Cung cau ve nang lu^ang 6> Trung Quoc hien nay TS PHAIVI THAI QUOC Nhiing biin ddng l&n cita gid ddu thi gi&i trong vdi ndm qua khiin ndng luang tra thdnh mdi quan tdm hdng ddu cua hdu hit cdc qudc gi[.]
Cung cau ve nang lu^ang 6> Trung Quoc hien TS PHAIVI THAI QUOC Nhiing biin ddng l&n cita gid ddu thi gi&i vdi ndm qua khiin ndng luang tra thdnh mdi quan tdm hdng ddu cua hdu hit cdc qudc gia trin thi gi&i, dgc biit Id cdc nuac lan Nhiiu nuac dd phdi xdy dung cho minh chiin lucre ndng luqng riing, phdi tdng ddu tu de ndng lucmg du trie ddu qudc gia Trong bdi cdnh do, viic nghiin cint tinh hinh, nhiing vdn di ndi lin cung img, tiiu thu vd xudt khdu ndng luang a Trung Qudc, mot nu&c dang phdt trien l&n, co mtic tdng truang cao, dang gia tdng tiim luc kinh te vd cd dnh huang ngdy cdng gia tdng ddi v&i khu vuc vd thi gi&i cd y nghia khdng nhd Nhiing thdnh cdng hay nhiing kinh nghiim dit Id l&n hay nhd, hay hoac chua hay gidi quyit nhiing vdn di lien quan den ndng luang & Trung Qudc se la nhiing bdi hoc rdt hdu ich, cd thi van dung chimg muc nhdt dinh vdo diiu kiin cua Viit Nam Phan bo nang lugng khong dong deu giira cac vung, cac khu vuc Tru lugng mdt sd loai nang lugng chu yeu cfla Trung Qudc, theo sd lieu cdng bd nam 2004 nhu sau: tren Iyc dia, dau lua cd 2,49097 ty tan; dit cd 2529,26 ty m^ than cd 337,34 ty tan La nudc cd nhieu than nhung dieu kien khai thac than d Trung Qudc kha khd khan, chu yeu la khai thac ham md kha sau, lugng than cd the khai thac Id thien rat it Dieu kien dia chat cho khai thac dau md ciing rat phiic tap, d kha sau Idng dat, ddi hdi trinh ky thuat cao Hau het cac be than cd chat lugng cao nam d mien Bac va Tay Bae, tap trung d sau tinh la: San Tay, Thiem Tay, Ngi Mdng, Ninh Ha, Quy Chau va Tan Cuang Cac khu vyc chiem khoang 82% tru lugng than cfla ca nudc Mgt sd md than Idn ' Vien Kinh tl va Chinti trj The gioi National Bureau Of Statistics of tiie The Peoples Republic Of China cd chieu rdng den 20 km, sau trung binh khoang 100m Cdn lai, hau bet la nhflng via than tuong ddi mdng, d sau tu 300 den 500 m Trung Qudc hien dimg dau the gidi ve tai nguyen thfly dien, nhung phan bd ngudn luc thuy dien rat mat can ddi Cac ngudn thuy dien chfl yeu nam d phia Tay va Tay Nam, tap trung d cac khu vyc thugng Itm va trung Itm sdng Hoang Ha, cac trung tam tai dien va tieu thy dien lai d phia Ddng Nhu vay, cdc ngudn ndng luang cita Trung Qudc phdn bd khdng ddng deu Than chfl yeu tap trung d khu vyc mien Bac va Tay Bac Thuy dien chfl ylu tap trung d vung Tay va Tay Nam Khu vyc tieu thy nang lugng chu yeu tap trung d vflng ven bien Ddng Nam Nhu vay, khu vyc md tai nguyen nang lugng each xa khu vyc tieu thy Vdi than va dau phai van chuyen tu Bac xuIng Nam; vdi ddt va dien nang phai van chuyin tu: Tay sang Ddng Dieu lam tang NhOng van de KINH TE VA CHINH TRj THE GIOI Sd (161) 2009- 25 Pham Thai Qu6c Cung cau vd nang lugng d Trung Qudc gia nang lugng Cd the vi vay, tren mdt khia canh nao Trung Qudc cd nhieu than nhung van nhap khau than tu nhieu nudc, dd cd Viet Nam Tinh hinh cung - cau ve nang luong d Trung Quoc Trung Qudc la nudc cd mure tieu thy nang lugng ldn thu hai tren the gidi sau My Budc sang the ky XXI, nhu cau tieu dflng nang lugng cua Trung Qudc cang tang manh hon lam xuat hien nguy ca thieu hyt nang lugng Tinh trang thieu hut nang lugng da trd phd bien d Tmng Qudc, vi mdt sd ly sau day: Thic nhdt, nhieu nam qua, cau ve dien tang vdi mirc hon 10%/nam Trong dd cdng suat phat dien lai giam dang ke, mure tang cdng suat phat dien giam tir 6,8% nam 2000 xudng cdn 5,3% nam 2002 Hon nua, Trung Qudc dang gap tinh trang thieu hut ve nude nhflng nam gan day, dac biet nam 2003 2005.-Dieu da lam giam cdng suat cfla nganh thuy dien - nganh van cung cap 15 - 16% tdng cdng suat phat dien ca nudc Thti hai, Trung Qudc da bude vao thdi ky phat trien manh cac nganh edng nghiep che tao, cdng nghiep nang - boa chat, d td, sat thep, vat Bieu 1: lieu xay dyng, chi biln xuit khau la nhimg nganh tieu hao nhilu nang lugng Dac biet, dau tu cho cae nganh nhu luyen kim, vat lieu xay dyng, cdng nghiep hoa chat dang tang rat nhanh dl hd trg cho sy bflng nd cfla cae nganh xay dyng va san xuat xe hai San lugng xe hoi cfla Trung Qudc nam 2004 la 5,2 trieu; nam 2006 la 7,28 trieu; nam 2007 la 10 trieu va nam 2008 la 9,345 trieu chile Hien nay, Trung QuIc la nudc san xuat d td ldn thu ba the gidi Ben eanh do, Trung Qudc tiep tyc la mdt nhflng nudc san xuat xi mang Idn nhat the gidi, cflng la nganh tieu tdn nhieu dien nang Thu ba, gia ca nhieu Ioai nang lugng, dac biet la than va dau tang nhanh Hoat ddng mua ban than d Tnmg Qudc dugc cai each theo hudng thi trudng da Iam tang gia than Cgng vdi sy tang phi van chuyen, gia than da tang rat manh Mat khac, Chinh phfl van quyet dinh gia ca cac ngudn dien nhiet nang, chu khdng gia than (da tang) quyet dinh, dieu da gay trd ngai cho sy phat trien san xuat cfla san xuat dien dflng than - nguon cung dien chinh cfla Trung Qudc Them vao do, tinh trang thieu hyt nang lugng cang trd nen cang thang ban gia dau qudc te tang manh vao nam 2006 - 2008 (xem Biiu ddi) Gia dau the gidi giai doan 2002 - 2009 160 140 120 USD/ thung 100 80 60 40 20 2002 26 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 -NhOng van de KINH TE VA CHl'NH TR! THE Gl6l Sd (161) 2009 Pham Thai Qudc Ve ddu mo Tir nam 1993, Trung Qudc tir mdt nudc xuit khiu trd mdt nude nhap khau rdng ve diu md San lugng diu cua Trung QuIc nam 1999 la 160,2 trieu tin; nam 2000 la 160 trieu tin; nam 2008, Trung QuIc san xuit 185 trieu tin diu, muc tieu dung la 365 trieu tin Dy tru diu cfla Trung QuIc rit thap, cho den cudi nam 2004, Trung Qudc da xay dyng duge bdn kho dy trtr xang, diu chiln lugc, vdi tru' lugng khoang tren 10 trieu tan, ehi dfl dflng mdt thang Theo sd lieu cfla Cdng ty BP, nam 2006, muc tieu dflng nang lugng toan cau tang 2,4% thi muc cua Trung Qudc tang 8,4%, dd rieng diu md tang 6,7%^ Tu thang 10/2006, Trung QuIc chinh thuc thyc hien chien lugc dy trfl dau md qudc gia Tu nam 2002, mirc tieu dung diu thd cfla Trung Qudc da vugt Nhat Ban, dung thii hai the gidi chi sau My vdi muc tieu thy 7,6 trieu thflng/ngay nam 2007 (so vdi mure 3,9 trieu thflng/ngay nam 1997) Tuy nhien, mue nhap khau dau cua Trung Qudc van dirng sau Nhat Ban Cung c l u vd nang lugng d Trung Qudc trudng nhap khau kl din la Bic Phi vdi 43,51 trieu tan, chilm 30% ting lugng nhap khiu Lugng nhap khiu tu Lien Xd (cu) dat 18,65 trieu tan, chiem 12,8% Tinh theo quIc gia, nam 2006, Trung Qudc chu yeu nhap khau diu thd tu nam nudc la: A rap Xe-ut (23,87 trieu tan), Angola (23,45 trieu tin); Iran (16,77 trieu tin), Nga (15,97 trieu tin), Oman (13,18 trieu tan) Nhu vay, tdng lugng nhap khau tu nam nudc ke tren dat 93,24 trieu tan, chiem 64,2% tdng nhap khau dau thd cfla Trung Qudc nam 2006 Tinh ve gia tri, ca nam 2007, Trung Qudc nhap khau 196 ty USD dau thd va cac san pham cfla dau Theo dng Nghiem Luc Quang - Vien sy Vien ban lam Khoa hgc Trung Qudc, den nam 2050 Trung Qudc can dung den hon 800 trieu tan dau thd, lugng san xuat nude chi dat khoang 200 trieu tan Dieu cd nghia la dd Trung Qudc se phai nhap khau 75% dau tir ben ngoai Theo ude tinh tu nam 2010, Trung Qudc se vugt Nhat Ban, trd nudc nhap khau dau md Idn nhat the gidi^ Ve ngudn nhap khau dau md, cho den nay, Trung Qudc van chu yeu nhap tu khu vyc Trung Ddng Nam 2006, Trung Qudc nhap lugng dau thd tu Trung Ddng (chua kl A Rap Xe Ut) tdi 60,73 trieu tin, chilm 41,8% tdng lugng nhap khau Thi Ve dien Ben canh dau lira, Trung Qudc cflng thieu dien Nam 2003, Trung Qudc thieu 10 trieu KWh dien Nam 2004, sd tang len gap ddi, khoang 20 trieu KWh dien Nam 2004, Chinh phu phai tang gia dien trung binh 0,022 NDT/KWh dl han chi su dung dien Nhu cau ve dien nam 2005 cua Trung QuIc la 2.456 ty KWh, tang 13% (287 ty KWh) so vdi muc nam 2004 Cung nam 2005, Trung Qudc tieu thu 2,1 ty tan than, tang 6% (120 trieu tin)^ Nam 2007, gia than tang manh, lugng dien cang tbieu tram trgng hon Tieu thy dien tang nhanh dd thi hoa nhanh Ty le thj hoa cfla Trung QuIc tang tu 17,92% nam 1978 len 39,1% nam 2002, va theo du bao se tiep tuc tang len dat muc 60% vao nam 2020^ Den cudi nam 2002, Trung Qudc da cd 660 phd Idn (trong dd cd 200 phd cd tfl trieu ngudi dan trd len) va 20.600 phd nhd, vdi tdng dan sd sdng d ban 21 nghin phd la hon 500 trieu ngudi Dan thi tieu dung dien trung binh gap 2,5 lan dan ndng thdn Han nua, ngudi thi dflng nhieu d td han, khien muc nang lugng tieu thy binh quan tang len Nhu cdu va su canh tranh ve ndng luang cua chdu A, Tap chi Kinh t^ qu6c tS s6 29/2008 ' Thai bao Kinh te Viet Nam, 8/3/2005 ' Thai bao Kinh te Viet Nam, 8/3/2005 ' Xinhua News Agency (2001): China's Urbanization rate to growth to 60% in 20 years May 21 NhOng van de KINH TE VA CHINH TRj THE GIOI Sd (161) 2009- •27 Pham Thai Qudc Cung cau vd nang lugng d Trung Qudc Bdng 1: Cong suit phat dien mdi tang them hang nam d Trung Quoc (GW) 2000-2007 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Cdng suat tang them 20.5 19,3 43,3 34,2 51,2 67,2 101,2 100,1 Tdng cdng suat lap dat 317,0 366,0 379,0 414,0 465,0 532,0 622,0 713,0 Nam Nguon: - China Electricity Conned, Electricity Statistics, 2007 Electricity Express Report: - Jim Tian (2008) Implementing Energy Efficiency Programs in China's Power Generation Sector: Case Study of a Recent Policy Initiative, Draft Working Paper, ADB, 30 May Bdng 2: Cung irng nang luong d Trung Quoc so voi mot so nudc lon, nam 2005 Muc tu c i p (%) TPES theo dau ngudi (toe) CO2 theo dau nguoi (tCOje) San xuat nudc (MToe) Nhap khau rong (MToe) 1.717.00 1.641,00 100,12 9f2 1.32 3.9 2.340,29 1.630,68 734,87 68,5 7,89 19,6 AnDd 537,31 419,04 121,60 77,4 0,49 1,1 Nhat 530,46 99.77 438,98 17,2 4,15 9,5 Dflc 344,75 134.50 214,47 37,8 4,18 9,9 Phap 275,97 136,89 143,30 48,1 4,44 6,2 Anh 233,93 204,30 32,26 86,2 3,88 8,8 Han Qudc 213.77 42,93 176,26 17,6 4,43 9,3 Nudc TPES (MToe) Trung Quae My Chu thich: * TPES: Tdng cung img ndng lirmg thd * toes: Tdn quy ddu * tCOjC: Tdn dioxit cdcbon * MToe: Trieu Idu quy ddu Ngudn: lEA Key World Energy Statistics Indicators for 2005; Jun Tian (2008): Implementing Energy Efficiency Programs in China's Power Generation Sector: Case study of a Recent Policy Initiative, Working Paper, ADB, Manila 30/5 Bdng 3: San xuat, tieu thu va muc phu thuoc diu md ciia Trung QuIc, 2004 - 2006 Don vi tinh: triiu tdn Nam Lugng dau tho san xuat Lugng dau tho tieu dung Luong dau tho nhap khau Muc phu thuoc % 2004 174 296 122 41,2 2005 180 316 136 43 2006 184 346 162 46,8 2007 - 360 - - Nguon: Tap chi Quan sdt qudc ti sd 1/2008; Tdi lieu tham khdo ddc biet, 14/7/2008 28 -NhOng van de KINH TEVA C H I N H TR! THE Gidl Sd (161) 2009 Pham Thai Qudc May nam gan day, tang dau tu nen nganh dien lye cflng phat trien nhanh Tdng cdng suat phat dien 2007 dat 3.256 ty KW'^ dung thu hai the gidi Trong dd dien san xuat tir nhien lieu boa thach (chit yeu la than) chilm 80%; dien san xuat tu ddt chiem 18,5%; dien hat nhan chiem 1,2% va tir cac ngudn khac chiem 0,1% Lugng dien tieu thy ea nudc nam 2006 dat 2,859 nghin ty KWh Trung Qudc xuat khau 11,27 ty Kwh dien va nhap khau 5,39 ty Kwh (2006)' He thdng ludi dien cfla Trung Qudc cung phat trien nhanh, vdi nang Iyc van chuyen tang manh Hien Trung Qudc da xay dyng dugc tuyen dudng chuyen chd than tu Tay Bac sang Ddng va den cac cang Idn de chuyen xudng phia Nam, da xay dyng dugc he thdng dng dan dau Bac - Nam, da xay dung he thdng dng dan Tay - Ddng Ve than Trung Qudc hien van phu thudc nang ne vao than nhu mdt ngudn nang lugng thd va nhien lieu cho san xuat Tren thyc te, than la ngudn nang lugng ngi sinh, san cd, de khai thae d Trung Qudc Nam 2007, than chiem 69,4% tdng nang lugng thd su dung va chilm 82,9% nang lugng dung san xuat dien, cao ban nhieu so vdi mirc binh quan cfla thi gidi (26,2% va 40%) [IEA, 2007] Trung Q u I c ' hien tieu thy 2,4 ty tan than cung (HCU)/nam, tuong duang 16% tdng tieu thu than toan ciu Rieng nam 2008, Trung Qudc nhap sieu din 18 trieu tan than* Theo dy bao, din nam 2020, Trung Qudc se tieu thy tu 6,8 din 11,7 ty tin HCU Muc tieu hao nang lugng tren van NDT cfla GDP tinh theo gia cd dinh nam 2005 giam tu 3,39 tin than tieu chuan nam 1980 xuIng cdn 1,21 tan nam 2006 '' China Electricity Council, Electricity Express Report 2007: Jun Tian (2008): Implementing Energy Efficiency Programs in China's Power Generation Sector: Case study of a Recent Policy Initiative, Draft working Paper, ADB, 30 May ' https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/print/ch.html * hnps://www.thitruongnuocngoai.vn/ssoft=2006 Cung cgu vd nang lugng d Trung Quoc Chien lugc nang lugng cua Trung Quoc Chien lugc nang lugng qudc gia cfla Trung Qudc la phuang hudng chien lugc tdng the de hoach dinh va chi dao sy phat trien lau dai ngudn nang lugng va dam bao an toan ngudn nang lugng qudc gia Nhihig noi dung chinh Chien luffc nang luqrng quoc gia cda Trung Quoc Id: Kien tri, tru tien tiet kiem, can cu vao tinh hinh va dieu kien nudc de phat trien da dang hoa cac ngudn nang lugng; Phat huy vai trd cua khoa hgc - ky thuat phat trien nang lugng Tang cudng hgp tac qudc te de md rgng ngudn cung img nang lugng; Ket hgp phat trien, sir dung nang lugng hgp ly vdi bao ve mdi trudng; Tap trung cac nd lye de xay dyng he thdng cung flng nang lugng sach, an toan, dn dinh, hieu qua; coi phat trien ben vung nang lugng la nen tang cho phat trien ben virng kinh te - xa hdi cua dat nudc Cac bien phap tiet kiem nang lugng dwa la: - Tang cudng dieu chinh ket cau su dung - Thflc day tiet kiem nang lugng cdng nghiep Theo dudng cdng nghiep hda mdi, Trung Qudc dang phat trien manh cac nganh nghe su dyng cdng nghe hien dai, dao thai cac nganh nghe lac hau, tieu hao nguyen vat lieu nang lugng ldn Trudc het, giam tieu hao nang lugng cac nganh nhu: luyen kim, than, dien Iyc, hda cdng nghiep, xay dyng tien tdi giam tieu hao nang lugng, phat trien cdng nghiep tren ca sd nang cao hieu suat, hieu qua - Thyc thi cdng trinh tiet kiem nang lugng Cac loai cdng trinh tiet kiem nang lugng dang dugc thuc diy la: tilt kiem thay the dau thd, tan dyng nang lugng thua - Tang cudng quan ly, giam sat tiet kiem nang lugng Dua cac chinh sach thue uu dai dii vdi cac san pham tiet kiem nang lugng Khuyin khich mua san pham tiet kiem nang lugng Di sau cai each gia nang lugng, hinh ca chi gia cd Igi cho tiet kiem nang lugng NhOng van de KINH TE VA CHINH TRj THE GlOl Sd (161) 2009- 29 Cung cSu v l nang lugng a Trung Qudc - Tuyen truyen, keu ggi toan xa hdi tiet kiem nang lugng Dua tiet kiem nang lugng vao giao due phd thdng, giao due dai hgc va cao dang Dieu quan trgng cd y nghia chien lugc nhat la Tnmg Qudc cd tru lugng Idn ve than va tiem nang ve thfly dien Cac ngudn da va se tiep tyc cd vai trd quan trgng viec phat trien cac tiem nang nang lugng cfla Trung Qudc Dau nam 2008, Chinh phu Trung Qudc da lap Tdng cue Nang lugng Nha nudc, mdt CO quan chuyen trach xay dyng chiln lugc phat trien nang lugng qude gia Ban vl cac giai phap cho van de nang lugng cua Trung Qudc tuong lai, dng Tdn Cin, Phd cue trudng Tdng eye Nang lugng Nha nudc Trung QuIc cho biet: "nhiem vy quan trgng cfla Tdng cue hien la giam thilu lugng thai, tim cac bien phap tii uu cho phat triln va bao ve mdi trudng vdi chi phi thip nhit dl dii liy qua phat trien Idn nhat Hien Trung Qudc dang tich cue trien khai giao luu va hgp tac quIc tl, thu hflt cdng nghe tien tien cfla nudc ngoai, ddng thdi md rgng hgp tac qudc t l dl xay dyng mdt thi trudng dau md cd quy md quIc tl In dinh, dam bao cung cap dau md, tan dung cdng nghe tien tien cfla nudc ngoai de thflc diy tilt kiem nang lugng va giam thilu thai" Mot so gidi phdp duac Trung Quoc dua th&i gian tru&c mdt Id: uu tien tilt kiem nang lugng, phat trien da dang cac nguIn nang lugng, ket hgp bao ve mdi trudng va tang cudng hgp tac quoc tl tren nguyen tic cflng cd Igi, c l gang thilt lap he thing cung cip nang lugng dn dinh, sach va cd hieu qua Tiit kiem ndng lug'ng Day la nhiem vy lau dai, va rat khd khan Do cd dan s l ddng, nguIn tai nguyen han chi, cho nen Trung QuIc chfl truang uu tien cho tilt kiem nang lugng, thuc day toan dien tilt kiem nang lugng Kit hgp ddng bg khai thac va tilt kiem nang lugng, dat tiet kiem len hang diu Nhdm nghien cun cfla Trudng dai hgc Thanh Hoa cho ring, trung binh mgt CO sd san xuit cdng nghiep Idn eua Trung 30 Pham Thai Quoc Qudc su dyng nang Iugng nhieu hon so vdi miic d cac nudc phat triln tir 25 din 90% Ben canh do, viec dieu chinh ca cau cdng nghiep va cac nganh san xuat ndi chtrng cflng cd thi tiet kiem them 210 trieu tan nu:a Trung Quoc dua sau diem dya cho tiet kiem nang lugng, la: dya vao dieu chinh ket cau: giam dflng than, tang dan dflng cac loai khac dau lua, thuy dien, nang lugng hat nhan hinh phuong thirc; "ddu tu thdp, tieu hao it, chat thdi it, hiiu sudt cao "; dya vao tien bd ky thuat; dua vao tang cudng quan ly; dya vao tang cudng phap che; dya vao cai each chieu sau; dya vao sy tham gia cfla toan dan Chinh vi day la nhiem vy lau dai va kho khan nen de tiet kiem, Trung Qudc da dua phuang cham: kien tri nguyen tdc Chinh phii ldm chu dgo, thi trucmg Id nen tdng, doanh nghiep Id chit the v&i su tham gia ciia todn xd hdi Khich le nghien ciiu va san xuat eac san pham tiet kiem nang lugng Trong tiet kiem nang lugng, tap trung vao tiet kiem nang lugng cdng nghiep ma trgng diem la cac nganh nghi nhu: luyen sat, luyen kim mau, than, dien luc, xay dyng, hoa cdng nghiep Nang cao nang luc cung cap nang luffng Giai phap dugc thyc hien thdng qua cac ngi dung sau day: Thif nhdt, khai thac than cd trinh ty Than hieri la ngudn nang lugng ca ban cua Trung Qudc Do vay, phai tang kha nang san xuit, dam bao khai thac an toan, giam thilu d nhiem mdi trudng, nang cao hieu suit sir dung Cin phai md rgng mu:c tham dd, khai thac thdng qua tham dd dia chat Trung QuIc yeu ciu cin phai sap nhap va td chuc lai, ddng cua cac md than nhd, qua dd hinh cae tap doan Idn, CO kha nang san xuit cip hang tram trieu tan/nam Xue tien thyc hien lien doanh than vdi dien de nang cao trinh ea gidi hda Thi} hai, tich eye phat trien dien Iyc Dien la loai nang lugng sach cd hieu suit cao Trung Qudc chu truang xay dyng cac ca sd dien chay -NhOng van dS KINH T^'VA CHINH TRj TH^'oidl Sd (161) 2009 Pham Thai Qudc than loai ldn, ddng cua dan eac ca sd san xuat dien nhd, lac hau, ddng thdi khuyin khich phat trien thuy dien, di ddi vdi xay dimg cac nha may dien dflng dit, thflc diy xay dung cac CO cd dien hat nhan Tang cudng xay dyng mang ludi tai dien Tay - Ddng Thd ba, phat trien manh diu Diu hien la loai nang lugng dugc dflng kha phi biln tren the gidi, d Trung QuIc ty le su dyng cdn thap Trung Qudc can day manh tham dd, khai thac dau md va ddt Cac nai can tap trung tham dd khai thac la vinh Bdt Hai, Thap Li Mde, Tflng Lieu Thif tu, phat trien cac loai nang lugng cd kha nang tai tao Trung Qudc de myc tieu den nam 2010 lugng tieu thy nang lugng cd kha nang tai tao chiem 10% tdng lugng tieu thy nang Iugng va den nam 2015 dat muc 15% thdng qua xay dung cac co sd phat dien dflng sue gid cap trieu KW cflng nhu dau tu xay dyng cac CO sd su dyng nang lugng cd ngudn gdc sinh vat, su dyng sue gid, su dung nang lugng mat trdi va nang lugng sdng bien Phdt trien ky thuat ndng luffng Ve tien bd klioa hgc - ky thuat, vdi muc dich la giam tieu hao nang lugng, muc tieu dua la giam tieu hao nang lugng xudng khoang 40 50% vao nam 2020 Theo dy bao, phan cfla than tdng nhu cau se giam tu 66% nam 2000 xudng cdn 60% nam 2010, va cdn 54% nam 2020 Trong thdi gian nay, cac loai nang lugng sach hon khdng cd cac-bon, nhu dot thien nhien, nang lugng hat nhan va cac loai nang lugng cd the tai tao khac se phat trien manh, dy kien se tang tu 2,9% nam 2000 len khoang 15,6% nam 2020 Ket hffp phdt trien ndng lugng v&i bdo ve moi tru&ng Viec su dyng nhieu than cflng ddng nghia vdi nguy co gay d nhiem mdi trudng nhieu ban Trung Qudc hien dang thyc hien nhieu nd Iyc giam tieu hao nang lugng hda thach, han che khai thac md than cd ham lugng luu huynh va tro cao, cam khai thac md than cd ham lugng Cung cSu vd nang lugng d Trung Qudc phdng xa va ddc td cao hon tieu chuan quy dinh Phat trien ky thuat than sach, chgn nia, chuyen hda gia cdng, ddt sach, sach hda ddt khai thac than Tang nhanh tien xay dyng thiet bi khir Itru huynh cho xudng nhien lieu hay xay dyng xudng dien dung than phai lap dat theo tieu chuan thai That chat quan ly mdi trudng ddi vdi cac hang myc nang lugng Phdt triin hgp tdc qudc ti linh vuc ndng luffng Trong chfl truong da dang hda ngudn cung cap dau md cfla minh, Trung Qudc coi Trung Ddng la ngudn chfl yeu sd cac ngudn cung dau cho Trung Qudc d nudc ngoai, cac khu vyc khac chi la ngudn bd sung mang tinh chien lugc vdi muc dich da dang hda Bdi le, theo Trung Qudc, hgp tac nang lugng vdi cac nudc Trung Ddng khdng chi can thiet ma edn an toan Khac vdi trudc (trong nhung nam 1970), cac nudc san xuat dau md Trung Ddng hien khdng cdn la mgt khdi thdng nhat vung chae, thieu tinh lien ket ddi phd vdi phuong Tay Trong dieu kien nhu vay, hgp tac nang lugng vdi cac nudc khdng phai lo nghT gi ve van de gia tang mirc phy thudc vao ben ngoai ma chi can lo lam tdt chinh sach ngoai giao nang lugng de lgi dung ngudn dau md tu Tnmg Ddng Trong bdi canh bat dn dinh khu vyc, Tap doan Dau Trung Qudc (Sinopec) da vugt cdng ty My, gianh dugc quyen khai thac ddt d khu vyc sa mac A rap Xe Ut Trong ban ve xay dyng tuyet) dudng dng dan dau Trung QuIc - Myanmar chua cd ket qua, thi Trung Qudc da cdng dam phan md tuyen dudng dng di qua cang Gwada (Pakistan) dl dua diu md tu A rap Xe Ut qua Iran vao Tan Cuong Tuyen van chuyen hinh se gdp phan lam diu nhu cau van chuyen dau qua eo biln Malacca Ben canh dd, mdi day Trung QuIc cflng da cdng viec mdi A rap Xe Ut tham gia hgp tac, dau tu vao cac dy an dau lua d nudc Cdng ty dau md A rap Xe Ut da ciing vdi Sinopec va Exxon Mobil cimg dau tu xay dyng mdt nha may lgc dau tri gia 3,5 ty USD NhOng van de KINH T^'VA C H I N H TRj T H ^ ' c i d l So (161) 2009- 31 Cung cSu vd nang lugng d Trung Qudc Pham Thai Qudc d Phflc Kiln Ben canh do, mdt sd cdng ty dau md A rap Xe Ut dang chuan bi dau tu vao mdt sd dy an dy tru dau va lgc dau d cac tinh Thanh Dao, Dai Lien va Hai Nam cua Trung Qudc ngoai, Trung Qudc chti trgng thu hut ky thuat tien tien, chuyen ddi tu su dung nang lugng hda thach sang sir dung eae loai nang lugng cd kha nang tai sinh Nga la nudc Idn ve san xuat va xuat khau dau khi, Trung Qudc la nudc ldn ve nhap khau nang lugng Trong bdi canh NATO dang tien ve phia Ddng va My dy dinh trien khai la ehan ten lua d chau Au, thi lien minh Nga - Trung Qudc ve cung tieu dau da dugc dat Ngay tu thap ky 1990, thdi Tdng thdng Yeltsin va Chu tich Giang Trach Dan, hai nudc da de cap den viec hgp tac cflng khai thac ngudn dau md ddt d Ddng Xiberi, vi Nga mong mudn phat trien khu vyc Vien Ddng cua minh Hien nay, Nga da xuat khau dau thd bang dudng sat sang Ddng Bae Trung Qudc vdi khdi lugng xuat khau tang 10 lan, tu 1,5 trieu tan nam 2000 len 16 trieu tan nam 2006 Tuy nhien, van chuyen bang dudng sat vdi chi phi cao, hieu qua thap, cho nen hien Nga dang xay dyng tuyen dudng dng van chuyen dau thd tu Ddng Xiberi din Thai Binh Duong, cd kha nang van chuyen 30 trieu tan dau/nam, dua dau tu khu vyc Taishet gan Hd Baican (Nga) den Skovorodino d gan bien gidi Nga - Trung Qudc Giai doan diu cua dy an dy kien hoan vao nam 2009 Ben canh dd, hien cdng ty Gazpom cua Nga cflng dang thao luan vdi cdng ty dau quIc gia Trung QuIc (CNPC) vl viec Nga khai thac md dit Kovykta d Ddng Xiberi dl xuit khiu sang Trung Qudc Ben canh do, Trung Qudc ciing dang thuc hien day manh hgp tac qudc te va tang nhap khau dot thien nhien Trung Qudc da ky mgt hiep dinh vdi Nga ve nhap khau va xay dyng mgt tuyen dudng dng dan ddt tu bac Xiberi den Trung Qudc Cdng trinh dugc trien khai tir nam 2005 va se di vao boat dgng vao nam 2010 Hien Trung QuIc dang khuyin khich cac nha dau tu nudc ngoai diu tu va kinh doanh tram dien va cac loai thilt bi nang lugng khac d Trung Qudc Khuyen khich diu tu vao cac tram nhiet dien cd dung lugng tu 600 trieu oat trd len cung nhu phat dien bing nhien lieu than sach, vdi dien hat nhan thi phia Trung Qudc phai khdng chi cd phan Trong thu hut diu tu nudc Nhu cdu vd sir cgnh tranh vi ndng hrong cua chdu A Tap chi Kinh tl Qu6c xi so 29/2008 32 Diu thang 11/2007, Trung Qudc va Venezuela da ky Hiep dinh khung ve viec lap Quy Phat trien chung tri gia ty USD (Trung Qudc gdp ty USD, Velezuela gdp ty USD) nham thflc day hgp tac giua hai nudc dac biet ITnh vyc xay dung tang co sd, nang Iugng va ndng, cdng nghiep Theo thda thuan, Venezuela se cung cap eho Trung Quoc dau ma dflt va Sinopec se tham gia kiem chimg dau md tai luu vyc sdng Oronoco cd trir, lugng dau rat Idn Ben canh dd, hai ben cdn thoa thuan lap xi nghiep lien hgp ve van tai dau tho va cac san pham tu dau md sang chau A Phia Venezuela cam ket tang lugng cung dau thd va cac san pham phu tu dau eho Trung Qudc tir muc 350.000 thflng/ngay nam 2007 len cac miic 500.000 thflng/ngay nam 2008 va dat I trieu thflng/ngay vao nam 2010 hoac 2011 Dugc biet, trao ddi thuong mai Trung Qudc Venezuela dat 4,34 ty USD nam 2006 va du kien se dat 10 ty USD mgt vai nam tdi Cac bien phap khai thac va sir dyng cd hieu qua nang lugng dugc xem la yeu td dac biet quan trgng Cac vien nghien cim va cac chuyen gia nang lugng deu len tieng keu ggi eac qudc gia hay de cao bien phap va xem nd quan trgng ban bat ky chinh sach qudc gia nao De dat dugc myc tieu ve dien hat nhan vao nam 2020, Trung Qudc uu tien phat trien d cac khu vyc phia Ddng, dau tu nhieu ban nua vao cac cdng nghe hat nhan hien dai va tiet kiem, ddng thdi tim nhflng ngudn tai chinh de phat trien ngudn dien hat nhan* -NhOng van de KINH TE VA C H I N H TR! THE Gl6l So (161) 2009 ... nam 2010, Trung Qudc se vugt Nhat Ban, trd nudc nhap khau dau md Idn nhat the gidi^ Ve ngudn nhap khau dau md, cho den nay, Trung Qudc van chu yeu nhap tu khu vyc Trung Ddng Nam 2006, Trung Qudc... ndng luffng Trong chfl truong da dang hda ngudn cung cap dau md cfla minh, Trung Qudc coi Trung Ddng la ngudn chfl yeu sd cac ngudn cung dau cho Trung Qudc d nudc ngoai, cac khu vyc khac chi la... Qu6c Cung cau vd nang lugng d Trung Qudc gia nang lugng Cd the vi vay, tren mdt khia canh nao Trung Qudc cd nhieu than nhung van nhap khau than tu nhieu nudc, dd cd Viet Nam Tinh hinh cung -