Ảnh hưởng của văn hóa tộc người đến việc thực hiện chương trình và dự án quốc tế nghiên cứu trường hợp ở xã ea nuôl, huyện buôn đôn, tỉnh đắk lắk

Tran Minh Hang -Bin XudnPmh^ ANH HUOiNG CUA VAN HOA TOC NGlTdl DEN VIEC THlTC HIEN CHirONG TRINH VA DlT AN QU6C TE: NGHIEN ClfU TRl/CJNG HOP O XA EA NUOL, HUYEN BUON DON, TINH D A K L A K ' TS Tran M i n h H n g P G S T S B u i X u a n Dinh Vien D a n toe hoc Tdm tdi: Trong khoang 20 ndm gdn ddy, viing dan tgc thieu sd vd mien nui a nude ta cd SIC phdt triin ddng ki, nggai ngudn luc ddu tu cua Nhd nude Id chu dgo cdn cd su tiep nhdn tir cdc chucmg trinh, du dn hd tra phdt tiiin chinh thicc (ODA), du dn eua edc td chirc phi chinh phu qudc ti (INGOs) Kit qud cua cdc chuang trinh, du dn phdt trien ndy Id khde nhau, song diu chiu tdc dgng ciia yeu td vdn hda tgc ngudi, Tuy nhiin, nghien cicu dnh huang cua vdn hda tgc ngudi den viec thuc hiin vd hieu qud cdc chutmg trinh, du dn cua cdc td chicc qudc te dudi gde dg ddn tge hge/nhdn hgc vdn hda - xd hgi cdn it dugc chu y Bdi viet ndy dua tren kit qud nghiin cicu tgi xg Ea Nudi, huyen Budn Don, tinh Ddk Ldk nhdm cung cap nhimg bdi hoc kinh nghiem cho cdc nhd qudn ly vd cdc td chuc qudc te de diiu chinh hogt dgng cua nhicng chucmg tiinh, du dn trien khai tren dia bdn thcri gian t&i cho sdt thuc vd hiiu qud han Tir khda: Vdn hda tgc ngudi, chuang trinh vd du dn quae ti, tinh Ddk Ldk Ngdynhdn bdi: 5/9/2019: ngdy gui phdn biin: 27/8/2019: ngdy duyet ddng: 13/10/2019 Nang cao ddi sdng ngudi dan, thiie day phat ttiln kinh t l - xa hdi eho ddng bao dan tde thieu sd ndi ehung va d Tay Nguyen ndi rieng ludn la uu Hen cita Chinh phii Viet Nam va cdng dong cac nha tai trg qudc te nhieu nam qua Vdi dac thii la viing ed ty le hd ngheo cao, tap nung nhieu dong bao dan tdc thieu sd, Tay Nguyen la mdt vimg thu hudng quan ttgng cua cac chuang ttinh muc tieu qude gia ve giam ngheo va phat triln y tl, giao due, an sinh xa hot, Tren dia ban Tay Nguyen, ngoai 12 tdc ngudi tai ehd edn cd nhilu tdc ngudi khac di cu den Day la viing dugc coi la da dang nhit vl phuong dien tde ngudi Viec nghien eim anh hudng cua van hda den thuc bien vii hieu qua cac chuang trinh, du an ciia cac id ehiie qudc tl trien khai d dia ban dudi gde nhan hgc van hda - xa hdi la hit site cin thilt • Bai vi6t [a ket qua ciia de tai nghien ciiu ckp Ca so nam 2019: ''Anh hudng ciia van hoa loc nfnr&i den viec dau tu va thi^c iiien cdc chtrang Irinh du an qudc te a viing Tay Nguyen" Vien Dan toe hoc chii u " TS Tran Minh Hang va ThS Nong Bang Nguyen lam Chu nhiem Tap chiDdn tdc hgc sd5 -2019 Trong bai viet nay, chung tdi phan tich nhitng anh hudng ciia cac ylu td van hda tdc ngudi ddi vdi viec thuc hien cac chuang ninh, du an qudc tl tren dja ban tinh DSk Lik nhim cung cip nhimg bai hgc kinh nghiem cho cac nha quan ly va cac td chite qudc tl dl dilu chinh hoat dgng ciia cac chuang trinh, du an triln khai tren dia ban thdi gian tdi cho phii hgp vdi van hda tge ngudi d dia phuong, gdp phin nang eag hieu qua cita cac chuang ttinh, du an Cac yeu td van hda tdc ngu'di ttong bao cao bao gdm van hda muu sinh, van hda xa hpi (cac thilt ehe td chiic va cae mdi quan he xa hgi), van hda tinh thin (cac phcng tue, tap quan),ttinhdo hge van, Du an Giam ngheo khu virc Tay Nguyen vdi sir hd trg cua Ngan hang the gidi va Dit an Phat trien san xuat ea cao bin virng tai cae ndng hg (SCF) ACDl/VOCA (td chite phi chinh phu c6 tru sd chinh tai My, boat ddng linh vue phat ttien nong nghiep va kinh te ndng thdn) trien khai tren dja ban xa Ea Nudi, huyen Budn Ddn, tinh DJk Lik dugc lua chgn dl phan tich ttong nghien ciiu Tu lieu tiinh bay bai vilt ditgc thu thap ttong dgt nghien cuu thuc dia eua nhdm can bd Vien Dan tdc hgc nam 2019 tai xa Ea Nudi, huyen Budn Ddn, tinh Dak Lak Budn Ddn la mdt trgng nhirng huyen ngheo ciia tinh Dik Lik gdm xii, dd cd xa dac biet khd khan, thudc viing Du an giam ngheo khu vue Tay Nguyen, gdm cac xa: KrongNa, Ea Huar, Ea Wer, Tan Hda va Ea Nudi Huyen c6 15.736 hd vdi 67.199 khau; sd ho ngheo la 6.115 hip, chiem 38,86%; sd hi? can ngheo la 1.931 hg, chiem 12,27%; sd hg ngudi diin tdc thieu sd la 7.527 hd, chiem 47,83% Vdi sir hd trg tir Ngan hang the gidi, Chinh phii Viet Nam thuc hien Du an Giam ngheo khu viic Tiiy Nguyen giai doan 20142019 Du an dugc trien khai tai 130 xa, thudc 26 huyen ngheo eua tinh: Dak Lak, Diik Nong, Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Quiing Nam va Quang Ngai Du an tap trung cai thien sinh ke cho khoang 284.600 hd gia dinh thudc 130 xa ngheo nhiit Da sd nhirng ngudi hucmg lgi tir du an thugc cac dan tdc thilu sd khac khu vitc Cac hgp phan ciia Du an bao gdm: (1) Phat triln ca sd ting cip xa va thdn; (2) Phat ttiln sinh kl bin virng; (3) Phat trien eo sd ting kit ndi; va (4) Quan ly du an (UBND tinh Dik Lak - Bg Ke hoach va Dau tu Ngan hang Thi gidi, 2013) Xa Ea Nudi nim d phia Nam cua huyen Budn Ddn, each trung tam huyen 17km, tiep giap vdi phd Budn Ma Thudt Xa cd 17 thdn/budn, 2.986 hg, 12.072 nhan khau, trgng do, cac tdc ngudi thilu sd tai cho (chii ylu la ngudi E-de) chilm 43%, ngitdi Kinh chilm 50%, cdn lai la cac tdc ngudi thilu sd di cu tir cac tinh miin nui phia Bic den nhu Mitdng, Thai, Tay, Niing, Tting sd hd ngheo toan xa niim 2018 la 1.318/2.986 hd vdi 5.529 khau, ' chilm 44,14% dan sd toan xa Trong do, ngudi Kinh cd 325 hd; ngudi dan tde thieu sd (DTTS) tai chg cc 898 hd; ngudi diin tdc khae cd 95 hg; sd hg can ngheo ed 212 hd, chiem 7,18% Ea Nudi la mgt xa ndng nghiep vdi nganh nghi chu ylu la chan nudi va trdng trgt (UBND xaEa Nudi, 2019) Trdn Minh Hang - BwXudiiDinh^ Du an Giam ngheo khu vue Tay Nguyen tridn khai tai xa Ea Nudi cd nhdm lidn kdt thi trudng la nhdm trdng gdc, nhdm trdng dinh lang va 14 nhdm da dang sinh kg (LEG), bao gom: - nhdm nudi de sinh san tai budn Nidng 1, thdn Ko Dung A va thdn Ko Dung B - nhom nudi ga thit tai thdn Ea Mdhar 3, thdn Hda Thanh, thdn Ea Mdhar IA, thdn Ea Mdhar IB va thdn Ea Mdhar - nhdm nudi heo thit tai budn Nidng va budn Ko Dung B - nhdm nudi heo nai sinh san tai budn Nidng va budn Ko Dung A - nhom trdng liia tai budn Ea Mdhar IA va budn Ea Mdhar IB Trong cac phdn ndi dung chinh dudi day, chung tdi tap trung phan tieh nhiing anh hudng ciia van hda tdc ngudi ddn viec trien khai thye hien du an d mgt sd nhom sinh kd ed mdi lign he ndi trdi Anh hu&ng ddn viec tiip can thdng tin ve cac chu-ong trinh, dy an quoc te Trong bdi canh cae tdc ngudi thidu sd tai ehd d tinh DSk Lak nhu E-de va Mndng ed ty le hd ngheo cao hem so vdi tdc ngudi Viet va eac tdc nguai thieu sd khac thi khat vgng thoat khdi ddi ngheo cua ddng bao rdt Ion, ndn cd thdng tin ve eae chuang trinh, du an eua Nha nuoc hoae bdt ky sir trg giiip nao tu bdn ngoai ddn, ddng bao ehd dgi, mong mdi vdfi nidm tm rat cao Ddi vdi cac ehuang trinh, du an ciia nude ngoai, sir chd dgi va tin tudng edn nhidu han, bdi ddng bao eho rang, cac chucmg trinh, du an ciia nuac ngoai se ed ngudn lire tai ehinh Idn, dugc dau tu bai ban, ndn thudng hieu qua hon cac chuang trinh, dy an ed vdn dau tu nude Tuy nhign, tir chd dgi den tigp nhan dugc thong tin ludn cd khoang each Digu d6 phu thudc trudc het vao trinh tiep nhan ciia cae can bd dia phuang va cgng ddng Vg phia ngudi dan, ed nhidu ydu td anh hudng ddn tiep can thdng tin ve eac chu truang, chinh sach eua Nha nude, cae chuong trinh phat trien kinh td - xa hdi ndi ehung va ehuong trinh, dy an qudc td ndi ridng Thie nhdt, nhieu nguyen nhan ngn phan Idn ngudi dan d eac cdng ddng thdn/budn khong dugc thudng xuyen true tiep tiep xiie vai van ban lien quan ddn ngi dung cac chuang trinh, du an de ty tim higu nhimg ndi dung eiia van ban dd, Cac thdng tin thuang dugc thdng bao d eudc hgp ciia thdn/budn, hay chuang trinh tmyen thanh/phat - truydn hinh Tuy nhign, cac each tiep can thdng tin ciing gap nhiing khd khan sau: - Cac euge hgp thdn/budn tai nha cdng ddng ia hinh thirc phd bien nhdt, nhung cung khdng hoan toan thuan lgi, vi dan cu mdt xa hoac mdt thdn/budn khdng tap tnmg ma phan tan nhieu cum each xa Cdng viec nha ndng ban rdn, nhieu hd gia dinh phai len ray lam viec dgn tdi mdi vg, tham chi phai an d, sinh hoat tren ray mdt vai tudn Vide tap hgp ddng dii, dung gid dd tnen khai mgt cugc hgp cgng ddng khdng de dang - Ngdn ngir su dung cac eudc hgp thudng la tidng Viet - ngdn ngii chinh thiic duge dimg sinh hoat chinh tri - xa hdi cua cae cdng ddng cu dan, dan vi hanh chinh va Tap chi Ddn tdc hgc sd5-2019 doan thi cua mdt cdng ddng da tdc ngudi Ddng thdi, cac cugc hgp thudng cd can bd xa (la ngudi Kinh hoac cac tdc ngudi thieu sd khac) din du va hd trg Tuy nhien, mgt bg phan dong cu dan cac thdn/budn khong thao tiing phd thdng, ttong ndi dung lien quan din cae chuang trinh, du an qudc te cd nhilu khai niem, thuat ngii kha xa la vdi ddng bao Nhieu tiidng hgp, han che ve kha nang sit dung tiing phd thnng, nhirng ngudi du hop thao luan bang tieng tgc ngudi minh, sau dd cir ngudi trinh bay tdm tit ndi dung thao luan bing tieng phd thdng Viec phan nao han chi kit qua thao luan vl cac chuang ttinh, du an Chi Y thdn Nieng chia se: "Thdng tin md cdn bg thdng bdo em khdng ndm bdt duac may Chung em it hdi ldm vi khdng noi thgo tieng phd thdng nen ciing nggi" - Su han che ve ndng luc cua cdn bg xd, thdn/budn Cac cugc hgp thdn/budn vl nhirng chuong ttinh, du an ddi hdi ky nang to chite va hudng din thao luan Song day lai la dilm yeu cua nhieu can bg ca sd Viec ngudi dan nim bit dugc nhilu hay it thdng tin cita cac chuong trinh, du an tir cugc hgp thdn/budn phu thudc vao su truyin dat cua can bd xa hoac can bg thdn^udn Thuc te cho thiiy, nang luc cita mdt bd phan can bd cip ca sd d Dak Lik cQng nhu cac tinh Tiiy Nguyen dit dugc cai thien qua qua trinh cdng tac, nhit la qua trinh thuc hien nhirng chuong trinh, du an ctia Nha nude Viet Nam ciing nhu ciia cac td chirc qude te, nhtmg chua thuc sir dap img dugc nhirng yeu ciiu hoat dgng cua mgt sd chuang trinh, du an Nhieu can bg dugc dao tao mdt sd chuang trinh, du an trudc dd da luan chuyin sang cong tac khac, nen hien tugng kha phd bien la thieu can bd, phai sit dung ngudi chua cd kinh nghiem hoae chua quen vgi phiin viec cua chuong trinh, du an, ttong cd ca boat dgng htyen truyen, phd bien khien cho nguoi dan khdng de dang nam bat thdng tin Ngoai ta, d mgt sd dja phucmg, cd can bd xii cho rang, ngudi dan tdc thieu sd thudng cd trinh hoc viin thiip, tam ly ngai giao tiep, khdng thdng thao tieng Viet nen khd cd the ddng gdp dugc nhieu y kiln cac eudc hgp thdn/budn He qua ciia dinh kien da anh hudng den each thiic id chuc va dilu hanh nhirng cugc hgp thdn/budn theg hutrng chi thdng bao ma khong coi trgng su tham gia va y kiln cua nhirng ngudi tham du, nhiit la nhirng ngudi thugc nhom "yeu the" tihu ngudi ngheo, phii nii diin tdc thieu so, Thic hai, su tilp can thdng tm tit eac phuang tien thdng tin dai chung ndi chung va loa phattiianhd cap xa, thdn cdn nhilu khd khan va bat cap - Cac CO quan truyin thdng ctia tinh nhu Dai phat va truyen hinh Dik LSk da cd cac kenh phat va truyin hinh tiing dja phuang; Bao Ddk Ldk eiing dinh ky ed so dae Wet, in bing tiing mgt sd tdc ngudi thilu s6 tat chd ed dan sd ddng nhu E-de, Mndng Tuy nhien, kha nang ngudi dan tilp can thdng tin vl cac htDfp phin du an, ve ky thuat trdng trgt, chan nudi mdi, co hdi sinh kl mdi va vl cac guong san xuit gidi tit nhiing kenh truyen thdng ban chi - He thdng truyin tai co sd d tinh DSk Lik cd bao phu cao nhat so vdi cac tinh vung dir an Theo sd lieu eua Sd Thdng tin va Truyin thdng tinh Dak Lik, cd den 98% Trdn Minh Hang - BinXudnPinh^ cac thdn/budn cd he thdng loa phat Tuy nhien, thdi lucmg va ndi dung phat a thdn/budn cdn han ehe hoac thdi gian khdng phii hgp; nang lue dgi ngu can bd van boa thong tin d CO sd cd han; nhieu he thdng loa dugc dau tu nhung khdng dugc tu va bao duang kip thdi ndn khdng cdn hoat dgng, hoac boat dgng nhmig "chap chdn" Trong didu kien do, ddi ngii cung cap thdng tm quan trgng vd cae chuang trinh/chinh saeh den voi ngudi dan la can bd du an va can bd thdn/budn Tuy nhien, nhu da ndu d trdn, nang luc va kinh nghiem ciia ddi ngu cdn han ehd, ndn edng tac truyen thdng dia ban cac xa du an gap nhidu khd khan - Mac dli ti le ngudi dan tai cac huyen thuc hien du an eiia Dak Lak cd tivi, dien thoai di dgng kha cao, Ian lugt la 89,1% va 86,64%", nhung miic tiep can thdng tin tu cac phuang tien edn nhidu han che Cac phucmg tidn truydn thdng ehua dang tai nliieu thdng tin vg boat ddng cua cae ehuong trinh, dy an Thif ba, ngudi dan cdn cd mdt "kdnh" khac dg tigp can thdng tin ve eac chucmg trinh, du an, dd la tir nhiing ngudi cimg dong hg, cac cum gia dinh mgt khu vye cua thdn/budn, hoac til cac nhdm mang ludi xa hdi cua hg (cimg lu'a tudi, c6 eac moi quan he vd hdn nhan, ve kinh td, vg xa hdi ) Thdng tin vg chuang trinh, dy an dugc cac vien tigp nhan thdng qua nhiing eudc trao ddi, trd chuydn nhdm vao luc rdi rai ben ban ca-phe tu pha chd, hay ben chum rugu can lg hdi, hoac nhLi:ng dam hidu, dam by ciia vidn nhdm Vide tidp nhan thdng tin tir nhiing eudc trao ddi rdt tdt, ed tac dung 'Man tda" rgng rai, dd cae vidn hidu, tham gia va thuc hien cac khau ciia chuang trinh, du an, neu nhung ngudi "chii trd" (nhu trudng hg, ngudi cao tudi nhdm, gia lang ) dua thdng tin dung va ddy dii Nguge lai, ndu thdng tin tii ngudi "chu trd" ndu thieu va khdng chuan xae, viee tigp nhan va hidu cac khia canh eua du an se khdng ddy dii va "leeh chuan", anh hudng den su tham gia va thuc hidn du an sau Thic tu, til- tiep can thdng tin den vide hieu rd, diing va ddy du ndi dung dd ed bidn phap thieh img vdi eae mue dich ciia chuong trinh/dy an dugc tridn khai ludn cd mgt khoang cacb Ngoai cac ydu td ve didu kien dd ndm bit thdng tin nhu da neu, td chiic gia dinh va trinh hgc van ciia dong bao cd anh hudng rdt Idn den viec higu ndi dung chuang trinh, du an Cac tge ngudi thidu so tai cho d Ddk Ldk nliu E-de, Mndng theo che mdu he vai dac didm ca ban la ngudi phu nu: lam ehii gia dinh, thudng thay mat gia dinh tham du cude hgp d thdn/budn, tham gia eac chuang trinh, du an tai dia phucmg Vi du d budn Ko Dung B, nhdm nudi de sinh san cd 20 ngudi (chu hd) tham gia thi 14 nguai la nu Tuang ty, nhdm nudi heo thjt cd 17 nii sd 20 ehii hg Vd hgc vdn va dao tao nghg, theo bao eao ciia Du an Giam ngheo khu vye Tay Nguyen, tinh Ddk Ldk ed gdn 93% chii hg chua qua dao tao nigt chuygn mdn ky thuat nao; chi gan 5% cd trinh trung edp va eao ddng nghd; ty |g chii hd da tdt nghigp cao dang va dai hge trd len chua toi 2% Song so nhan lue ed trinh cao lai khong lam - Bao cao Dir an giam ngheo Tay Nguyen nam 2018, Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc sd'5 - 2019 viec tai dia ban, khdng true tidp san xuat ma lam viec cac ca quan nha nude va ca quan gian tigp san xuat Dac biet, tuyet dai da sd lao dgng nii - eung la chu hg mdi hgc d bac tidu hoc, tham chi nhidu ngudi khdng bidt chu- hoac da bigt chii nhung tai mu Nhdm nudi de smh san d thdn Ko Dung B cd 6/14 phu nii' khong ky dugc tdn minh, phai digm chi vao van ban; tiroTig tu d nhdm nudi lgn thh ed 7/17 ngudi khdng bidt ky tdn Vdi trinh hgc vdn thdp nhu vay, phu nii cac tdc ngudi thieu sd khdng dd dang nam bdt, hinh dung va hidu duge ndi dung cac chuang trinh, dy an qudc tg vdn dai ddng, cd nhieu tir ngu, khai niem xa la vdi tu cua hg Vi vay, phuong phap hudng dan ehii yeu duge sir dyng la "cdm tay chi viec" Anh hirdng den viec huy dong nguon lyc cua cong d6ng tham gia vao cac chu-ong hinh, dy an quoc te Tinh cgng ddng la ca sd rat quan trgng de ddng bao ddng vidn nhau, huy dgng ngudn luc vao viec thuc hidn eac chucmg trinh, dy an cua Nha nude, ciing nhu ciia cac td chue qudc td Sy lien ket, huy dgng tham gia ciia cdng ddng dugc thg hien d mdt sd hinh thiie sau: - Khi cd thdng tin vd mgt chuang trinh, dy an nao cua dia phuong, mgi nguai cung trao ddi thdng qua cac hinh thiic: tham gia hgp tai nha edng ddng eiia thdn^udn; thdng tin, ban luan chinh thiic tai cae eudc hgp ciia doan thd, hoae "phi ehinh thire" nhiing budi le ciia cgng dong, cac budi tro chuygn tai nhung gia dinh nam d trung tam ciia nhdm dan cu hoac eua ngudi CO uy tin cgng ddng (gia lang, ngudi vd him, cd la muc su) - Khi dy an dugc tridn khai thue hidn tir khau dau tign (hinh cac td, nhdm): cac chu hp ciing ban bac vdi dg dang ky vao cac nhom; binh xet va thuong lugng vdi de phan vao cac nhdm cho phii hgp d khau nay, tinh cdng ddng huydt thdng thg hien ro net hon: hau hgt cac nhdm dgu gdm nhiing vign c6 mdi quan he dong hg Chang ban, nhdm nudi heo nai d thon Nidng cd 20 ngudi, gdm 11 ngudi ciing hg Nie, ngudi hg E ban, ngudi hg Alyd, ngucri hg Hra, ngudi hg Hmok va ngudi hg Hwing Nhdm nudi dd sinh san d budn Ko Dung B cd 20 gia dinh gdm ngudi hg Baya, ngudi hg Kabud, ngudi hg Eban, ngudi ho Nie, ngudi hg KtuI, ngudi hg Mid Nhdm nudi heo thit eung d budn cd 20 vien, gdm ngudi hg Bya, nguai hg Kbudr, nguai hg Eban, ngudi hg Nig, ngudi hg Hdok va ngudi hg Bkroong Qua trao ddi, eac truomg nhdm cho bidt, vide co ddng ngudi thupc mdt ddng hg chii ydu la cimg sd thich, cimg y djnh san xudt va cd dieu kien tuang ddi gidng nhau; song trudc quydt djnh tham gia nhdm, cac vidn ddu trao ddi, hdi y kien tmdc tien vai nhimg ngudi cd quan he huygt thdng - Khi da hinh nhdm, eac vign ciing xay dung quy uac cua nhdm, trao ddi dg thao ga nhimg vudng mdc, khd khan cua timg gia dinh dang gap phai, nhat la giai quydt cae cong viec hoan toan moi me so vdi vide trdng trgt va chan nudi theo each tmyen thdng Gid day, tham gia vao nhdm ddng sa thieh cua du an, cac vien phai trao ddi va ban bac nhidu Trdn Minh Hdng- BuiXudnJ}inh hon vd nhirng van dd nhu lap quy nhdm, kinh nghiem lam chuong trai, kinh nghiem nuoi vat nudi, cay trdng mdi, hay tinh hinh benh tat cua vat nudi, Anh hirmig ddn viec hu-ong loi tur cac chu-vng trinh, dy an qudc te "Sy hudng Igi" tir cac chuang trinh, dy an dugc hieu theo nhidu khia canh Trong bai vigt nay, chiing tdi tap trung phan tich su thu huong lgi ieh thue te ma cac vign dugc nhan tir nhiing chuang trinh, dy an vdi tac ddng ciia yeu td van hda tgc ngudi la tinh binh quan cdng ddng va van hda muu sinh Trudc hdt la tinh binh qudn cpng dong Cac vign cu tni theo quan he lang gieng (hay quan he dia vye) la chu dao, song thudng c6 su ket hgp vai quan he huydt thdng Ddi vdi ngudi E-dd va eac tdc ngudi theo chg mau he, sy kdt hgp hai quan he eu tni cang thg hien ro net Trudc nam 1975, budn lang van tdn tai nha dai va chd nha dai, gdm nhigu gia dinh thude mdt huyet thdng theo ddng me eung lam chung, an chung Ngay nay, che nha dai khdng cdn, song hidn tugng cae gia dinh ciing huyet thdng theo ddng me sinh sdng eimg mdt khu vue eiia budn van kha phd bien O hau hdt cac budn lang cua ngudi E-de van tdn tai quan niem, ngudi giau chi la ngudi ed du luong thuc, cd them trau, bd va mdt sd dae gia tri nhu chigng, che, Tuy nhign, su giau ed thucmg khdng dn dinh, vi cude sdng ciia hg bi tac ddng cua nhidu nii ro nhu thien tai, mdt miia, ddi kem, siic khde ygu, chi phi tdn kem ciia cac phong tuc cudi xin, tang ma, khao lang Cac dac didm trgn day kgt hgp vai tinh edng ddng nhu da ndu tao cho ddng bao tam ly va tu tudng binh quan rat cao: vii'a ludn san sang "chia bui se nggt" vdi ngudi khac, vira "giii phan minh", khdng so bi, tranh gianh quydn lgi vdi ngudi khae, dd "ai cung cd phdn" Cd thd thdy didu qua nhdm nudi heo nai dng Y lam trudng nhdm Ong khdng phai hg ngheo ma la hd trung binh Theo quy dinh ciia du an, hg gia dinh dng khdng phai la vidn chinh thirc ban dau de nhan hd trg chan nudi Tuy nhien, dng eo ngudi trai la hg ngheo, dli anh dang di lam an xa, song dng vSn dugc ba thdn/budn chdp nhan thay thd suat hd trg ciia eon trai Sau dd, dng Y cdn dugc cac vien nhdm bdu lam trudng nhdm Trong cac nhdm nudi dd, nhiing ngudi lam trudng nhdm thuang sSn sang chiu thiet nhan nudi dd dye dd cac vien khac nudi de cai^ Thit hai la ddc diem ciia vdn hoa muu sinh Tir bao ddi nay, kinh td cua cac toe ngudi thidu sd d Tay Nguyen la mdt "td hgp" gdm trdng trgt nuong ray, chan nudi, mdt sd nghg thii cdng gia dinh ket hgp vdi khai thae san vat thien nhien Hoat ddng kinh td trdn day cd dac diem ndi bat la gdm cac thao tac gian don, dya tren cdng cu thd so, lao ddng thii cdng va tu kinh nghiem Cu the, trdng trgt, dua vao nhirng tn thurc va kinh nghiem vg didn ^ Trong nhom nuoi de sinh san (10 nguoi/nhom), moi ngucri duac nhan de Trong so 20 de moi nhom se phai nlian nuoi de due dS luan phien phdi gidng cho cac de cai nhom, NhCrng nguai'nhan nuoi de due se bi thiet thoi hon vi de cai sinh san thi ehu ho se dugc sa huu de Gia thit ciia de ca' cao hem de dire Idii ban thi truang ^ Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc sd'5 - 2019 bidn ciia hien tugng thdi tidt (thudng duge "dn dinh" theo thang, theo lich) dg bd tri cdng viec cho phii hgp vai dac diem cay trdng Trong chan nudi, vat nudi thuong dugc tha rdng hoac ed ehuong nhung tam bg, chi la vai phen cd gianh gac trdn mdy khiic tre, cay gd cho vat nudi tni tam vao ban ddm hay gap thdi tidt bdt lgi Vide cham sdc cung rdt ban chd, vat nudi thudng dugc tha rdng va ty di kigm an, vi vay dich benh dg phat sinh va lay lan Khai thac cac san vat tu nhign cung cd hien tugng tucmg tu nhu trdng trgt, ngudi dan thucmg quan sat thai tigt va nhiing hien tugng thign nhign dd tidn hanh thu hai, san bdt hoac danh bat Hoat ddng kinh td dien theo thdi quen tir bao ddi, ngn vide tidp thu va img dung ky thuat mdi khdng dd dang va can c6 thdi gian Trong do, eac du an trdng trgt, ehan nudi thudc chuang trinh, du an ciia Nha nude Viet Nam cung nhu cae to chuc qudc te tai trg lai ydu cdu mdt quy trinh nghidm ngat Trong trdng trgt, ngoai viec lam dat, eac khau gieo trdng, cham sdc va thu hoach phai theo diing quy trinh khoa hge, ky thuat va cdn phai tuan thu chd theo ddi, ghi chep thudng xuyen Trong chan nudi, phai cd chuong trai theo diing kich thudc, cd cac d rieng eho gia siic, gia cam nghi ngai, an udng va vd sinh, tao he thdng Hdn hoan Viec cho an cung phai theo chg nghidm ngat, tir nguydn lieu lam thirc an, each chd bign va gid an Tat ca nhung khau, phan viec trgn day hoan toan xa la vdi each nudi, trdng truyen thdng cua dong bao Chinh vi vay, thuc hidn ehuong trinh, du an, da sd cae gia dinh ddu liing tiing, kdt hop vdi su hudng dan thidu ehu dao, sau sat cua can bg du an ndn mdt sd du an dat hieu qua kem, tham chi that bai Dy an trdng cay ca cao d xa Ea Nudi la dien hinh eho su khdng an nhap giiia yeu edu dam bao ky thuat vdi each thirc eanh tac theo thdi quen Du an dugc trien khai tir nam 2016, cd ban 30 ngudi tham gia, cd mdt sd hg ngudi E-dg Sau mot nam, chi co sd it hg ngudi Viet dat dugc kdt qua, cdn cac hd ngudi E-dg thi that bai Ngoai su thigu sau sat ctia can bg khuygn ndng huyen, nguygn nhan eo ban la loai cay ddi hdi su cham sdc ti mi, mdt nhidu cdng siic va ba khdng nam dugc nhirng dac tinh cua cay ca cao Than cay ca eao nam thii hai thudng tao chat nggt, cac loai sau dye than va mdi rdt thich an, ndn chimg due tir re len, an rong het than, ndu cham xir ly la eay chet Dd chdng lai hien tugng sau an than cay, phai trgn phan bd da ii vdi voi bdt, bon vao gdc cay Cay ca cao hut hdn hgp tao chdt chua ndng khien sau khong due than eay nira Tuy nhidn, da sd cae hd ngudi E-dd hoae khdng ro dae diem nay, hoac biet nhung khong CO du kinh phi mua vdi, phan dd xii ly Vi vay, gdn 10 ngudi E-dd tham gia dy an, khong mdt cdng Trong cac dy an dugc coi la cdng d xa Ea Nudi, cd dy an trdng bap (ngd), cho nang sudt cao gdp 3-4 idn gidng bdp truydn thdng va chdt lugng bdp tdt ndn ban dugc gia Nhigu ho tham gia du an da c6 them ngudn tidn tir trdng bap dd ddu tu eho viec trdng ca phe nhu khoan gidng, idp them duong dng tuai nuac, Cd le eac thao tac, quy trinh ky thuat trdng bdp cd nhidu didm tuang ddng vai trdng bdp truyen thdng cua ddng bao nen 72^ Trdn Minh Hdng - BiiiXudri_Dirih_ nhiing ngudi tham gia bd ngo hon Dang tiec, dy an bap ehi tidn hanh duge mot nam vi gidng bap can nhidu duong chat, dat bi bae mau nhanh, nen khdng the tiep tuc cho cae nam tigp theo Theo dng Ykrie Hwing, nguygn Bi thu Dang iiy, kigm Chii tich UBND xa Ea Nudi, nhiing nam 2016 - 2018, dy an nudi dd va nudi bd dugc trien khai a xa cd thd eoi la cdng Tuy e6 mgt sd true trac, song ve co ban cac gia dinh tham gia cd nhirng cdng nhdt dinh, cho ngudn thu eao, vdi nhieu gia dinh day la khoan thu 1cm Ciing nhu vide trdng bap, viec nudi heo, nudi bd cd nhidu phan vide tucmg ddng vdi each nudi truygn thdng nen cae gia dinh tham gia dy an thye hien thuan lgi, it nhidu cdng Tuy nhidn, van theo dng Hving, mdi hd ehi ed the phat tridn chan nudi vdi quy md "vira phai" Vi du, mdi hd chi cd kha nang nudi 5- bd, 10 - 15 eon dg, vugt qua sd lugng ay la khong du thurc an, khdng cd noi chan tha Ldi san xuat tu nhien ket hgp vdi tinh cdng ddng cao, tam ly ngai thay doi cua cac tdc ngudi thidu sd dan ddn he qua la ngudi lam thi ngudi khae lam theo Rat nhigu ngudi thay ngudi nao trdng eay gi, nudi eon gi cd thu hoach cao thi dua trdng, pha bd eac cay dang xudng gia, tren thuc td cac cay chi xudng gia nhat thdi, den cay mdi dugc nudi trdng vao ky thu hoach lai khdng dugc gia nhu du tinh ndn thua Id lien mien Didm qua nhiing dgt lgn xudng gia cac loai cay khoang hon 20 nam d Dak Lak cho thay, phan ddng eac hg gia dinh ludn "chay dua" vcri gia ndng san: nam 1995 gia ca phg len thi nha nha dua trdng; ddn nam 2001 gia ea phd xudng lai pha bo dg trdng hd tieu; nam 2006 gia hd tidu xudng hg lai pha bd dd trdng dieu; nam 2013 gia hd tidu len thi ba lai ehat bcrt digu dg trdng tidu , va rdi den nam 2018 gia hd tieu xudng qua thap Theo dng Ydlhin Alyd, Bi thu Chi bd budn Nidng 1, nhin chung lam an ngudi Viet kien tri ban, tap trung hon so vdi ngudi E-dg Khi gap kho khan, tham chi that bai, ngudi Viet thucmg khdng nan, ma tim hidu nguyen nhan va tim each khde phue Trong dd, ngudi E-de gap khd khan, thdt bai thi sdm chan nan, bo cude Hien tugng thdy d mOt sd nhdm sinh kd, nhat la vdi nhung nhdm nudi trdng eay mai nhu ca eao, gdc hay nudi dg Truang nhdm trdng gdc xa Ea Nudi cho bidt: "TV/iom cita toi co 10 hp, hp E-de Neu khong co hieu qud Id ngu&i E-de phd luon de trdng cdy khde, khong co lgi la hp bo thoi md Ngu&i Kinh chiu kho han nhung 1-2 ndm ciing phdi cdy khac vi khong CO ddu ra'\ Giai thich cho hidn tugng bd cugc tham gia vao cac chuong trinh du an c6 nhidu ly Mdt Id, he thdng canh tac hay ky thuat chan nudi mdi thidu sy tucmg thieh vol cac tap quan san xuat truygn thdng Vi du, quy trinh ky thuat, cham sdc va thu hai eua eay ea cao phire tap chua phii hgp vdi tap quan san xudt ciia ngudi E-dg Ngudi E-dd cd tap quan vdn cdng va ddi cdng miia vii - hinh thire hgp tac dya tren quan he huyet thdng va lang gigng the hidn su tuong trg va gdn kdt cdng ddng Cay ca cao vdi quy trinh cham sdc khd doi hdi sy cham sdc ti mi hang ndn khdng thg thug hay ddi cdng dugc Hai Id, tam ly ngai thay Tap chiDdn tdc hgc sd5 - 2019 dli va "cd tinh earn gan bd" vdi cac loai cay trdng, vat nudi va phucmg thuc san xuit truyin thing Mot can bo huyen d Dak Lak da nhan xet: "Ngudi ndng dan Dik Lik cd tinh cam gin bo vdi eay ca phe nhu ngudi ddng bing BSc Bo coi trgng cay lua" Ba Id, nhirng ngudi tham gia du an cdn nghi ngd ve toi ich kinh tl ctia loai vat nudi, eay mdi Cac ho dang tham gia thit nghiem chit ylu vi dugc du an tai trpr Kmh tl cua eac ho gia dinh ngheo rit eo hep, hp can ed luong thue tieu dung NIU inat mua hoac phai chd dgi thdi gian dai mdt vai nam mdi cho thu hoach thi hg khdng cd kha nang theo dudi du an Trong nghien ciru eua Jame Scott ve "Nen kinh ti dgo dire ciia nguai ndng ddn: Su phdn khdng vd tu edp tu tuc" dua tten hr lieu dien da tai Viet Nam va Malaysia, dng eho ring sir thilu thdn ngudn luong thuc hay su dam bao ve an ninh luong thuc cho eudc sdng hang la vin dl dugc ngudi ndng dan quan tam nhit Ong ciing chi rd rang, ngudi ndng dan dit la nhdm dan tdc nao, sinh sdng mien nui hay ddng batig deu cd xu hutrng chdng lai hay cd thai de dat vdi nhirng gi cd the thay ddi su ttt cap tu tiic ma hg da tao dung, thiic hanh va giup hg smh song, phat triln mot each ben vung hang tram nitm (Jame Scott, 1976) 5, Anh htrfrng den su tham gia giain sat, danh gia cac chu-ong trinh, du an qudc tl Hoat dgng giam sat ctia cdng ddng ddi vdi cac chuang trinh, du an gdm nhieu ndi dung: giam sat ke hoach, giam sat chi phi, giam sat hoat dgng Phitn viet biin den sir tham gia ciia ngudi dan cac hoat dgng giam sat - Gidm sdt ki hogch' Nhung chuang trinh, du an qudc te rat quan tam den sir tham gia cua cae ben lien quan viec lap ke hoach nham hieu dugc suy nghi va mong mudn ciia hg va dam bao nhung y kien phiin hdi ctia hp se dugc long vao thiet ke du an Ddi vdi dii an Giam ngheo khu vue Tiiy Nguyen tit vdn vay cua Ngan hang the gidi, cdng tac lap ke hoach dtr an dugc thuc hien bai ban, theo dung trinh tit hudng dan Ngudi dan duge mdi tdi cac cugc hgp thdn/budn &h tham gia thao luan va xae dinh nhung de xuat phat trien sinh ke sat vdi thue tl dia phuong Tuy nhien, mdt s6 cugc hgp, ba khdng tham gia day du vi ban lam ray Nhirng ngudi tham gia phin ddng la phu nu va ngudi gia - cd it vai trd viec quyit djnh vl cac boat ddng sinh kl ciia gia dinh Mdt sd phu nir khdng thao tiing thdng nen viec nim bit thdng tin cdn ban chi Bdi vay, hieu qua cua cac du an sinh ke nhu vay chua thuc su nhu mong mudn - Gigm sdt chi phi: Do phan cip quan ly va mgt phan ngudi dan khdng dii trinh do, nen viec lap dtr toan ciing nhu thim dinh du toan cac tieu du an thirdng can bd huyen dam nhiem Hiu hit cac van ban dugc lap dlu "rap khudn" theo mdt mau, tham chi cd ca nhimg dilu khdng cd thuc tl Vi du, bao cao De xuat va du toan tieu dir an sinh ke nuoi heo thjt budn Ko Dung B lap cd doan: "Trong nhdm (nudi heo thit) se cii cac vien hilu bilt lam dai dien di khao gia tren thi trudng dudi sir giam sat cua Ban Phat trien xa, can bp CF (hudng din vien cdng ddng) dl chgn noi cung cap giong, hang hda, it nhat la '•an Mmh Hdng - BidJ^jdnDML didm lua chgn nha cung edp hang hda, dia didm khao gia tai dia phucmg" Nhimg dieu ciing dugc nhdc lai nguygn van van ban tuong tu ddi vai nhdm nudi de sinh san cung a budn Sau cac van ban dd xudt va dy toan dugc trinh len, UBND huyen cii can bg thdm dinh Bao cao kgt qua thdm dinh dg xuat va dy toan tigu dy an sinh kd nudi heo thit budn Ko Dung B ed doan: "Gidng heo ma nhdm de xuat da dugc tim hieu ngudn gde ro rang, phii hgp vdi didu kien tu nhien tai dja phuong" Tuy nhign, thong tin tir cac vign tham gia nhdm nudi heo thit cung nhu nudi dg sinh san cho bigt, hg hoan toan khdng dugc tham gia viec tim hidu ngudn gdc gidng lgn hoac dd tai ba nha cung cap, ma dai dien cac nhdm chi dugc can bd Ban phat tridn xa hoac can bd hucmg dan vien cdng ddng cho biet: "Gidng (vat nudi) cua ca sd A dd dam bao, xa da tham dinh" Kdt qua la, cac gia dinh tham gia du an nhan dugc eac san phdm ddi khdng nhu mong dgi Hien tugng cung thuong thay d mdt sd nhdm chan nudi khac - Gidm sdt hogt dpng: Giam sat qua trinh thye hidn du an khdng dugc thye hidn day dli Ddi vdi cac du an trdng trot va chan nudi, sau cac vidn nhan dugc cay giong ciing vat tu, nguyen lieu di kem hg it nhan dugc su hd trg va giam sat ma phai tu hgc hdi, trao ddi vdi Ddi vdi cac chuong trinh, dy an ve xay dung (nha cdng ddng, phdng hgc, dudng giao thdng ), dugc thue hidn theo phucmg thiie "chia khda trao tay" la chinh, kdt hgp vdi vide ddng bao khdng cd kien thiic ve xay dung ndn hau nhu hg khdng tham gia giam sat Ddi vdi vide xay dyng co sd tang nhu dudng giao thdng, cac cdng trinh thuy lgi, sy tham gia giam sat eiia cdng ddng cd vai trd quan trgng den chat lugng ciia cdng trinh Ngucri dan va lanh dao dja phuang ddu eo nhan dinh chung la eac cdng trinh giao vdn vg eho cdng ddng quan ly cd ehat lugng tdt hon ban Theo quy dinh eiia cac chuang trinh, du an, d xa ddu cd Ban giam sat xa, gdm dai dien Mat tran td qudc xa va Ban cdng tac mat tran d thdn/budn Ban cd vai trd quan trgng tridn khai cae boat ddng ciia du an d cap xa Dd la, thye hien giam sat cgng ddng ddi vai ndi dung du an xa lam chu ddu tu; giam sat, kiem tra vide trign khai ciia don vi thi cdng cac edng trinh dau tu co sd tang cua du an trdn dia ban xa; kien nghi vdi cap cd tham quydn giai quygt kien nghi, khigu nai (ndu cd) cua cgng ddng thdn/budn Cac dy an ciing chu truong huy ddng sy tham gia, hd trg, giam sat ciia gia lang, trudng thdn/budn (theo thidt chd phi quan phuong), cbiic sae tdn giao •- la nhiing ngudi CO uy tin va dai dien cho thiet chg van hda truydn thdng Tuy nhidn, viec giao vdn cho cdng dong quan ly hoac sy tham gia giam sat ciia cgng ddng xay dyng eac cdng trinh Idn ciing gap phai nhiing khd khan thieu kinh phi boat ddng cho Ban giam sat; vidn Ban giam sat khdng am hidu ITnh vue xay dyng, qua giam sat khdng phan biet diing sai hay nam bat dugc eae quy dinh vd xay dyng nen khdng kien nghi hoac kien nghi cbung chung" mgt sd Ban quan ly dy an va dem vi thi cdng khdng cung cap thdng tin cho Ban giam sat cua cgng ddng, gay khd khan vide xay dyng kd hoacb giam sat; nhigu Ban giam sat khdng hoat dgng hay boat ddng mgt each hinh thirc Tap chi Ddn tgc hgc sdd -2019 Kit luan Viec trien khai eting nhu su cdng hay khdng cdng cua cac chuang trinh, du an phat triln kinh te cua Nha nude Viet Nam, ciing nhu cua nhung td chite qudc te tai vung cac tdc ngudt thieu sd tren dia ban cac tinh Tiiy Nguyen deu chiu tac dgng cua yeu td van hda tdc ngudi, thi hien d nhirng khia canh: tiep can thdng tin, huy ddng ngudn luc cpng ddng tham gia, su hudng lgi va giam sat cua ciang ddng vdi chuang trinh, dtr an Ddi vdi viec tiep can thdng tin chuong trinh du an, neu khat vgng thoat ngheo, tinh cgng ddng, chia se cua cac quan he ddng hg, budn lang la nhiing yen td thuan lai cho viec tilp can thdng tin, thi nhirng yeu td khdng thuan lgi la trinh van hda thap va he thdng co S0 vat chiit cdn ngheo nan ciia cac cdng ddng cu dan Thieu thdng tm hoac thdng tin khdng chinh xae anh hudng den viec quyet dinh phii hgp cua ngudi diin, dan den su khdng cong cua mgt sd du an Ddi vdi viec huy ddng nguon lire cdng ddng tham gia, yeu td thuan la tinh cdng ddng, binh quan chii nghia, truyin thdng than at, tuang trp, nhudng nhin cua cac tdc ngudi Tuy nhien, thai de dat vdi nhirng ylu td mdi cd the thay ddi kinh te tu cap tir tuc truyen thdng la can trd su tham gia cua ngudi dan ddi vdi cac boat dgng san xuat mdi Ddi vdi viec hudng lgi, ylu id thuan la tinh cdng ddng giup cho cac vien cd the dugc tham gia chuong trinh, du an Song, ylu td bit lgi Idn nhat la van hda muu sinh truyen thing vol dac dilm ndi bat la lao ddng thii cdng, tu kinh nghiem, dan din khd khan ve ung dung khoa hgc ky thuat san xuit, ttr tao tam ly ngat thay ddi, gap khd khan, thit bai dl nan chi, Say la ylu td can trd Idn nhit din den hieu qua thuc hien cac chuangttinh,du an Ddi vdi viec giam sat cita cdng ddng vdi cac chuong trinh, du an thi tinh cdng ddng va luon ddi hdi su minh bach la ylu td thuan Song, ylu td khdng thuan la thieu kinh phi cho hoat ddng cua Ban giam sat; khdng cd nhilu ngudi du trinh chuyen mdn de tham dinb cac chuong trinh, du an ke tit khau lap luan cit din giam sat qua trinh thuc hien chuang trinh, dit an; khdng cd sit phdi hpp ddng bp giira Ban quan ly du an Ban giam sat va dan vi thuc hien Nhihig ylu td tren, cung thuc tl cdng va thit bai vdi mdc kbac cita cac chuong trinh, du an ciia Chinh phii Viet Nam, ciing nhu cua nhiing to chiic qudc te tren dia ban cac tdc ngudi thilu sd sd tai vting Tay Nguyen rit cin dugc Itm y, rut kinh nghiem cho viec ttiln khai chuang trinh, du an thdi gian tdi D I cac chuang trinh, du an mang lai nhimg tac ddng, hieu qua tich cue, viec danh gia tiln kha thi du an, dd cd dac diem van hoa cua cdng ddng/tgc ngudi khu vitc du an ein ditgc thuc hien ky ludng va xem xet thau dao, tranh lam hinh thitc, din din nhiing boat ddng du an khdng phii hgp, gay lang phi va anh hudng den san xuit va ddi sdng ciia ngudi dian Trdn Minh Hang - Biii XuanDird}_ Tai lieu tham khao Ban Phat tridn xa Ea Nudi (2018), Di xudt vd du todn tiSu du dn sinh ke nuoi heo thit buon Ko Bung B, xd Ea Nuoi, huyen Buon Don, tinh Ddk Ldk, ban danh may, luu tai Van phdng Uy ban nhan dan xa Ea Nudi Ban Phat tridn xa Ea Nudi (2018), Cdc vdn bdn bdo cdo lien quan den du dn gidm ngheo khu vue Tdy Nguyen tgixd, ban danh may, luu tai Van phong Uy ban nhan dan xa Ea Nudi Dy an giam ngheo khu vye Tay Nguyen, Nhdm 1- Nudi heo thit budn Ko Dung B (2018), De xudt vd du todn tieu du dn sinh ke nuoi de sinh sdn Ko Dung B, ban danh may, luu tai Van phdng Uy ban nhan dan xa Ea Nudi Du an giam ngheo khu vue Tay Nguydn, Nhdm 1- Nudi heo thit budn Ko Dung B (2018), De xudt vd du todn tieu du dn sinh ke nuoi heo thit buon Ko Dung B, ban danh may, luu tai Van phdng Uy ban nhan dan xa Ea Nudi Ngan hang Thd gidi (2011), Ngdn hdng The gi&i dong hdnh ciing Viet Nam tren du&ng phdt trien Ha Ndi Scott, James C (1976), The Moral Economy Subsistence in Southeast Asia, Yale University Press of the Peasant: Rebellion and Uy ban nhan dan huyen Budn Ddn, Ban Quan ly du an giam ngheo (2018), Bdo cdo ket qud thdm dinh de xudt vd du todn tieu du dn sinh ke: nuoi heo thit buon Ko Dung B, xd Ea Nuoi, huyen Buon Don tinh Ddk Lak, ban danh may, luu tai Van phdng Uy ban nhan dan xa Ea Nudi Uy ban nhan dan D tinh Ddk Ldk - Bg Kg hoach va Ddu tu - Ngan hang Thd gioi (2013), Du dn Gidm ngheo Khu vue Tdy Nguyen tgi Ddk Nong Dak Lak Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Qudng Ngdi vd Qudng Nam/Bdo cdo Nghien cicu khd thi tinh Dak Lak, ban danh may, luu tai Sd Kg hoach va Dau tu tinh Ddk Ldk Vien Dan tdc hgc (2014), Cdc ddn tpc it ngu&i a Viet Nam (Cdc tinh phia Nam), Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi, Ha Ndi 10 Vuong Xuan Tinh (Chii bien, 2018), Cdc ddn tpc a Viet Nam, Tap 4, Quydn 2, Nhdm ngdn ngii Han va Ma lai - Da dao, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Ndi 11 Vidn Nghidn cim Kinh tg, Xa hdi va Mdi trudng (2014), Cdy ca cao & Ddk Lak vd Ldm Dong: Nhihig thdch thirc phdt trien ben virng & Viet Nam, Bao cao nghien eim Ha Ndi  ... thdn Ko Dung A va thdn Ko Dung B - nhom nudi ga thit tai thdn Ea Mdhar 3, thdn Hda Thanh, thdn Ea Mdhar IA, thdn Ea Mdhar IB va thdn Ea Mdhar - nhdm nudi heo thit tai budn Nidng va budn Ko Dung... 7,18% Ea Nudi la mgt xa ndng nghiep vdi nganh nghi chu ylu la chan nudi va trdng trgt (UBND xaEa Nudi, 2019) Trdn Minh Hang - BwXudiiDinh^ Du an Giam ngheo khu vue Tay Nguyen tridn khai tai xa Ea. .. biet khd khan, thudc viing Du an giam ngheo khu vue Tay Nguyen, gdm cac xa: KrongNa, Ea Huar, Ea Wer, Tan Hda va Ea Nudi Huyen c6 15.736 hd vdi 67.199 khau; sd ho ngheo la 6.115 hip, chiem 38,86%;