nhiem chu khong phii Van Ly Trudng Thinh dupc nhin thay tir Mat Trang Tham chi Trung Quoc "tan d\mg" khdi byi de trinh sir theo doi cua v$ tinh nudc ngoii Theo so lieu cua Bp Moi trudng Trung Quoc, den thing nam- 2014, 10 d nhiem khong nhat Trung Quoc tap tnmg d cac tinh Ha Bic, Son Dong, Thiem Tay, Hi Nara^^l Cd the ndi nhiem khong d mpt so thinh diem cOa Trung Quoc ding de ghi vio sich su ve nhiem tren the gidi NGHICN CUD TRUNG QUtfC so 7(155) - 2014 V&t dS nhiem m6i trudng cua Tmng Qu6c to d Tnmg Quoc se dat 400 tri^u vio nam 2030 so vdi mirc 90 tri$u hien Trung Quoc dang d giai doan quy mo ldn ve so hp gia dinh sur dyng d td (khi GDPAigudi vupt 3000 USD)**' Tnmg Quoc di li nudc Idn ve td (nam 2010 da la tiii trudng d to hing dau the gidi) nhung van hoi d to chua cao Tam \y mua xe tfaeo phong trio kha nhieu, coi xe li vat the hien dang c^ Nhieu noi qi^ hoach khdng gian khong hpp ly bupc ngudi dan phii mua d td bat die di khoing cich £ lai hing qua xa Sii dyng qui nhieu d td cdn inh hudng den an ninh nang lupng, gay thieu hyt dat Bdng 2:10 Tmng Quoc co liromg xe nhieu nhat nam 2011 SOO T " 4S0 BSe aCiiih ThAiVi XfOunlii TiHi8n TlOi^KsQaitsfi Hai^ TiunSTifas3t T ^ A.n Qi^M , ^ Tan H i i Chaa Chaa KJaiai-CaiSa Ngu6n; http://www.taoguba.com.cn/Article/80S969yi D^ bio sd lirgng xe d to Trung Quoc nSm 2030 (theo NgSn hang Deutsche Bank (DiVc) ^ s lifang xe (trifu chifec) NGHltN Cliu TRUNG QUtiC so 7(155) - 2014 ~ NGUY£N HA PHUONG Tuy nhien, theo Giio su Vuong Duy Lgc, chuyen gia sinh tiiii hpc vi moi trudng thuy lpi cu trii d Due, ndi nhiem khong d Bic Kinh li qui nhieu d td la chua dung vi d td d Tokyo va Newyork edn nhieu hon (den 2013 lupng d to Trung Quoc da vupt Nhat) Nhung van de giao thdng d Trung Qu6c lai ding ndi Ong ndi, tu san bay Bic Kinh den Tay Don cd mpt doan ngan ma mat tieng 45 phiit Xe thai PM2.5 nhilu nhat li xe dung Bic Kinh, cu 300 den 500m lai phii dpi phiit, phut hay 10 phiit Theo ong, li quy hoach d Bic Kinh, dudng rpng qui, nhieu noi cdn khep kin khd cho xe luu thong, nhu cic trudng dai hpc Bac Kinh, Thanh Hoa chi cd it cua, khdng nhu trudng d chiu Au li md hoin toan Hay eac mpc san sit chu khdng xen ke pho, nong thdn nhu trudc day khien d nhiem khd khuyech tin*'"* Olympic da la mOt co hpi cho Bic Kinh Chinh phii dan tu nhieu nhung hipu qui kem Hp chi coi trpng lpi ich trudc mit chu chua nhin liu dii, cae nha may dupc chuyen ngoii Bic Kinh Diy li cich lam ma chau Au va My da timg thyc hi$n nhung da hi cam Muon xu ly tot d nhiem nen xii ly tai cho*"^ O nhiem lan rpng, khdng d 70% thinh d Trung Quoc khong dat cac tieu chuan Nhieu liie tam nhin giim chi edn 100m Cic chuyen bay quan trpng phii hoan Igi- Cae trudng tieu hpe hoac phii dyng long kinh ehe san choi hoac phii chao cd hay t^p tiie dye ldp Cd nguon tin cdn cho biet, 20 thinh d nhiem nhat the gidi cd den 16 thinh ph6 ciia Trung Quoc Ngan hing Deutsche Bank (Due) canh bio "phii mat it nhat 18 nim, trudc ehi s6 PM 2.5 trung binh d cic tiiinh ciia Trung Quoc giam xuong mirc 30" Mpt trieu phu ngudi Trung Quoc nhan xet: "Neu chimg ta khdng bit dau quan tim den mdi trudng tii bay gid thi 20,30 nam sau nua, eon ehiu ehiing ta se phii deo mat n? chong dpc vi mang binh thd oxy"*'^' * d nhiim va thieu hut nguon nit&c Theo LiSn hpp quoc, the ky 21, khiing hoang nudc se la mOt nhiing khiing hoing hing dau tren the gidi Tnmg Quoc la mpt 13 nudc thieu hyt tii nguyen nuoc nghiem trpng nhat toan cau Nam 2000, lupng nudc thieu khoing 29 ty m^, din nam 2020 cd the len tdi 50 ty m^ Phan bo nguon nudc rat khdng dong deu: mien Bac, noi nong nghipp chiem 66% toan quoc lai it mua, it sdng chiy qua, muc nudc binh quin dau ngudi d mpt so khu vye chi bang 1/16 miic tnmg binh cua the gidi nen thieu nudc hon mien Nam, noi chiem 80% nguon cung nuoc, chii yeu d luu vye Tnidng Giang Cd tii li^u chi ra: Den nam 2030 lupng nude eung ung d mien Bac se hoin toin can kipt neu khong cd bien phip giai quyet Tong lupng nudc cua Trung Quoc dung khoing thur 4tiiegi6i nhung theo Bp Thuy lpi Trung Quoc, lupng nudc binh quin dau ngudi chi kho^g 2300m^, bing 28% mirc binh quan the gi6i, cd tdi 2/3 thieu nudc, phuong thuc tan dyng nguon nudc cdn thd so Nuac dung cho tudi tieu chua hi^u qui Trung Quoc da khai tiiic tii nguyen cic ddng soi^ mpt cich thai qui, dd chu ylu la khai thic nguon nudc ngam, phi hogi mdi tni6ng va sa mac hda cic cinh rimg Toe dp ti£u hao nudc nhanh hon toe dp bo sung Tir niini NGHI£H Clhl TRUNG QUtfc 5^7(155)-2014 Vah ded nhiim m6i tnfdng cua Trung Qudc 1982 - 2000, Hoang Hi moi nim cd den 2/3 tiidi gian khd can, dipn tich ho ci nudc da giim 15% so vdi th§p nien 50 the ky 20, ci nudc moi nim binh quan mat 20 ho ty nhien*"' Trong vdng 20 nam qua, so lupng cic ddng sdng cd dipn tieh ttr 100 km^ trd len d Tnmg Quoc da giim mpt nda so vdi nhihig nam 1990, tuong duong 28.000 ddng song d Trung Quoc di bien mat*"* Cic cdng trinh nhu Dip Tam Hiep eiing li mpt nhiing nguyen nhan dan tdi su bien mat ciia nhilu ddng sdng Trong s6 khoing 50.000 dap ldn nhat the gidi, hon mpt nua li d Trung Quoc*"' Viec thieu nudc da gay khd han nghiem trpng, inh hudng sinh hoat ciia ngudi dan va canh tie ndng nghiep Mua he 2013, tiiinh ph6 Thupng Hii da ghi nhan n^g n6ng ky lyc 140 nam qua, nhiet d0 ISn tdi trSn 40 dd C Thut trudng Bp Tii ngityen nudc Trung Quoc Ho Tu Nhat cho biet Trung Quoc se edn doi mat vdi tinh trang tiiieu nude gay git tuong lai nhu eau ^ng eao nude niy tiep tyc cdng nghiep hoi vi dd thi hoa Khdng chitiiieunudc, sdng ngdi d nhiem tram trpng vi he sinh thii nudc ngpt bien doi xau dang li "van ldn" cd the de dpa den su phit trien ben virng ciia Trung Quoc Neu nudc eung ed tieu ehuan quoc te nhu khdng thi nudc d Tnmg Quoc se d muc d nhiem cao hon rat nhieu Hien cd khoing 300 trieu ngudi dnong thdn khdng dupc tiep can nguon nudc uong an toan Khdng den 11% dan so dupc uong nudc hpp tieu chuan ve sinh Trung Quoc Nam 2013, cic diem giim sit, chat lupng nudc ngam kem vi rat kem dat ty le 59,6%, chat lupng tot dat 10,4%*'^' Khoing 40% dat tipt dupc tudi tii ^nh deu dupc tong thoii mii mdi trudng nguon nudc ngam, sin pham ndng nghiep ty rlhien Sdng Duong Tii - mpt nhung trd thinh nhung sin pham dpc hai 1^ lupng huyet mach song cdn doi vdi nudc ndng nudc thii cdng nghipp cung 2/3 nudc thii gia nghiep lan nudc sinh hoat - da gong minh NGHICN CI)U TRUNG QUtfC so 7(155) - 2014 - NGUYEN HA PHl/ONG lanh 40% Iupng nude tiiii cua toin Trung Quoc vi 80% so ehua dupc xii ly Ddng Hoing Ha - noi cung cap nude cho hon 150 trieu ngudi va 15% dat ndng nghipp Trung Quoc - cung chua 2/3 lupng nudc khdng an toin cho sinh hoat- Sdng Hoai (sdng giiia Trudng Giang vi Hoang Hi) li song dupc Trung Quoc dau tu nhieu nhat vi sdm nhat xii ly d nhiem nhung van bi d nhiSm nghiem trpng d diy dan gian cdn truyen mipng cau ca ve nudc" thap nien 50 vo gao rua rau, thap nien 60 giat ao tudi tieu, thap nien 70 nudc bien ehat, thap nien 80 ci ^m tuyettiie"*'^.Moi nam Trung Quoc cd khoing 1.700 sy co d nhiem nguon nudc, vdi hon 60.000 cac ca tii vong sdm*'^' Ngay ci Giim doc Vien Y te cpng dong va Nudc sinh hoat Bae Kinh 20 nam qua ciing ehi dam uong nudc ddng chai vi "Trong so hon 100 ddng sdng hipn d Bae Kinh, chi cd hoac eon sdng cd the sii dyng cho cic nhi miy nudc sach Phan cdn lai khdng khd can thi ciing bi d nhiem tram trpng' * nhiem moi trucfng dot Trung Quoc, d nhiem dat van li van de nhuc nhoi dii khdng lau trudc day, ngudi dan van chua danh cho nd sy quan tam diing muc cdn Chinh phii eung diua no lyc nhiea (y nhiem dat cd tinh an, lau dii vi khd phyc hoi, li moi de doa sue khoe ngudi, phi hdng nhihig nd lye eua quoc gia ve an toan thyc pham Nha nude da bd nhieu tien dau tu nghien cuu cac chung Ioai sin xuat tot, nhung neu cic ndng sin dd lai dupe trSn cic vung dat d nhiem thi no lyc coi nhu uong phi*^^* Cac chat dpc cung cic kim loai n$ng tu cic md kim loai vi nhi miy ton tsi dit thyc su la moi nguy hiem 3000 t6ng so 40000 losi hoa chat ducrc sin xuat va s\i dung phS bien t?i Trung Qu6c nSm danh sach nhiing hoa chat nguy hiem nhat™ Khotog 20 tri$u dit bi nhiem kim loili nlng, di$n tich tuong duong khoang 12 Bac Kinh*^" Timg Quoc cung la quoc gia sin xuat va s& dvng phan bon nhieu nhat the gioi, hang n5m tieu thu khoJng 30% tong luflng phan bon the gioi Kim losi n?ng a tiong phan bon gay nhiem nguon niroc tudi tieu va dit trpi Ben nam 2013, miu dat du(?c kiem tia cac noi trSn c4 nuac van phat hi?n nhieu tan du kim losi njng tir mgt the k^ tnroc Cling nhu tan du cua thuoc trtr sau 666 da bi cim til thsp niin 80™ Chat dgc khong du(rc xu ly la mim m6ng gay cic benh cip va man tinh hay cd nhOng b?nh tich tu vk chi du(jc phat hi$n ci chuc nam sau • Sa m^c hoa Day ciing la van de nghiSm d Trung Qu6c, nhit la khu Tay Bac Bao cit trk trpng inh hu&ng d^n ci phit trien kinh te xa hoi, nhieu nai di^u ki^n sinh t6n khdng diim bio, nguai dan phii di cu "din ti n9n sinh thii" Tit Tay Bac d^n phia Tay dong bing Dong Bac, dit hoang msc, sa mac chiem 1/4/ dien tich lanh tho vi tiep t(C md IQng Hiin sa m^c vin tiep tuc lan rgng khoing 2460 km^ moi nam Sa mjc thim cU dang "tien quan" vao noi dia Trung Hoa, gp day chi each Thien An Mdn khoing VOlan Tuy cdng tic xir 1^ dat sa m^c da c6 nhiing tich ding chii y song tinh hinh ching van rat nghiem trong, moi nim diin tich n NGHICN COU TRIING QUfic so 7(1 S5)-2II1< V&t de nhiim mdi trudng cua Trung Qudc mac hoa ting len tuong duong mat di mdt huyen vira Mpt lupng ldn nhan lyc vat luc ^ trung vio chong sa mac hoa nhung chi cd khoing 10% dupe xii ly, 12% khdi phyc d cac mue khac Tinh trang "xii Iy cyc bp, tong the tram trong" vin ehua thay doi Cic nha khoa hpc phit hien cao nguyen Thanh Tang da trd thinh noi khdi nguon gid cat mdi Dien tieh bi sa mac hda tang 8% so vdi ih^p ky trudc Ho Thanh Hii ngiy cing cd die, cd xu hudng khd can Neu khdng cd bien phip hieu qui trinh tinh trang niy thi khu vyc Tiy Bac, Hoa Bic, Ddng Bic, c i cao nguyen Thanh Tang, tham ehi nda Trung Quoc cd the bi sa mac hoa*^' Tren diy la thyc trang cic van de noi cpm iien quan din moi trudng d Trung Quoc Trung Quoc cdn doi mat nhieu van de niia nhu mua axit, bien doi hau, xdi mdn dat, tiiuy trieu dd, p h i rimg gay lu lyt, khai thic khoang sin, tieu hao nang lupng qua miic, rac thii sinh hoat v i xay dyng T i c dpng ciia nhung van d l moi trudng i i rat to ldn T i e d^ng cua nhiem moi trudng d Trung Quoc Ton that kinh te mdi trudng d Trung Quoc len den khoing 230 tl USD vio nam 2010 chiem 3,5% GDP, g ^ bon so vdi nam 2004 Den nam 2013 l i khoing 6% GDP Chuong trinh mdi trudng Lien hpp quoc (UNEP) cinh bao "Ngudi Trung Quoc ciing dang phii tri gii cho tinh trang d nhiem mdi tnidng n$ng ne ciia dat nude niy bang chinh siic khde ciia hp" Ty lp tre so sinh dj tit, sinh non, benh hd hap., d nhiem ting Ty 1? tii vong ung thu tai Trung Quoc da tang 80% 30 nim qua*^'" Tmng Quoc l i NGHICN Cliu TRUNG qutfc so 7(155) - 2014 nude ed ^ Ie tu vong ung thu phoi v i ung tiiu da diy cao nhat tren thi gidi, nhung noi diing nudc d nhiem cd ty le sinh nd tii^ hon 4-8 Ian nhung noi khdng bi d nhiem*^' nhiem khdng dang nim vi tri thii tu cic nguyen nhan gay chet ngudi (vdi tnmg binh 1,2 trieu ea tii vong moi nam)*^* nhiem khdng d mien Bic Trung Quoc khien tuoi tiip cua ngudi dan bi giim 5,5 nam (d% la nghien cuu cua nude ngoii ciing mpt so trudng dai hpe d Trung Qudc nhung Bp Mdi trudng Trung Quoc chua cdng nhan so l i chinh xic) nhiem khdng khdng chi gay cie benh tich l i ^ liu ngiy m i cd the cudp di sinh mang ciia may ngin ngudi chi vdng vai ngiy nhu tran "suong mu sat thu" d Luan Don - Anh 58/12/1952 khien 4000 ngudi tiiiet mang*^ Vi du de thay neu khdng chii y cinh bio ciia cic chuyen gia, ngudi Trung Quoc se khd tim dupc noi sinh song an toin V i nhu cd ngudi da nhan xet "bau trdi den" mdi chi li khiic nhac dao dau eho bin trudng ca ve hau qui ma Trung Quoc phii ducmg dau nhiem nguon nudc ciing gay hau qui nang ne "Tat c i c i chet, tham chi ga hay vit uong nudc sdng cung chet Neu ban thd chin vio nudc, ban se hi phit ban v i ngiia khiing khiep" Cd nhung noi ngudi dan di cau nhung khong dam an c i minh ciu dupc hay cd ngudi ndi "Tham chi neu tay ban, tdi eiing khdng dim nia loai nudc dd"*^*' Dpng vat diing nudc d nhiem dupe dua len ban an ciing l i moi nguy hiem ding ngai, nhat Ii ngudi Tnmg Quoc hien dimg lupng thit gap ddi ngudi My'^'' Nhung tic ddng ciia mdi trudng Trung Quoc khdng chi giy thipt hai ve siic khde, NGUYEN HA PHU'ONG kinh te ma cdn anh hudng den ddi song xa hdi va chinh tri ciia qude gia nhiem mdi trudng da kim ham tiii hoi, Tac giao thdng, an toan thye pham, xu ly ric thii li nhimg ginh nang khd chong ciia mdi trudng dd thi Trung Qudc Thach thuc mdi trudng khdng cdn xa vdi v i trim tupng Ngudi dan bat man vi nhiem mdi trudng se la tiem an cua rat nhieu nguy ca gay khiing hoing xa hdi, de doa su hii hoa xa hpi v i cd the trd van de chinh tri dang ngai n PHAN lI>fG CUA NGircn DAN VA NHUY^G BIEN PHAP CUA CHINH QUYEN TRUNG QU6C © l VOtI V A N Dt NHIEM M I TRlTdNG Mat khic, cung vdi viec toin cau hoa kinh te v i thuong mai, nhiem moi trudng cung ngiy cang cd xu hudng qudc te hoi Moi trudng Trung Quoc xau di khong chi inh hudng ban than Trung Quoc ma cdn t i c dpng tdi nhieu nudc va khu vuc khic, tir gan den xa, tir nhe den nang Trung Quoc bi xem la nguyen nhan khien tinh trang bien doi hau gia tang ciing nhu anh hudng xau den moi trudng nudc khac Vi du, tran dau d Trung Quoc lan den ca Trieu Tien hay mua axit tan cdng Nhat bin, Han Quoc, Hong Kong Tham chi Nhat cdn phai vien trp cho Trung Quoc van de bao ve moi trudng de giim inh hudng Theo Quy Dpng vat hoang da the gidi, Trung Quoc l i nude gay d nhiem Thai Binh Duong ldn nhit Tnmg Qudc kiem soat ngudn cung cap nudc sdng cho 13 quoc gia lan can Viec sii dung t i i nguyen nudc ngpt cua Trung Qudc cung dang de dpa den nhimg khu vyc lan can Cic cupc tranh c h ^ ve mdi trudng da bat dau hinh Diing dau danh sach cic cuoc tranh chap giira Trung Quoc vdi cac quoc gia khic la tranh chap ve ngudn nudc vdi Kazakhstan, An Dp va cic quoc gia nguon sdng Mekdng So vy bieu tinh lien quan mdi trudng ^ tang 120% tir nam 2010-2011 Nam 2011 noi len "phong tiio PM2,5" budc chinh phii Trung Quoc phii dua thdi gian bilu xii ly d nhilm khong khi*'°' C i c cupc bieu tinh cing dupc to chirc tot hon v i co hi§u qua hon D I tii d nhiem ciing dupc tranh luan gay gat, d i y dac tren c i c trang mang, ngudi dan phin inh sy khic bipt giiia nhiing chi so dupc thdng b i o va thuc t l Tien de quan trpng de ngudi d i n tham gia bio v? mdi trudng l i thdng tin v l mdi trudng phai duoc cdng khai nhiem d Bac Kinh dupc chu y nhieu, khdng it ngudi Trung Quoc da ung hp chuyen ddi 10 I Phan img cua n g u ^ dan Mdi trudng Trung Qudc di xudng mpt each ding b i o dpng khien du luan qudc te va nudc d i u phai len tieng chi trich Theo t d The Times ciia Anh, nhilm moi trudng da thay t h i tranh chip thu hdi dat, trd v i n d l gay phin u i t nhit ddi vdi ngudi dan Trung Quoc Trong nhirng ngudi din thudng Trung Quoc chiu t i c dpng xau eiia mdi trudng thi mpt so doanh nghiep s i n xuat khau trang, miy loc khdng khi, liu chong d nhiem, th^m ehi l i Ion khdng sach lai tim dupc hudng di cd lpi eho minh, tham ehi lam giau nhd d nhiem Thuc pham saeh bin tryc tuyen eung dang phit tiiln manh, tid thinh mpt nhung mat hing i n khich cd toe dp tang trudng doanh thu nhanh nhat tiong ban le true tuyen d Trung Quoc Dd l i phin ung cua ngudi din nuoc, cdn du khach nude ngoii trinh d nhiem bang N G H | £ N Clhl TRUNG QUO'C so 7(155) - 2014 V&I de nhiim mdi trudng cua Trung Qudc viec khdng dim den Trung Quoc du ljch Tning Quoc l i nudc thu hiit khich du lich dung thu the gidi, chi sau Phip v i My song gan day mdt phan kinh te the gidi yeu kem, phan ldn l i d nhiem, nhilu du khach da rat e ngai quyet dinh den Tnmg Quoc Bao ehi nude ngoii cting dua tin rit nhilu Trudc gidi truyen thdng phuong Tiy thudng hdi : Trung Quoc cd the ty nuoi song minh khdng? Nay hp hdi: Trung Quoc cd till xii ly tot d nhiem mdi trudng hay khong? Theo Trung Quoc, truyen thdng phuong Tay ndi ve d nhiem mdi trudng Trung Quoc cd the chia lim loai: Mpt l i quan tam ed mye dich thuc tinh (thien y) Hai li theo duoi hieu img chan dpng vl thong tin, chua nam ro tinh hinh thyc te m i thoi phong qui miic Ba l i cd dyng y, co y uy hiep Trung Quoc vl van de mdi trudng Trung Quoc da phat triln qua ndng m i Id di van dl mdi trudng V i Chinh phii co le l i ngudi phii chiu trich nhiem ldn menh danh la "thinh d nhilm nghiem trpng nhat tiie gidi" nhu Trung Quoc Hp cdn eho ring eac nudc phit trien diing dau li Chau Au da phit trien, da giy o nhiem v i ap dyng chong d nhilm doi vdi cic nudc dang phit trien nham kim ham hp Nhung toe dp bio ve mdi trudng v i t6c dp p h i hoai mdi trudng d Trung Quoc nhu eude thi ehay giua oe sen va bio Khi nang giim sit d nhiem eua Tnmg Quoc cdn yeu v i thieu Nhieu ncri d nhiem li dan phit hien chu khdng phii ban nganh kiem tra Chinh quyen mpt sd dia phuong vi mong mudn thoat ngheo, tang trudng GDP hay chay theo thinh tich da "mat nham mit md" hay xii ly qui cham, qui nhp nhing vdi nhiing hinh vi p h i hoai mdi trudng ciia mpt so doanh nghiep Thim chi doi vdi mpt so can bp mdi trudng, d nhiem cdn tao "bau sira ngpt", cinh sit moi trudng nhu mpt "nghe hot bac" de hp thi due khoet, lim giiu bang mpi gii Nhirng ehi so d nhiem sai dupe dua hp chi hdt mat nude de Nhirng bien phap cua Chinh quyen nong dp d nhilm Luat nhan qui da xiy Trudc diy chinh quyen Trung Quoc doi vdi mdi trudng Trung Quoc Cd ngudi da thudng CO ging che giau nhirng thdng tin ve nhan xet " nhiem tir bp miy to ehiic, can nhiem, tham chi coi dd li "bi mat quoc lim sach nguon can bd trudc lam sach nguon nudc" Viec Trung Qudc nhiem hon gia" Trung Quoc cdn cho ring eac phuong mdt phdn vi muc tieu kinh le, nhimg phdn tien thdng tin dai chiing the gidi da quan tim khac cSng loi chinh sdch Trude qui miic den d nhiem mdi trudng v i thyc (2007) nhieu cac ban nganh ve moi pham ciia Trung Quoc den muc nhieu trudng phii ty lo luong v i kinh phi lam vipc khiln ngudi din hilu lam v i lim inh hudng cho nhin vien, chu yeu dya vio thu phi d den hinh tupng Trung Quoc, cic nguon tii nhiem, den miic cd le hp phai giir lai mpt lieu lay tir Trung Quoc da bi them "gia vj", mirc d nhiem nhat dmh nlu khong muon mat trpn thSm nhiing dieu khdng hay Ngudi thu nhap Thu phi d nhiem trd thinh cong cy Trung Quoc cdn so sinh nhieu thinh ldn kiem tiln, nhan vien "an com d nhiem", cdn ciia Trung Quoc sach hon nhilu thinh d nhiem l i hp cdn "huong hoa" v i cai gpi l i ldn d An dp nhung thinh An Dp lai it bi CUU TRUNG QUtfC so 7(155) - 2014 - ^1 NGUYEN HA PHUONG chong d nhiem chi cdn l i dien ldch Roi muc phgt cho nhiim didp khien nhiing ngudi lim trai phap luat v l mdi trudng thi dupe lpi cdn nhiing ngudi chap p h ^ lai ehiu thiet Nguyen tdc khdng phgt hai ldn eiing l i Id hong Dieu 24 "luit xu phat hinh chinh nudc CHND Trung Hoa" cd ghi: "Mpt hanh vi vi pham cua duong su khong dupc phat hinh chinh tir lin trd len" khien bp mdi trudng nhilu khdng dam phat lan phit hien doanh nghiep tiep tuc gay d nhiem Sai lam nua l i Lenh ve gidi han bien lenh bio ve Viec gia han de x i thii dung tieu chuan khien nhilu doanh n ^ e p tianh thii thdi gian trude han dl cdng khai xa tiiai Mpt so dia phuang cdn thuc hien "bdo hg": nhu khu khai thic d H i Nam, i^a phuang quan ly khep kin, tir choi su giam sit cuaBp mdi trudng Hien nay, van de d nhiem da duac chinh quyen Trung Quoc chii trpng hon rat nhieu chir khdng dam "im lang den lanh limg" nhu trudc Nam 2008, co quan mdi trudng (SEPA) da dupc ning cap Bp Mdi trudng Thu tudng Tnmg Quoc Ly Khac Cudng cam kit tang tinh minh bach van de d nhiem mdi trudng*^ ^\ Thu tudng On Gia Bio cung eho biet an toin siic khde se dupc cii thien Thdi ky "12-5" duac coi Id thdi ky hodng kim cho bdo ve moi Irudng v i tiet kiem tai nguyen nang lupng Muc dp dau tu cho cic nginh bao ve mdi trudng se dupc tang cudng hon Thdi ky "11-5" dau tu cho bao ve mdi trudng chiem khoang 1,35% GDP Cling ky Giai doan "12-5" se dau tu 3100 ty NDT, tang khoing 121% so vdi "115" dd chi phi van hanh thiet bi xu ly d nhiem mdi trudng khoang 1000 ty NDT, din 2015 dat khoing 7-8% GDP Den 2020 bio ve mdi trudng se tid thinh nginh try cpt 12 eua kinh te quoc din Dai h$i 18 l i diem ehiQren bien ldn eho b i o vp mdi trudng, lan dau dua van minh sinh thii v i o "nhat the ngu vi" xay dyng CNXH dac sac Trung Qudc, nhan manh tam quan trpng cua xiy dyng nginh nghi xanh doi vdi phit trien ben vimg tiong tuong lai Hien Trung Quoc l i nudc d nhiem hang dau tien t h i gidi nhung ciing la nudc dau tu nhieu nhat v i o nang lupng sach*'^l Nam 2010, Ca quan Quin ly Ning lupng quoc gia ciia Trung Quoc eho biet cd ke hoaeh dau tu 5.000 ti NDT (khoing 738 ty USD) giai doan 2011-2020 de phit triln nang lupng sach mudi nam tdi nham han che phy thupc q u i ldn vio than da, cat giim lupng thii nha kinh Trung Quoc cung la mpt "ngudi choi ning dpng" tiong thi truong nang lupng mdi tiong cdng nghiep pin nang lupng Mat Trdi la hudng phat tiien quan tipng, da k h i cd siic canh tianh quoc te (vi dy Due Chiu, tinh San Dong chuyen tiong lip dat thilt bi nang lupng mat tidi), Chii tich nudc Tap Can Binh ciing dua yeu cau diem vl Cich mang sin xuat va tieu dung nang lupng, dat chien lupc 2030, nghien cuu quy hoach nang lupng cho thtii 1^ 13.5 "(33) N i m 2011, Quoc vy vipn chinh thuc tti ldi "Quy hoach nim lan thu 12 phong trj tong hpp d nhiem kim Ioai nang", neu quan nipm phdng chong "dy phdng tii ngpn, chan dimg q u i trinh, sin xuat sach, xii ly cuoi", ke hoach trudc 2015 se dieu tta toin dien mdi trudng dat toin quoc, djnh ky giim sit dat trpt, no lyc tnrdc 2020 xiy dyng he thong b i o vp mdi trudng fco nhudng toan quoc Thii tudng n Gia Bao tuyen bo se i p dyng "bin tay sit" dl bio v? mdi trudng, cinh sit mdi trudng dupc giao NGHlfNCOU TRUNG QU6C so 7(155)-2014 vdn de d nhiim mdi trudng cua Trung Qudc cho nhieu quyen lyc hon, cie hinh vi phi hoai mdi trudng hi phat nang hon, cao nhat cd thi li tii hinh Nam 2012, Chinh phii da yeu cau 74 pho, bao gom Bic Kinh vi Thupng Hii, nong dp hat byi cd dudng kinh nhd hon 2,5 micromet (Trudc Tnmg Quoc thudng hat PMIO - hat ldn hon PM2,5 nen chi so d nhiem thudng chenh lech nhieu so vdi cic nudc khac nhu My) Trung Quoc cung dua Bao cao phit trien xa hdi d td Trung Quoc 2012-2013 Thu trudng Bp Tii nguyen nudc Trung Quoc Ho Tu Nhat mdi day tilt Id: He thong quan ly tiidng tin tii nguyen nudc toin quoc quan chiic Trung Quoc dau tu 1,9 ty NDT du kiln cuoi nam 2014 xay xong vi dua vio ling dung Hien 38% nudc diing cho cdng nghiep va 70% nude diing cho ndng nghiep chua dupc giim sit, 50% nudc d khu chuc nang nudc thieu bien phip giim sit quin che Trung Quoc ciing dau tu nhilu vio xii ly nudc thii Trung Quoc cung dang thuc hipn cdng trinh dan nudc tir sdng Trudng Giang miln Nam len miln Bac Diy la cdng trinh dan nudc cd quy md ldn nhat the gidi gom tuyen: phia Tiy, tuyen giiia vi phia Ddng, da van hinh thii thinh edng tuyen phia dong vi da bat dau din nudc sau hon 10 nam xay dyng (khdi cdng tir 2002), moi nam dan lupng nudc gap 571 lan lupng nudc ho Caxpi Qib ldn nhat the gidi) Nim 2014 se di vio van hanh toin tuyln gom ben tiu, kenh dao, dudng him vatiambom nude*^*' hieu qui dimg nude dat hoae gan trinh dp tien tien the gidi Vach dd thu ba li khong che tong Iupng chat d nhiem vio sdng ho pham vi nang ehiu d nhiem ciia khu chiic nang nudc, ty Ip chat lupng nudc dat tieu chuan cao tren 95% Thii trudng Bp Thuy lpi Ho Tu Nhat cho bilt fieu quan Upng li phii thay doi tinh Uang cd luat khdng theo, ch^ hinh luat khdng nghiem, vi pham luat khdng truy cihi, gia vi pham thap, gii thinh ch^ hanh cao Chinh quyen dia phuang van eoi so phit trien GDP li hat nhan edn mdi trudng chi la dieu kien tiiam khio Giai doan tdi bio ve mdi trudng se cd vai Ud la mdt phieu bieu quyet che dp sat hach quan chuc Trung Quoc ciing muon can bing giira bio vp nguon nudc vi xay dyng kinh te xa hpi, eii tao ky thuat vdi nhiing doanh nghiep diing nhieu nudc, sue de xudng tilt kiem nudc, dac biet tiem ning tilt kiem nudc tiong nong nghiep li rat ldn, cd the tiet kiem nudc tiong ndng nghiep dl dua vao cic dy an xay dyng san xuat cdng nghiep mdi Trung Quoc ciing se tang cudng tan dyng nudc tai sinh vi nudc bien Bp trudng Bio vp Moi trudng thdng bio Bic Kinh se ning cao tieu chuan chong d nhilm, khuyen khich ngudi din sir dung ning Iupng sach va lap eie he thong cinh bio dl theo doi khdi mu Bp tii chinh Trung Quoc dy djnh dinh thue cacbon vio than di, khoing l,6$/tan, dy kien tang len 8$ vio 2020, (gii Khoing thing 4-2013, Quoc vy vien ban than da d Trung Quoc khoing Trung Quoc cung dua "y kien ve thuc 86$/tan)*^*' Hdi dong nhan din Trung Quoc hien che dp quin Iy nguon nude nghiem phe chuan 10 bien phap chong d nhiem mdi khac nhat", dua vach dd khdng dupc tnidng vdi myc tieu tdi nam 2017, nudc niy vupt qua: Vach thii nhat li den 2030 se cit giim khoing 30% lupng thii Uen khong che tong lupng nudc dung toin quoc mpt don vi GDP cic nganh cdng 700 ty m^' Vach ddtfiiihai li den 2030 nghiep Quan Upng Ben canh dd, nudc niy se NGKICN CI)U TRUNG QUtfC so 7(155) - 2014 13 NGUYEN KA PHUONG han che phit trien cac nginh cdng nghiep sieu mdi trudng ve Uong vdng 5-20 nam tieutiiynhieu nang luong (sin xuat xi ming, niia: Phuong in 1: ehuyen doi toe dp nhanh: sit, thep, kinh) chuyen din sang phit trien nam 2015, can bing vl mdi tnrdng nginh nang lupng mat Udi*'^l Cic ngin ngoai thuang Phuong in 2: chuyin doi toe hing xanh dupe thiet lap (chuyen cho nhiing dp vira phii: nam 2020 Phuang in 3: doanh nghipp xanh tuc doanh nghiep khdng chuyin doi toe dp cham: den 2030 gay d nhiem vay) Thuang mai sach ciing Nhiing bipn p h ^ Uen da eho thay quyet dupc chii trpng Van hoi mdi trudng da dugc tam eiia chinh phii Trung Quoc nham bio v§ chu Upng hon Nim 2013, bao mdi trudng mdi trudng Tnmg Quoc ciing tin rang hp co Trung Quoc dupc bau vio danh sich 100 td nang giai quyet van de nhiem cung bao manh, td bio ve mdi tnrdng vao 100 tap nhu hp da tiing giai quyet dupc van dl doi san khoa hpc ky thuat manh nhat'^^' Cic ngheo Nhung hieu qui thuc te cdn can dupc hoat dpng vi mdi tnidng nhu "Tdi vdi tu kilm chiing nhien" dupc to chuc cho thiy trd eac trudng UL KINH NGHlfiM CtA MOT S6 trung tieu hpc d Bic Kinh'^^' Chu de mdi trudng thi gidi nam 2013 ciia Tnmg Nirdc TRONG BAO V $ M I T R U I N G Qudc la "cimg hit thd, cung phan dau" keu Phuang Tay it gidi han so lan phat vi tien gpi mpi ngudi cd trich nhiem vdi mdi phat ma can eu vio ton that kinh te xa hpi trudng Mpt so nai da thuc day nhanh kinh te d nhiem mdi trudng gay ra, danh vio tim ly, xanh, vi du Giang Tay, hien Uinh dp cdng nang sue uy hiep bupc doanh nghiep tiian nghiep hoa thap nen sinh thii tot vi li thii phap luat My chia miic dp pham tpi moi uu the, dilm sang ciia tinh Giang Tay dang trudng, Uich nhiem hinh su, tien phat, tinh nd lyc xay dyng tinh tinh hinh mau vl theo so vi pham, khdng cd han che cao vin minh sirtii thai toin quoc, xay dung nhat Ngoai phat tiln cdn bit giam, bo tu, Giang Tay xanh, kien ui sin xuat xanh, thiic eao nhat Ii vi pham phat nim, hanh day tieu dimg xanh, nong nghiep sinh thai, vi tai pham cdn phat nang hon, thyc hien cong nghiep xanh vi dich vu hien dai, ddng nghiem tuc frong thuc te, ke ci cdng ty than gdp cong sue vao viec xay dung "Trung dipn luc ldn nhat My cung bi phat, len toi Qudc my le"'^*' Thupng Hai li thinh di 4,6 ty USD, cdtinhrin de manh khiln doanh dau ve tiet kiem nang lupng Luit ve mdi nghiep cd thyc Iuc ldn manh ciing phii ne sp trudng ciing da dupc sua doi nhilu, vi du se Thyy Diln li quoc gia di dau tiong llnh thu phat theo so gay nhiem chir khdng gidi han nhu tnrdc Luat mdi vyc cdng nghe mdi trudng Nhiing van de duac coi la nghiem nhat Uong lich sii Nim lien quan den rac thai vi d nhiem tai quoc 2014, ehii de ngiy mdi trudng the gidi ciia gia niy deu dupc giai quyet nhd co hanh lang phip ly vung chac vi nhirng chinh sach TQ li "tuyen chien vdi nhiem" khich le doanh nghiep dau tu cii thien moi Trung Quoc cQng mudn nhanh chong xoa trudng Thuy Diln ludn tdnfrpngnguyen tie bd nhap sieu mdi tnidng ngoai thuang, "the he biy gid nen tilt kipm tii nguyen dua phuong in chuyen doi dua nhip nang lupng cho thi hp sau" Thiet ke va quy 14 NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUtfC so ( 5 ) - vah de d nhiem mdi trudng cua Tivng Qudc hoach kien true thinh theo hudng tiet kiem nang lupng vi hieu qui cao li dilm manh ciia eie cdng ty thiet ke Thuy Dien*''' Anh uu dai thul cho eie doanh nghipp, frp cap cho ngudi tieu dung mua thilt bj tilt kipm ning Iupng Gii nudc d Anh nam dupc dilu chinh mpt lan Chinh phu Phip frp c ^ 15-20% gii tri thiet bi eho doanh nghiep vi ngudi tieu dung mua hing frong danh muc cong bo Singapo li mpt frong nhiing nudc sach nhat, nai cd hdn dio chdn ric nhan tao dau tien tren the gidi Nhd hp thdng niy, tir 16.000 tan rac mdi ngiy, sau dot rac Singapore chi can bai ric eho hon 10% lupng ric dd Dae biet, nhiet ning sinh dot ric dupc dimg de chay may phat dien dii cung cap 3% tdng nhu cau dien cua Sing^ore Miic phat cho cae hinh vi pham luat ciia mdi trudng ciing rat cao Vi dy ngudi xi ric bira bai lan dau se bj phat toi da 1000 USD Sing^ore, tii pham cdtilltang len 2000 - 5000 Ben canh dd, hinh phat dinh vio tam ly cung cd tic dyng manh Ngudi bi phat ttong vii gid phii mac quan io sang miu dac trung lim s^h nai cdng cpng, nhat ric tai cong viSn, doi bi truyln thong dia phuong ghi hinh lai Hinh phat tao cim giic xiu ho giiip lam tang y thiic ciia ngudi dan frong b ^ ve moi ttudng**' hien thuong mai xanh, xiy dyng kmh te tuan hoin, thue hien "Luat tiet Idem ning Iuong", cic doanh nghiep six dung ning lupng Upng diem neu khdng thuc hien myc tieu tiet kiem ning lupng diing tiidi han, khdng ed kl hoaeh cai tiln hpp ly se bi xu phat hinh chinh vi dupe gia han siia doi****, tinh eudng ehefrongthuc hien hipu suit nang lupng cao Nhat cung dau tu rat nhieu cho viee khai thic phat trien cdng nghe tiet kiem nang iupng, su dyng bien phip Iduch le tinh than nhu hoat dpng binh chon vifraogiii cho cic sin pham vi edng nghe tiet kiem ning Iupng Ngay nang luong, thing nang lupng, ngiy khdng xe: Ngay mung hang thing vi tiiang hang nam, ci nudc to chuc eic hoat dpng tuyen truyln da dang, cap cong nghp tilt kipm ning lupng Ngiy 1/8 vi 1/12 li ngiy kilmfratiet kiem ning lupng, kiemfradinh gii hieu qui tiet kiem nang lupng vi nhung thay doi thdi quen sinh hoat*""' Hpi thue day tilt kiem nang lupng cdn cu ngudi din tan hp gia dinh hudng dan My yeu eau ehinh phii cic ca quan Hen bang mua sin pham dan nhan "ngdi ning lupng" (nhan hieu da frd thinh tieu ehuan tiet kiem nang lupng cho nhilu nudcfrenthe gidl); cd kl hoaeh tilt kipm ning lupng Nhi tring, mien giim thue cho cic sin phim tiet kiem nang lupng hoac cho vay lai suit thap Nhat vi My eiing cd nhiing bien phip mua eae sin pham fren Diic li nudc tien phong frong phat friln hieu qui di tir dan chiing nhu phin Ioai rac ttong gia dinh li viec da dupc thyc hien tir nin kinh te ning lupng xanh, phan dau trd rat lau Nhat, doanh nghiep nio khdng thinh cudng quoc cdng nghiep dautienfren quan tam bio vp mdi trudng se bi ngudi tieu the gidi su dyng 100% nang lupng xanh tii diing tay chay, toin xi hpi hinh thinh quan tao vao 2050'*^', Dire cQng thyc thi dilu ni^m sir dyng sin pham xanh than thipn mdi chinh ket cau, hipn Ii mptfrongso it ben ky ttudng Nhat trudc ciing rat chii frpng kit "Cdng udc khung ve bien doi hiu chuyin doi kit cau kinh tl thuang mai, thyc Lien hpp quoc" hien di gan thyc hien dupe NGKIEN Cliu TRUNG QUtfC so 7(155) - 2014 ^5 N G U Y I N HA PHl/ONG myc tieu giim thii n h i kinh m i Nghi i^nh thu Kyoto quy dinh Uc cung la mdt frong nhiing quoc gia sach nhat the gidi Tir liu hp da rat chii frpng mdi trudng Tir vipc quy hoaeh 60 thi ciia hp deu phii dua fren tieu chi ben vung la ben virng v l xa hpi, bin viing ve ty nhien, ben viing vl ky thuat va ben vung ve tii chinh Chinh phii Uc ciing chii y lim guang cho ngudi din nhu frien khai van phdng sinh thii, sii dyng d td tiieo ehi tieu nhien lieu mdi Hp rat tdn frpng y kien cua din, tao mpi dilu kien de dan dua y kien, chu frpng tuyen truyen, giao due ngudi din ve y thue tilt kiem Ngudi Uc coi "nudc la linh hon eude song" nen quy frpng timg gipt v i chu y bao ve nhu nguon tii nguyen quy gia nhat Tai moi vdi nude diu ed ldi nhac nhd diing nudc tiet kiem Cay xanh d Uc ciing cd quyen phap ly v i dupe b i o ve nhu nhung cdng dan Moi cay deu cd ho sa ly Hch v i duge quan ly bang miy vi tinh Canbena cua Uc duoc eoi la mdt frong nhimg xanh nhat thi gidi vdi ty le ba eiy xanh fren mpt dau ngudi Neu i n quy hoach inh hudng xiu cho khoing khdng gian xanh ciing bi Ioai bd *'*'' Ue eung rat chii frpng thue hien che dp nhan hieu va tieu chuan hieu suit nang lupng vdi uu dilm dau tu it, hieu q u i nhanh, inh hudng ldn, thuc hien dieh vy tu van ve tilt kiem nang lupng Israel ho Up ngudi dan mua xe d td nang lupng mgi khdng kem gia pin (do gii pin dat, edng nghe pin l i hat nhin ciia xe ning lupng mdi) ma kem theo la cd kl hoach dich vy cho thue va doi pin Tnmg Quoc ciing dang tham khio kinh nghiem cac nudc cung nhu cd nhirng sing tao rieng tiong b i o ve mdi trudng 16 CHUTHICH: (i)m m, ^mj^^mu^^M^^mM.' littp://www.360doc.com/resaveArt.aspx?articIeid=I 3369033&isreg=l (22/6/2013) (2) http://www.khoahoc.com.vii/doisong/moiIruong/ 39904_Trung-Quoc-muon-giu-quyen-congbo-chi-so-0-nliiem.aspx (7/6/2012) (3) Air pollution cuts life expectancy by 5.5 years in China - study, http://money.cmLcon]/ 2013/07/09/news/china-air-pollution/indexhtml (9/7/2013) (4)http;//www goisaoso.com.vn/vi/news/Blogcong-nghe/BChoi-bui-o-nhiem-o-Tning-Quoc-nhinthay-duoc-tu-anh-chup-ve-tiiih-495/ (5) ^m^i^f^mm^: 'Mitmm^^ ht^://wallsfreetcn com/node/93777 (6)http://www.policymic.com/articles/27245/dii na-air-poHulion-airmageddon-will-force-china-tocurb-greenhouse-gases (7) Air pollution cuts life expectancy by 5.5 years in China - study, htlp://monev.cnn.coiii/ 2013/07/09/news/china-air-pollution/index.htnil (8) ht^p://www saigonbaiik.com.vn/vi/tintuc/Doc-bao-gium-ban/Phuong-Dong-mau-xam (15/8/2013) (9) http://www.taoguba.com.cii/Article/808969/ (10) s m, ^m^^mu^mim^M^' http://www.3 60doc com/resaveArt.aspx?articleid=l 3369033&isreg=l (22/6/2013) (ii)im?&: ^^mi^^mf^mmm-mMm, hltp:/Avww.epochtimes.com/gb/13/3/12/n382099I htm (12/3/2013) f 12)http://vneconomv vn/2013020403 5320513P OC99/doaiih-nghiep-tiimg-quoc-lam-giau-nho-on]iiem-khong-khi.htm (13) m m, ^m^mu^mim^i^^- http://www.360doc.com/resaveArt.aspx?articlei*=l 3369033&isreg=l (22/6/2013) (I4)http://dwnn.gov.vn/index.php?Ianguage=vi &nv=news&op=Khoa-hoc-Cong-nghe/28-000dong-song-o-Trung-Quoc-bien-mat-2705 (4/4/2013; N G H I S N C U U TRUNG QU6C s o 7(155)-2014 Van de d nhiem mdi trudng cua Trung Qudc (15) http7/soha.vn/quoc-te/lmng-quoc-se-gianhtung^ot-^uoc-voi-lang-gieng'ky-820130719003437312.htm (30) htlp://www.pohCTinic.com/articles/27245/ china-air-polliUion-airmageddon-will-force-clmiato-cuib-greenhouse-gases (31) 20l3-20l7^4'SI^;^fi^#sM?a^:5^ff (16) http7/wallstteetcn.com/hode/93777 (17) s m, s ^ m r m m s M f f i ^ , httD:/www ^m^-^u^^im.^^^, a5 lbaoeao.cn/huanbao/2009huanb3o shtml http://www.360doc.com/resaveArLaspx?articleid= 3369033&isreg=l (22/6/2013) (18) ^m±.m^^^wmu-^-^^>m -ff^ (21/3/2013) (32)http://www.policymic.com/articles/27245/c hina-air-pollution-airaiageddon-will-force-china-tocurb-greenhouse-gases ti fk ^ ^ % ^ , hnp://www.chinanews coin/gn/2013/06-25/4964106.shtml (25/6/2013) (19) Trung Quoc cong bo danh sach 247 lang iS S ^ , http://www.chinanews.cora/gn/2014/06ung lhu 13/6279475.shtml(l 3/6/2014) (20) http://www.vietnamplus.vn/Home/ FAOf34)httD://viettiamese-cri.cii/ 621/2013/07/29/ lo-ngai-ve-tinh-Uang-o-nliiem-dat-o-Tnmglsl88884.hun (29/7/2013) Quoc/20136/201515.vnplus (10/9/20131) (35)http://www.policymic.com/articles/27245/c (21) 4^ S i*S i^ ± 91V^ ^ , http://cn.nytimes hina-aii-pollution-airmageddon-wiU-force-china-toconi/china/20130830/cc30pollution/(30/8/20I3) curb-greenhouse-gases (33) ^'^"^mm^^m^r^m^^^^ (22) +ai^^: ^^%m^^±m^^^%^'if^ http://cn.reuters,com/article/industiyNews/idCNL3 S0IC01K20131022?rpc=222 (22/10/2013) (23) ® M ^m^-^u^m^v^^m^ http://www.360doc.com/resaveATt.aspx?articleid=l 3369033&isreg=l (22/6/2013) (24) The Environment and China Water and Air Pollution: Water and Health http://www.wri.org/ pubHcation/content/783 (25) littp://peUotimes.vn/news/vn/quoc-te/hoso-su-kien/tai-sao-moi-truong-tiung-quoc-vophuong-cuu-van.hUnl (1/7/2013) (26) J^ ^ ?5 a^ , http:/^aike.baidu.com/ vicw/71744.hun (27) http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/05/ chinese_apple_suppIiers_investigated_for_water_p ollution/(5/8/2013) (28) China's Top Environmental Concerns, htq)://www.livescience.com/27862-chinaenvironmental-problems.html (15/3/2013) (29) ^mn^-^m^^ii ^^^^m^^m^'^m iff tt; , http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2013/04I2/4725522.shlnil (12/4/2013)\ cdu TRIMG qutfC so 7(155) - s (36) ^mi^muAm 2013 ^-s^mm- http://www.cenews.c0m.Cn/xwzx/zhxw/ybyw/2 01307/t20130730_745464.hUnl(31/7/2013) (37) m'^mmimmwir^"^^^m"'E^ http://www ied.cn/en/node/225 (38) i^pk^mm^^^i^^Mtmmm, http://www,cenews cora.cn/xwzx/zhxw/ybyw/2013 07/t20130729_745411.hUnl (30/7/2013) (39) http://www vietnamplus.vn/Home/ThuyDien-cliia-se-kinh-nghiem-ve-cong-nghesach/20139/2!6504.vnplus (18/9/2013) (40) http://vietnaranet.vn/vn/khoa-hoc/137 119/ faao-ve-moi-truong-bang~ki-luat-thep~osingapore.htral (23/8/2013) (41) Bao cao chien lupc phil trien ben vimg Trung Quoc 2011, frg 52 (42) Chuyen san Ho so su kien ciia Tap chi Cpng sin ve Kinh te xanh, so 241 22/10/2012 Uang 11 (43)TS Tniong Tien Hii, Quy hoach thi ben vung, nhin tii kinh nghi?m oia \}c, http://vietbao.vn/Nha-dat/CJuy-hoach-do-thi-benvung-iihin-tu-kinh-nghiem-cua-Uc/45136813/511/ (8/7/2004) 17 ... hdi : Trung Quoc cd the ty nuoi song minh khdng? Nay hp hdi: Trung Quoc cd till xii ly tot d nhiem mdi trudng hay khong? Theo Trung Quoc, truyen thdng phuong Tay ndi ve d nhiem mdi trudng Trung. .. ph6 ciia Trung Quoc Ngan hing Deutsche Bank (Due) canh bio "phii mat it nhat 18 nim, trudc ehi s6 PM 2.5 trung binh d cic tiiinh ciia Trung Quoc giam xuong mirc 30" Mpt trieu phu ngudi Trung Quoc... dupc khanh d Trung Quoc" Nam 1990, lupng thii giy hieu ung nhi kinh dioxid carbon (CO2) ciia Trung Quoc chi tucmg ducmg 10% cua the gidi Gid day, ty 1? tang len miJc gan 30%*^'' Hi?n Trung Quoc