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„ GIAD OUC DAN TOC m MOT sd VAN DE DOI VOl GIAO DUC MIEN NUI, VUNG D A N TOC THIEU SO KHI THUC HIEN CHUONG TRINH GIAO OUC PHO THONG MOll KI^U T H ; BJCH THUY Vi|n Khoa hgc Blio due wei Nam Tom tdt Bdi[.]
„ GIAD OUC DAN TOC m MOT sd VAN DE DOI VOl GIAO DUC MIEN NUI, VUNG D A N TOC THIEU SO KHI THUC HIEN CHUONG TRINH GIAO OUC PHO THONG MOll KI^U T H ; BJCH THUY Vi|n Khoa hgc Blio due wei Nam Tom tdt: Bdi viit trinh bdy mdt so vdn di doi vdi gido due mien ndi, vtfng ddn tpc thiiu so (DTTS} thtfc hiin chuang trinh gido due thdng (CTGDPT) mdi Trong bdi tdc gid dUa ba vdn di can dupe quan tdm thUe hiin CTGDPTd vung DTTS bao gom: Ndng cao ndng Itfe dpi ngu edn bp qudn Ugido due vd gido viin (GV}; edi thiin casd vdt chat vd thiit bi gido due, trudng hoc; chinh sdch gido due miin ntfl, vung DTTS Nhtfng vdn di niu trin cd y nghia quan trgng, nhdm ddp tfng dugc yiu cdu dSi mdi eua CTGDPT giai dogn tdi Ttf khda: Ddn tdc thiiu sS; chUOng trinh; gido due thong; gido viin (Nhdn bdi 05/5/2016; Nhdn kit qud phdn biin vd chlnh stfa ngdy 22 /5/2016; Duyit ddng ngdy 24/6/2016} I.Datvande Thyc hifn Nghj quylt sd 29-NQ/TW ngdy 04/11/2013 ciia Hpi nghj lan thd tdm Ban Chap hdnh Trung dong Odng (khoi XI) ve 06i mdi d n bdn, todn difn gido due va dao tao, dap dng yeu d u cdng nghifp hod, hifn dgi hda va hdi nhgp qudc t l va Nghj quylt sd 88/2014/QtH13 28 thing 11 nam 2014 cda Qudc hfli v l odi mdi ehuong trinh, sdch gido khoa phd thdng, duthio CTGDPT tdng the CTGDPT mdi ddpc cdng bo rpng rai vdo thing nam 2015 nhim thu thap y kiln dong gdp trddc hoan thien vd ban hanh ehinh thdc dl lam eln edxay dung d e chdong trinh mdn hpc.Trudc nhdng ddi mdi cda CTGDPT, vdi nhdng ddc thd giao due mien mil, vCing DTTS, khudn khd bdi vift, chdng tfi dua ba van de d n dddc quan tam thdc hifn CTGDPT d vdng DTTS bao gdm: Ning cao ndng lue dpi ngu can bd qudn li giao dye vd GV; edi thifn ea sd vdt chatva thilt bi giao due, trudng hoc; chinh sdch gilo dye mien niii, vdng DTTS, Nang cao n i n g liTc doi ngd d n bp quin li giao d^cva g i l o vien Bdi dudng, nang cao nang lyc ddi ngu eln bd quin If gido due (CBQLGD) trudng hoe va GV la mdt bUdc t i t yiu Id trinh trien khai thdc hifn CTGDPT mdi Ddi vdi gilo due d vdng DTTS, van d l d n g d n ddpc ehu trpng nhilu han bdi vl dpi ngu GV, CBQLGD cdng tie d mien mil, viing DTTS van cdn thilu vf sd lupng, yeu v l nang lue su pham va nang lye td chdc cdc hogt ddng gido dye; dpi ngd can bd QLGDGD, GV cdng tdc d trUdng phd thdng dan toe b i n trd (PTDTBT) da sd Id trf ve tudi Sd\ va tudi nghl, kinh nghiim gidng day vd cham sdc hoc sinh (HS) ban tni, HS DTTS cdn nhilu han chf Vi vay, can tap trung bdi dudng nang cao ndng lye cho can bd qudn If gido due vd GV cdng tde d miln niii, viing DTTS d l thdc hien CTGDPT 2.1 Boi vdi cin bp quin ligiio due De thye hifn dUde nhdng ddi mdi CTGDPT sau nam 2015, trudng phd thdng cung phdi dot mdi d n ban, dd quan trpng nhit Id ddi mdi ed c h l qudn li nha trUdng theo hudng ddn chd hod, xa hdi hod, nha trudng dUdc ty chu, dUpc giam sdt va ehju trdeh nhifm giai trinh, Vi vay, ngUdi CBQLGD trUdng hoc can duac bdi dudng, ning eao ning lUc deed the: l/TUehuxlydUng va thyc hiln k l hoach giao due nhim dat dupe myc tieu phdt trien pham etiat vd nang lye HS theo quy dinh eda CTGDPT mdi, vda phu hpp vdi dieu kifn ciia trudng, dong thdi van bio dim ndi dung, thdi lupng gido dye bat bude ddi vdi HS todn qudc; 2/ Bdi dudng ning lyc day hpe tieh hpp, phan hod cho GV nhim thue hiln yeu d u day hoc tfch hop va phdn hod theo ehuang trinh mdi Can bd qudn If gilo due cd khd nang xdc djnh v l phan cdng GV cd ndng tUc dgy hpc d c phin mdn, d c chuyln de phu hap ddng thdi hudng dan HS lya chpn cdc chuyln de, cdc mdn hpe ty chpn phd hpp vdi ndng ddp dng ciia nhd trudng vd dilu kiln ngdnh nghe, nhu d u nhdn tUc ciia dja phUOng, cac ed sd dgy nghf, hudng nghifp tgi cfia phUdng; 3/ Xay dUng mdt Id trinh eua nha trUdng minh quin li hudng tdi viee tang cudng cdc dilu kiln v l GV, cd sd vat chat dap dng nhu d u hpe ty chpn eiia HS; 4/Td chdc cdc hoat dong trdi nghiim sdng tao cho HS, chii ddng khai thdc ede ^ l u kien eCia nhd trUdng, dja phdong, xa hdi; chi dao GV td chdc thyc hien cac hoat ddng trdi nghifm sdng tgo phd hop vdi dieu kifn, hodn d n h ey t h i eua trudng va dia phuang nai trUtmg ddng; 5/ Quyet djnh diing dan vile chpn sdch day phu hdp nhd trUdng, thye hiln ehii trUdng "mdt chUdng trinh, nhilu sdch khoa" 2.2 Boi vdi gido viin De dap dng dupe yeu eau dgy hpe theo CTGDPT mdi, dpi ngu GV mien niii, vung DTTS d n dupe bdi dudng ning eao ndng luc: 1/ Day hpc theo each t i l p edn Sii 129-THIENG6/2016-99 j R GIAD OUC OAN T d c nang lUc, nhim phit triln pham chat va ning lyc ngudi hpe Day Id mdt sy thay ddi d n b i n so vffi d c h tiep eln ndi dung eda ehuong trinh hiln hanh vd d c chutJng trinh khdc trd v l trUde ma cdc GV d l tdng thyc hifn VI viy, dpi ngu GV trfn toan qudc ndi ehung, dae bift vdi ddi ngu GV day hpc vung DTTS ndi rieng eln ddpc nang cao ndng lyc de thue hifn mue t i l u day hpe theo d c h t i l p can mdi dat II: HS se tam dupe gl va lam n h u t h l nIo vIo cudi moi giai dogn hoe tap nhd trudng Vdi d c h tiep cgn nay, ddi hdi elc khIu cda qua trinh day hpe can phdi thay ddi: N6i dung, phUdng phap, phUdng tiln, hlnti thdc t6 chdc Tiep can theo hudng phdt triln nang lUc bao gdm ndng tue ehung vd ndng lUe ddc thu mdn hpe Trong dd, ndng luc ehung dupe hinh thdnh v l phdt triln thdng qua t i t c l cac ITnh vyc hpc tdp, boat ddng gido dye, cdn ning lyc dac thu mdn hpe dupc hlnh thinh v l phdt trien thdng qua ITnh vyc hpe tap, mdn hpc tUdng dng; 2/ Day hpc tieh hpp: ThUe t l ndi dung d e GV da dupe tiep cap, thyc hifn ft nhilu qua trinh dgy hpc d ehUdng trinh hifn hlnh Tuy nhien, ehUdng trinh mdi tieh hpp dupc t h i hiln rd rft vd cd ddc diem: a/ Tfch hpp manh d d c Ic^ hpc dudi vd phdn hod d i n d cle Idp hoc trin; b/ Ticli hdp toan difn t h i hiln td myc tilu, ndi dung, phUdng phap vd thi, kilm tra, dinh g i l gilo dye; c/ Tang cudng tfch hop nhilu ndi dung cdng mdt mdn hpc, xly dyng mdt sd mdn hpc tfch hop mdi d d c d p hpc Vdi cdc yeu d u tieh hpp cda CTGDPT, GV d n cd du nang lyc de ddp dng day hpc theo hddng tich h i ^ , dgc bift Id phUdng phdp day hpc vd kilm tra dinh gia thed yeu d u tich hpp, van dyng dupe mdt s6 kTthuat vd phUdng phdp dgy hpc d l bio ddm yiu elu cCia day hpc tieh hpp, gidp HS phdt triln khd ning huy ddng tdng hpp kien thdc, kT ndng thudc nhilu ITnh vdc khdc de gidi quyet ed hifu qud elc vln d l hpc tap vd eudc sdng, phdt triln duoc ndng ldc eln thilt, nhat la ndng lye gili quylt van d l ; 3/ Day hpc phin hda: Dgy hpc phdn hda CTGDPT bao gdm hai dgng: a/ Phan hda trong: Cdch dgy hpe ndy chd •^ tdi d c ddi tupng riing biet, ed nhdn hda ngudi hpe t r i n Idp, phu hop vdi tdng ddi tupng hpc, thdng qua phUdng phap dgy hpe, dupe qudn trift day hpc d tat cle d c d p , ldp hpe, tat ed ede mdn hpe/ hdgt ddng gido due; b/ Phin hda ngodi: Ld edch day elc chuong trinh khic cho d e nhdm ngudi hpe khic nhau, d i p dng nhu d u , sd thich va nang lyc eda ti:mg nhdm ngudi hoe CIch dgy bao gdm: Dgy hpe theo hudng to ehdc cdc nhdm lipc tap cdng trinh dp; elc elu Ige bp hpe tap theo ndng khieu mdn hpe Hinh thdc thf hien qua tU chon chuyfn de mdt sd mdn hpc d tieu hoc, trung hoc cd sd va ty chon chuyln d l , mon hpc d trung hpe phd thdng Dpi ngu GV day hoc d miln mil, vung DTTS, nhit 11 GV day hoe d ldp ghep, day hpe theo chuong trinh VNEN thue te eung da thye hifn dgy hpe phdn hda Tuy nhiln vdi cdc yiu cau dat ve dgy hpc phdn hda CTGDPT, cdc GV d n dupe bdi dudng ve phUdng phdp, ki thult dgy hpc phdn hda ldp hoc, ddc bift, vdi dgy hpc phdn hda ngoai d c nhdm HS lua chpn elc mdn hpc tu chpn, cdc chuydn de hpe tap 100-KHOAHOCGlAODOC mdi; 4/ Triln khai boat ddng trdi nghifm sang tao: Doi ngu GV ndi ehung v l GV day d vdng DTTS ft nhieu da thyc hifn boat ddng t r i i nghiim sdng tgo ehUdng trinh hifn hlnh thdng q u i hoat ddng tap the, gilo due ngoai gid l i n tdp Tuy nhiln, CTGDPT mdi, hoat ddng trii nghiim sdng tao dupe d i t vdi mue tilu eao hon, ndi dung, hinh thdc, phddng phdp phong phu hdn, O l thye hifn dUpe yfu d u nay, GV d n dddc trang bj kien thdc v l kt ning di nhin thdc dung ve myc tifu, edch thdc t i l n hdnh cda hogt ddng trii nghifm sang tao CTGDPT mdi; tim hieu die diem, dilu kifn ve nhan lye, kinh t l , vln hod, x l hdt trfn dja bin de khai thdc sd dyng hifu q u i muc dich td chdc hoat ddng trdi nghifm sing tao di phCi hop vdi dgc ^ e m HS Cii t h i l n Ctf sd vat chat va t h i l t bj giao due trudng hoc Nghi quyet sd 88/2014/QH13 28 thdng 11 nam 2014 eiia Qudc hpi v l Odl mdi chUdng trinh, sdch giao khoa gido dye phd thdng da ehi rd: "\S\i t i l n ho trp dau tu kinh phf cho cle dja phddng mien ntii, hdi ddo, vung ddng bdo DTTS, vdng cd dieu kien kinh t l - xa hoi khd khIn, dae bilt khd khan de bio dam dilu kiln toi thilu thdc hiln ddi mdi chddng trinh, sdch gilo khoa gilo dye phd thdng" Hiln nay, mang tddi trddng hpe, dieu kien cd sd vit chit, thilt bj day hpc vung DTTS, mien ndi da dUpc ting cddng d l u td r i t nhilu nhung van chua ddp dng dupc yiu d u phdt triln quy md va nang eao chat lUdng gilo dye d nhdng vdng nly, die bilt d mpt sd trudng chuyln bilt nhu trudng phd thdng dan tdc ndi tni (PTDTNT), PTDTBT Odi vdi trUdng PTDTNT, mang lUdl, quy md trudng PTDTNT mdt s6 dja phuong chua dupc quy hoach phCi hop, chua ddp dng yiu d u ning caochSt lupng gilo dye v l xly dyng trudng trung hpe dgt ehuIn qudc gia dtrudng PTDTBT, dlu tucasdvgt chat eho lo^i trudng nly edn hgn chl; ede hang myc nhu phdng d ndi tni, nhi I n , nhi bIp, cdng trinh vf sinh, nudc sach d c trudng PTDTBT da sd ehua d i m bdo eho HS bdn tni cd chd dn, d va hpc t i p an todn, thudn IdL Thdc hifn ddi mdi chUdng trinh, sdch gido khoa gilo dye phd thdng, d n phdi tang cudng dlu tu cd sd v i t chit, thilt bj eho eac cd sd gild dye mien ndi, vdng DTTS nhilu hon nda de: 1/ Ddm b i d v l td ehdc, hogt ddng v l cle dilu kien thye hifn nhilm vy giao dye toi thilu theo quy cRnh eda Dieu If nha trddng; 2/ Diln tich khudn viln v l cle yfu d u v l xanh, sgch, dep, thoing mdt d i m bio quy djnh; cd cdng, biln ten trudng ; 3/ Sd lupng, quy cleh, chat lupng vd thilt bj eda phdng hpc d i m bdo quy dinh cda Dieu I I trudng thdng; quy djnh cda Bd Gilo dye vd Olo tgo va d c bd li§n quan; 4/ Khdi phyc vy hpc tap, khdi hdnh chfnh qudn trj va phdng hpc bp mdn (ddi vdi trung hpe ed sd v l trung hpe phd thdng) dat tilu chuIn theo quy djnh; cd trang thilt bi y t l tdi thieu vd tii thudc vdi cdc loai thudc thiet yiu dim bio quy djnh phuc vu d e hogt ddng gilo dye dap dng yiu d u ; 5/ Thd viln dgt tilu chuan thd vifn trUdng phi thdng theo quy djnh; hogt ddng eiia thu vifn dap dng nhu d u nghiin edu, day hpe eiia d n bd, GV, nhin viln - GIAO OUC DAN ^ H S ; bd sung sach, bdo va tai lifu tham khIo hang nam ^ p dng y i u d u day hpe theo CTGDPT; 6/Thiet bi day hpe tdi thilu phyc vy giing dgy, hpc t i p vd vifc sd dung thilt bj dgy hpe d c gid len Idp vd t d lam mdt sd ddng day hpc cda GV ddm bdo quy dinh; kiem k l , sda chda, ning d p , bd sung dd dung v l thilt bj day hpc hlng nim d i p dng yeu d u day hpc theo ehdong trinh mdi Chinh sach giao due mien nui, vCing din toe thieu sd Nghj quylt sd 29-NQ/rWvlD6i mdi edn bdn, toln difn gido due vd ddo tgo, v l nhilm vu, gili phip thdc hien ddi mdi da chi rd: "Nha nude gid vai trd chd dgo dlu t d phit triln gilo dye v l ddo tao, ngan sdch nhd nudc chi cho giao dye vd d i o tao tdi thieu d mde 20% tdng chi ngan sdch; chd trpng ndng cao hilu qua sddung vdn ngdn sdeh.Tdng bude bdo d i m du kinh phi hoat dpng chuyfn mdn cho eae ca sd gido dye, dao tgo cfng lap Holn thiln ehinh sdch hpc phf' Hien nay, mac dii ehe dp chfnh sleh eho ngudi day, ngUdi hpe d miln mil, vung DTTS, vdng ed difu kien kinh te xd hdi dgc bift khd khan da dupe quan tdm nhdng van cdn mdt sd han chl, bat cap ve ddi tdang, dinh mdc, thdi gian hudng, phddng thdc hd tra, chda dap dng dUdc yfu d u thyc tien Che dp chfnh sach ddi vdi GV va HS da dUde quan tdm song v l n ehUa dap dng dupc yeu d u thye te & mdt sd dia phUdng kinh phf cap cham, thilu linh hoat, gay khdng it khd khdn ddi vdi cac trudng vifc thyc hiln c h l dd chfnh sleh eho cac ddi tuang duoc hUdng.Theo Bdo d o tdng kit cae chfnh sdch ddn tde giai doan 2011 -2015 eiia Oy ban Din tde da chl ra: "Chfnh sleh Uu t i l n ho tro HS, gido vifn DTTS edn ddn trii, d n t i l p tuc sda ddi, tfch hpp ehinh sdch Mde hd trpehotrlem,HS, sinh viln ngddi DTTS duac ban hanh dudi nhilu van b i n khac nhau, edn thip ehua phu hdp v6i nhu d u thyc tl.";"Mdt sd van b i n quin If, hudng dan vf co chl thue hiln chfnh sleh phdt trien gido dye dan toe hiln ban hanh chUa kjp thdi, ndi dung khd thUc hien, Su phdi hdp ldng ghep d e chinh sach tren dja ban viing DTTS vd miln ndi cdn nhilu han che, dan d i n hifu quichua cao" Nhim thyc hifn tdt vile triln khai CTGDPT mdi, can tilp tuc: 1/ Rd sodt, dieu ehinh chfnh sdch v l d l u tu ed TflC 1 sd vat chat vd thiet bj, c h l dp phu hop ddi vdi ngUdi dgy va ngudi hpc d vdng DTTS, miln ndi; 2/Tilp tyc ehi dgo thue hiln tdt d e ehe dp, chfnh sdch d l dddc ban hlnh ddi vdi logi hlnh trudng dae thu vd ddi tupng ehinh sach cda vung DTTS: TrUdng PTDTNT, PTDTBT, HS bin tru, HS DTTS, HS DTTS rat ft ngudi; 3/ Sd gilo dye vd ddo tao phdi hc^ vdi ede co quan hdu quan triln khai thyc hiln d e chinh sleh doi vdi nha giao vd d n bd quin li gido dye d vdng cd ^ f u kifn kinh te - x l hdi ddc bilt khd khIn; 4/Oay manh kilm tra, ddnh gid vile thye hiln c h l dp, chinh sdch doi vdi ed sd gido dye, HS DTTS, nha gidd vd can bd qudn ti cd sd gido due cdng tic d vung DTTS, vdng cd dilu kifn kinh te - xa hpi dgc bift khd khdn; 5/ Tich cdc, chii ddng tham gia gdp y kien vf vifc xly dyng va thye thi d e van b i n quy phgm phdp lult v l c h l dd, ehinh sdch gilo due ndi chung, ddi vdi glao due d i n toe ndi rifng Kit luin Vdi nhdng yfu d u ddt CTGDPT mdi, chang han nhd: Tilp can phat trien nang ldc, khdng chl ndng v l day chd ma cdn chd trpng vf day ngudi, cot trpng hddng nghifp; quan triet quan diem tieh hop vd phan hod; , giao due miln ndi, vung DTTS d n dac bift quan tdm tdi vifc bdi dudng ndng eao nang lye ddi ngu CBQLGD va GV, dau tu CO sd vat chat vd thiet bj day hpe vd quan tdm tdi vile sodt, dilu ehinh vd thye thi ede ehinh sdch hd trp TAILIIUTHAMKHAO [1] Bd Gido dye va Ddo tao, (2015), Chuong trinh Gido ducphS thdng tSng thi, dUthiiO thing nam 2015 [2] Bd Gilo due va Ddo tgo, (2015), Tdi lieu hdi ddp vi Chuang trinh Gido due phS thong tSng thi, thing nam 2015 [3] Nghi quyit so 29-NQ/TW ngdy 04/11/2013 Hpi nghj Trung uang khda XI vi Doi mdi cdn bdn todn diin Gido due vd Ddo tao [4] Wgh; quyit sd 88/2014/QH13 ngdy 28 thdng 11 ndm 2014 vi Doi mdi ehuang trinh, sdch gido khoa phS thdng [5] Bd Gilo due va Dao tgo, Bdo cdo tSng kit ndm hgc 2015-2016 vi Gido due ddn tpc [6] Uy ban Dan tdc, Bdo cdo tSng kit cdc chinh sdch ddn tpc giai dogn 2011 -2015 ISSUES ON EDUCATION IN MOUNTAINOUS-ETHNIC MINORITIES WHEN IMPLEMENTING NEW GENERAL EDUCATION CURRICULUM Kieu Thi Bich Thuy The Vietnam Institute of Educational Sciences Abstract: The article presents some issues in education in mountainous, ethnic minority w/ien implementing new general education curriculum In particular, the article suggests three issues need to be considered when implementing n curriculum in ethnic minority areas: improving competence for management staff and teacher; improving infrastructure and educational facilities and schools; educational policy in mountainous, ethnic minority areas The above issues are o great significance, aims to meeting new requirements in the coming curriculum Keywords: Ethnic minorities; curriculum; general education; teachers $6l29-TUNG6/201S-101 ... ede mdn hpe/ hdgt ddng gido due; b/ Phin hda ngodi: Ld edch day elc chuong trinh khic cho d e nhdm ngudi hpe khic nhau, d i p dng nhu d u , sd thich va nang lyc eda ti:mg nhdm ngudi hoe CIch... lam n h u t h l nIo vIo cudi moi giai dogn hoe tap nhd trudng Vdi d c h tiep cgn nay, ddi hdi elc khIu cda qua trinh day hpe can phdi thay ddi: N6i dung, phUdng phap, phUdng tiln, hlnti thdc t6... gdm: Dgy hpe theo hudng to ehdc cdc nhdm lipc tap cdng trinh dp; elc elu Ige bp hpe tap theo ndng khieu mdn hpe Hinh thdc thf hien qua tU chon chuyfn de mdt sd mdn hpc d tieu hoc, trung hoc cd sd