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t j ^Da i^ n f i ip iC S6 5 2016 VANOgVASlTKieN '''' V 3 S r ? 5 l l '''' O MO HINH DAY HOC CAC MON KHOA HOC CHUYEN NGANH DINH HUONG PHAT TRIEN NANG LUC SU PHAM CHO SINH VIEN ffiTJ?* I MO DAU Trong boi canh[.]
t - j ^ D a i ^ - n f i i p i C S6 5-2016 ffiTJ?* ll'O VANOgVASlTKieN 'V3S-r? MO HINH DAY HOC CAC MON KHOA HOC CHUYEN NGANH DINH HUONG PHAT TRIEN NANG LUC SU PHAM CHO SINH VIEN PGS.TS.LEHUYHOANG Trfldng Dai hpc Sfl phgm Hi Ndi " , • • I MO DAU Trong boi canh chung: Glao dye the gidi dang co nhOng chuyen dpng loin tich cflc theo hiidng dat trpng tam vao ngflcri hgc va de cao vi|c hinh nang Itfc cho ngfldi hpc [5;7;8i9;ll;12]; Thtfc tien d?y hpc ckc mon khoa hpc chuyen nginh (KHCN) cic co sd dao tgo giao vl^n hipn vin theo dinh hfldng npi dung la chinh ma chfla quan tam thtfc hiln dinh hfldng nghe nghiap [1;2;3;4;5]; Dgiy hoc cac mon KHCN tgi cac tnidng sfl phara hi?n chfla phat huy dfli?c h^t ti^m nang va tic dung doi vdi cong tic dao tgo nghilp vu sfl phgm [3;4;5]; Yeu cau vl nang cao chSt Ifldng dao tgo giao viln nham daptfngddi mdi chflong trinh giao due thdng, thi vi|c chuyen hfldng dgy hpc ttf dinh hfldng npi dung sang xay dtfng va thflc hi|n md hinh day hpc djnh hfldng phat trien nang Itfc sfl pham d cac trfldng sfl pham la vile lam rSt cd y nghia va phfl hop vdi tinh hinh chung, tao sfl cpng hfldng mgnh me cd tic dung gdp phan nang cao chat Ifldng dao tgo giao vien Npi dung cua nghien ctfu de cap den quan nipm, y^u to cau va nhflng dilm mdl dac trflng nhSt ciia mo hinh day hpc cac mon khoa hpc chuyen nganh dinh hfldng phat trien nang Itfc sfl pham (NLSP) cho sinh vien vdt Hen tddng, vdi nhiing cdu thdnh ro net, vd nhiing md'i tucng quan giUa cdc bo phdn, nhdng cd che hogt dong de md td mdt sU vat phtic tap C6 tinh khdi qudt, co tM van di^ng nhiing hodn cdnh Idiong gian, thdi gian khac nhau, nhUng chi Id hU cdu, c6 tinh y tiidng, khong ve mot svl vdt cu the' Trong dinh i^hia niy chung tdi quan tam den yeu td chinh cua md hinh: + Cau true - cic ylu to cau cua md hinh + Mdi quan hf gifla cac ylu td md hinh + Co che hogt dpng cua md hinh Ttf dien Tim Ii - Giio dye hpc, Phgm Minh Hac; Cac thu^t ngfl lien quan din md hinh thfldng quan tim den cic thinh td cau true cCia sU vgt hiln tflpng dd Nhfl viy, thugt ngfl "md hinh" dupc xic dinh d dgng: - Thtf nhSt: Md hinh rad phdng bang vat chat (gpi tat rad hinh vgt chat) - 7?ii? hai: Mo hlnh mo td hdng ngon ngd, khdi qudt, triiu tiidng, li thuyet (ggi tdt md hinh li thuyit) Dtf dflpc md ta b ^ g vgt chat hay blng eac ngdn ngfl (vilt, so dd, hinh ve ), vi|c 'md hinh hoi' cung la dl lam rd, de hinh dung ve ddi tflpng dflpc nghien ctfu Dinh nghia tren cung da chi rang md phdng "eau tao", "hoat dpng" cua ddi tflpng (trong md hinh vat chat) hay mo ti "cac net dac trflng chu ylu cua ddi tflpng" la nhtfng ylu eau cP ban muon xem xet mpt md hinh nao dd II NQI DUNG NGHIEN CUU Khai ni?m "md hinh" Ttf dien Tieng Viet Hoang Phi [6] djnh nghla "md hinh" theo each: (1) "Mo hinh (MH) Id vdt citng hinh dgng nhung duge ldm thu nhd lgi nhieu, mo phong cdu tgo vd hogt dgng cua Khai nifm "Md hinh day hpc cac mdn chuyln nginh mgt vgt khac di trinh bdy vd nghien citu " Cach dinh nghia djnh hfldng phit trien nang Itfc sfl ph^m" ndi d6n mo hinh vat chat Nd du^c dimg di mo phong Ttf nhflng cich djnh nghia ve md hinh nhfl tren, cd the cSu tao va hoat dpng cua vat dupc nghien cuu Muc dich quan ni|m vl "md hinh dgy hpc cac mdn KHCN djnh mo hinh hoa la dk nghien cuu ve ddi tuong hfldng phat triln nang Itfc sfl pham (NLSP) nhfl sau: (2) Ngoii ra, m6 hinh edn dtfpc xdc dinh li: "Hinh thuc "Md hinh day hgc cdc mdn KHCN dinh hudngphdt trien diin dat hit sire ggn theo mgt ngon ngir ndo cdc dgc NLSP" n^iin ciiu ndy khong mangy nghia cua mot trung chit yeu cua mgt doi tugng, de nghien cuu doi tucmg mo hinh v^t chdt md Id mot md hlnh U thuyet, dimg ngdn dy " diy md hinh cung dflpc md t i bang ngdn ngfl vilt, ngfl di md td nhUng nit dgc tning cua viic day hoc cdc mdn so do, hinh ve dflpc dung de di^n ta cac dgc trflng chu yeu KHCN nhdm hUdng tdi muc tieu hinh thdnh nhiing kien cua doi tflpng dflpc nghien ctfu thdc, ky ndng, thdi theo nhUngyeu cdu cda mdn hgc, dong Ttf dien Tkm li [10] djnh nghla vl "md hinh" nhil sau: thdi gop phdn hinh thdnh cdc gid tri cua nghe dgy hgc vd mdt "Md hinh - chi mdt hinh thdi cdu trdc dUdc ve vS mdt s\i so NLSP cho sinh viin" S6 6-2016 Dgl/vfliM J)(f} * Nhdng ddc trUng cd bdn cda md hinh day hgc cdc mdn thtfc khoa hpc vi nhtfng k? nang don Ih, mi trd fik gid hgc chuan mflc ve phflPng phip dgy hpc, gdp phan h i KHCN dinh hUdngphdt trien NLSP: (1) Md hinh dgy hpc cac mdn KHCN dinh hfldng phit NLSP cho SV PhUPng thtfc td chtfc hogt ddng d^yhpc trien NLSP md ti rd eac yen to cdu thdnh cua vi|c day hpc nham mye tieu: "Day hgc nhfl the nio de giup ngfldi hgc vji dflpc trang bi tri thilc khoa hpc vtfa dflpc trii i^hi|m nghj eae mdn KHCN dinh hfldng phit Uriln NLSR nghilp nhilu nhSt" (2) Md hinh md ta moi quan he giOa cdc 6tdnh to, ThU ba MH nhan manh stf trai nghi|m nghl i^hi^ each thtfc phdi hpp hogt dpng gifla cac td troi^ cau true cila md hinh dl tao san pham cudi cflng cila qua trinh eua ngfldi hpc qui trinh d^y hpc cic m d n , ^ ^ dgy hpc li ngfldi hpc vtfa cd tri thflc chuyen nganh, vtfa cd Viec thay ddi each lim eua GgV se tgo dieu kien choM dflpc trtfc dip tham gia vio cic hogt dpng tren ldp m^t C^' mpt sd ky nang, thai dfi, gia tri cua nghe day hpe tieh cflc nha Trong qua trinh hpc tap, thay vi vi|c tilp tffi (3) Md hinh niy md ti phUdng thUc vdn hdtih /cdch thUc kiln thtfc mpt cich thy ddng, SV se dflpc trii nghi|m nha^; to chUc hoatddngd^yhffc eua GgV va hogt ddng hpc cua SV phong cich giang day khac cila GgV dflpc thtfc hinj^ Ngoii dgc tning tren, cSu tnic to cua md luyfn tap, tflOng tie, giao tiep, trao ddi chia se, suy ngam, tM hlnh dgy hgc eae mdn KHCN dinh hfldng phit trien NLSP hien ban than ttf ed the hilu, hinh dflpc mOtsJ nhan mgnh khia cgnh cP bin: gia tri nghl nghilp vk hinh mdt so nang Itfc sfl phgm - Myc tieu cua dgy hpc cic mdn KHCN li "muc tilu ldp", ThU tU: Ket qud cda sU vdn hdnh cdc thdnh t6 trongMh x dd myc tieu trang bi tri thtfc, ky nang mon hpc vln la tgo dUdc mdi trUdng hgc tap mdu mifc vd chuySn nghiSp i myc tieu cp bin, quan trgng Bin eanh dd viec day hgc se tdt cd cdc yeu td cua qud trinh dgy hoc, nhdm tgo cd hdi deSV dinh hfldng tdi myc tieu hinh thinh mgt sd NLSP cho SY dddc trdi nghiem nghe nghiep thudngxuyen, lien tuc trongsuSt - Phflong thflc / each thtfc td chtfc hogt dpng day hpc cua qud trinh hgc tap tgi tnidng sUphgm GgV vi hogt ddng hpc cua SV dflpc djnh hfldng bdi myc Cdc yiu cdu cu the doi vdi cdc thdnh tdcua MH: tieu tren (1) Muctieudgy hgc Id muctieukep, vda nham trang bj cho - Dinh gia kit qua hgc t^p cfla SV: ddi mdi danh gia theo ngfldi hgc h | thdng tri thflc, ky nang, thai dg theo ylu cau nang lfle, gSn vdi djnh hudng phit triln NLSP, ctfa mdn hgc, ddng thdi gdp phan hinh NLSP cho SV Md hlnh day hpc cac mdn khoa hpc chuyln nginh (2) Tich hop tri thtfc khoa hpc va tri thtfc, ky ning nghS dinh hfldng phit triln ning Itfc sfl phgm cho sinh viln nghiep cung ndi dung dgy hpc cic mfin KHCN; Tich Kit qua nghiln ctfu cua nhiem vy khoa hpc cdng nghe: hpp vai trd cfla GgV vi|c d^y hgc va hinh m$t "Day hoc cdc mdn chuy&n ngdnh dinh hudngphdt triin ndng so NLSP eho SV lUcsUpham cho sinh vi&n", md so: SPHN 2014-17-06NVve (3) Gia tang ham lupng sfl phgm tSt ed cae ylu to cia md hinh dgy hpc cic mdn khoa hpc chuyen nginh dinh qua trinh day hgc; Npi dung dgy hpc gan vdi thtfc tien gido hfldng phit triln nan^ Iflc sfl phgm nhfl sau: due phd thdng; Sfl chu&i mtfc vi chuyen nghiep hoai Md hinh niy dflpc xiy dtfng dtfa trln tiep cin thinh td cua ddng cua GgV; Trai nghi|m nghl nghi|p mdt cich ehu dfing qua trinh day hgc tdng thl, tilp cin nang Itfc va tiep can trai tieh ctfc hoat ddng cua SV; Ltfa chpn, stf dyng da dang nghilm Nhflng diem mdi die trflng noi bat cua MH so vdi va chuan mtfc cic phflPng phip, ky thu^t, hinh thtfc, phfldng day hpc theo dinh hfldng npi dung nhfl sau: tien day hgc, nham tao mdi trfldng hpe tip mlu mtfc va Tha nhat: Md hinh dgy hgc cdc mon KHCN dinh hUdng chuyen nghilp dl SV dflpc trai nghi|m mdi trfldng d6 phit trien NLSP Id mot cdu true hi thdng todn ven vd thong nhdt Md hinh chUa ddy du cdc thdnh to cda mot qud trinh (4) Die biet chu trpng vi tich ctfc khai thae eac yeu td sil phgm chinh qua trinh dgy hpe nhfl mdt kenh chinh dgy hgc: Chu the cCia qud trinh dgy hgc- gidng vien, sinh vien, muc tiiu, ndi dung phUdngphdp ky thugt dgy hgc, hinh thUcditfe dl hinh thinh NLSP cho SV, dd ylu to cich thdc td chtfc gid hgc cua ngfldi thay la ylu td quan trgng nhat to chdc phUdng tien dgy hgc, ddnh gtd k£t qud hgc tgp Cdc yeu td ndy deu thdng nhdt hUdng den muc deu chung co moi (5) Tang cfldng cO hpi trai nghi|ra nghe nghi|p eho SV quan he qua lgi dnh hUdng, chi phoi ldn Muc tiiu cdathdng qua vi|e thilt ke npi dung dgy hgc thinh cic hogt dgng MH nhdm trang bi cho ngUdi hoc hi thong tri thUc, ky ndng hpc tap, ddi hdi phai huy dpng kiln thtfc vi cic NLSP de giii thai theo yeu cdu cda mdn hoc, dong thdi gop phdn hinhquylt Tang cfldng cac hogt ddng thtfc tien dgy hgc: thdnh NLSP cho SV thtfc hanh, luy|n tip, thao luin, tham gia hogt dfing - suy Thd hai: Bkc trflng cP ban nhat cua MH li stf chuyen nghi - chia se, phan hdi vl ndi dung dgy hgc vi cic y tfldng hfldng myc tilu ttf dgy hpc theo dinh hUdi^ npi dung sang su phgm xuat hi|n qui trinh dgy hgc, tich ctfc tham gia djnh hudng hinh ning Itfc Stf chuyln hfldng myc tieu vi the hi|n nang Itfc sfl phgm cua bin than se dan din yeu to phai thay ddi nhieu nhat md (6) Danh gia ket qua hpe tap cua SV theo ning Itfc Dam hinh la hogt dpng cua GgV Cdch thiic to chdc qud trinh dgy bao dinh gii kit qua hpc tgp mdn hgc theo quy djnh, ddng hgc cua GgV, hay ndi each khac cdch ldm cua GgV sl phai thdi ap dtfng dinh gii qui trinh ddi vdi cic NLSP cd thl thay ddi theo hfldng: Iim cho qui trinh dgy hpc mdn KHCN hinh cho SV theo die thtf ctfa tiing mfin hgc Chii khdng phii dPn thu&i ehi li gid hpc eung cSp, Erang bi kiln trpng danh gia cae san pham hogt dfing cia SV HQC SO 6-2016 y?*' **ôã* I ii.!f ifili it III 111 n IT I if =•= | t s i i t f i l | & l | i i i l i i i l i i ! t l f l | - l i l i l i l l i i | i i lEs i « I ^ •! ^ t ,S i* u -ô E ã! i -5 -5 i d ,1 s6 6-2016 D0^vnBml)0l^^ MSi quan he gifla cic to md hinh Nhfl tren da nlu va phan tich MH dgy hgc cac mfin KHCN ^ n h hflcft^ phdt trien NLSP cho SV li mfit cau tnic tdng the vdi nhieu to khac cfi moi quan h^ chat che, lac dfing qua lgi, anh hfldng va chl phfii lan Moi to mfi hinh cd nhi|m vu riei^ nhflng deu hfldng tdi mue tilu chung la gfip phan hinh NLSP eho SY Trong MH nay, yeu to can phai thay ddi nhilu nhat la: Myc tieu dgy hgc va Hogt dfing cua giang vien hay nfii cdch khac, cich thtfc td chtfc qua trinh day hgc - each Iam ciia GgV cln phii thay ddi rat nhieu Mue tilu day hgc li yeu to can dflgc thay ddi dS\i tien theo hfldi^ "muc tilu kep" nhfl d i phan tich Trong do, ylu t6 mdi la muc tilu gop phin hinh nang Itfc sfl phgm cho SY Myc tieu thay dfii se chi phoi tat ca cic to ciia qua trinh day hgc, lam cho cac to se thay ddi theo Chinh vi muc tieu day hoc thay doi va xult hien yeu to mdi nhfl vay nen hogt dgng cua GgV/ each lam cua GgV phii thay ddi Vi^c dgy khdi^ chi dflng lai d viec truyen dgt kiln thtfc ma phii td chtfc hoat dfing dl SV dflpc trii nghiem nghe i ^ ? p Phong each dgy hgc cua GgY va mgi y tfldng cua GgV ve vi|c khai thic nfii dung day hgc, den vi|c stf dyng phflong p h ^ , ky thugt, hinh thtfc, phflong ti|n dgy hgc deu cd dung y de S V cfi dflgc bieu tflpng trflc quan sinh dfing ve i ^ e day hoe, dip theo la de tao dieu ki|n tfii da de eac em dflgc thtfc hanh luyin tap, trao doi, chia se mgt ylu td quan trgng giup hinh nang Iflc sfl pham Caeh thtfc td chtfc qui trinh day hgc ciia GgV nhfl vay sl tao moi trfldng hge tgp ly tfldng, cd tic dung hinh d SV nhflng gii tri nghe nghilp nhat (£nh va gop phan hinh cho cac em nhtfng NLSP Thay ddi each td chtfc hoat dpng dgy hge cfia GgV - dieu dd dong i^;hia vdi nfii dung dgy hgc phflPng phap dgy hge, 1^ thugt day hgc hinh thtfc td chtfc day hgc phflOng li?n day hgc hogt dgng hgc cfla SV deu phil CO nhtfng thay ddi cho phu hgp Hogt dfing hpe cua SY la ylu td chju anh hfldi^ trflc tilp tfl cich ^ y cua GgV, vi vay yeu to cfi thay ddi ldn tich ctfc Yi|c hgc chuyai ttf vile tiep thu kiln thtfc cd phan thy ddng, chuyln sang trtfc tilp va chu dgng tham gia vio cic hogt dfing hgc tgp, thtfc hanh, luy?n t ^ , trao doi I S ca nhflng yeu td diu cd tic dung nhfi djnh troi^ viec hinh NLSP cho'cac em Trong cic ylu to eua MH, cung nhfl cae ylu tfi khic nfii dui^ day hpc la ylu td can dflpc ddi mdi theo hfldng gan vdi thtfc tien nha trfldng phd thong Ngi dung day hgc chi doi mdi cich thtfc day hoe cua GgY thay ddi Dieu cd nghla la dilu ki?n hi|n n ^ giao trinh chfla dflpc bien soan lai, nhflng nlu GgV y thtfc phai thay ddl each dgy nham thtfc hi|n myc tilu hinh thinh NLSP cho SV dii hp se can phai chuyen hoa nhiing kiln thtfc troi^ giao trinh nhflng ngi dui^ gan liln vdi ^ i o dye phd thfing, khai thic va chlbien ngi dung kien thtfc troi^ giao trinh cho vfla thflc hi^n dflpc muc tieu day hgc mfin hgc, vtfa nhfl mfit dfldng gdp phln hhih NLSP nhfldadecipdphantiln.Kilnthtfckhoahgctronggiaotrinh cd thl khfing thay ddi, la yeu td "tinh"; nhflng vi|c khai thac, sfl dyi^ ndi dung kim thtfc lgi phai lufin lufin thay ddi, la ylu td " dfing" la ngh§ thult sfl phgm cua GgV S V cfi the hge hdi d thly / efiratnhilu ttf cdng viec niy Nhfl vay dilu ki^n giao trinh khdt^ thay ddi, GgV van efi the thtfc hi|n dflpc ^ hfldng hinh NLSP Xuat phat tfl muc tilu day hoc xuit hiln ylu t6 mdi - gdp phln hinh NLSP nhfl vly nen viec danh gia se chuyln ttf viec danh giikien thtfc ky nang, thai dp mgt each rili^ le sai^ dinh gia theo nang Itfc chii trgng danh gia qua trinh va danh gia ket qua hoat dgng, thdng qua san pham hoat dfing hgc tgp ctfa SY Nhfl vgy, MH dgy hgc cac mdn KHCN li eau tnic toan v^niL td cd mdi quan h | rat chgt che Ndi bgt mfi hinh la s}^ miA vl cich thtfc td chtfc dgy hgc ctfa GgY Thay ddi each lira -diSII vln dl mau chdt ctfa vi|c dl xult MH niy PhflPng hfldng va dilu kiln d l trioi khai mo hinh tint tiln dao t^o glio viln a Thiit idp mdi Mn kit giUa cd sd ddo tgo gido viin vi trUdngphS thdng Lien ket gitfa trfldi^ sfl phgm vi trfldng phd thfing la yeu to li quan trgng dl trien khai md hinh MSi lien ket niy khdng diigjiSihaii d vi|c thtfc t ^ m l rad rgng sang phgm vi day hgc cac mfin KHCW Cfi die tinh din vi|c td chtfc cic hogt dfing thflc hanh luyen t?p cua giii hgc cac mdn KHCN tgi trfldng phd thdng Vi|c td chfle cho SV qiat sat gid hgc la mgt trai nghiem mang lai nhieu gii trj b Doi mdi ngi dung chfldng trinh dao tao MH day hgc cic mdn KHCN dinh hfldng phat triln NLSP iS trgng vi yeu clu cao ve vi|c thfle hanh, luy^n tiq) thfldngxuyln Vii^ ngi dung chflflng trinh dio tgo cln dflpc ddi radi theo hfldng % cfldng thtfc hanh hiy|n tap, giam bdt kiln thtfc ly thuyft, tang nlittf ngi dui^ dgy hgc gan vdi phd thdng cNdngcaochStlUdnggidngvOn MH yeu clu cao doi vdi vai tro vi trich nhi|m cua GgV, viv^ can nlng cao chat Iflgng eua GgV ve nhgn thtfc ddi vi^ vai tid ciia bg viec gop phan hinh NLSP cho SY bin cgnh can ciii trinh n l i ^ eao trinh dg tay nghl eho dpi ngu GgV d DSi mdi ddnh gid AeondnglUC Dfla npi dung danh gia theo nang Itfc vao dgy hgc nhfl ylu ^ 'don bay", nham djnh hfldng vl thue day gilng vien, SV chuyen hflfing sa^ day hpc dinh hfldi^ phat trien NLSP De cd thl trien khai MH troi^ thflc hen can phii thay ddi cic (hi^ dinh gii ket qua hge tgp hi?n Dinh gii theo nang Itfc phu hsfpy^ muc tieu cua MH e TOn hdnh bien sogn vd tri£n khai bii dt^ggidngvihisii^ ved^ hoc cdc mdn KHCN dinh hUdng^idttrihNlSP De xuat nfii dung bSi dfldi^ gjing vien ve md hinh day hijc cac mon KHCN dinh hfldng Itfnh NLSP, bao gom nhflng nfii dung cy the sau: + Tilp cgn ning Itfc •+ Dao tgo GV lheo tiq) can nang Itfc + Ddi mdi danh gia ket qua hgc tgp cua SV theo nang lfle + To chtfc qui trinh dgy hgc cae mfin chuyen i^inh dinh hiidng hinh NLSR Nhin chung, dl cd the triln khai dflpc MH thtfc ti!n dn c6 stf thay ddi dSng bg nhilu ylu tS: nhgn thtfc cich td chtfc quin li dio tao, trinh ciia GgY III KETLUAN Nhfl tren d i phln tich, MH dgy hgc die mdn KHCN djnh hUfing phit triln NLSP cd nhilu dgc trflng mfit nhfli^ dilm nMn trgng tara vl quan trgng nhlt dd chinh li stf chuy&i biai vl muc ti&i day hoc djnh hfldng phit triln nang Itfc sd phgm cho SV vi phiita^ thtfc dgy hpe nghe sfl phgm thdng qua trii nghi|ra, day li diem mau chot nhat dl hinh NLSP cho SY Phflong thtfc day hgc phan anh diing eon dfldng hinh nang Itfc li: thfing qua hogt dfingiA bai^ hoat dgng thtfc tiln De thfle hi|n dflgc myc tilu nay, ylu to hoat dgng cua GgV phii thay ddi nhilu nhlL Hoat dgng cia GgV m6' hhih da tri ldi dflpc cau hdi nghiln cfiu hpng tam: "Dgy nhfl H nao de vtfa dam bao mye tilu trang bj tri thtfc khoa hgc vfla gop ph& (Xem tiip trang 10) s6 6-2016 DiJHmHpi 10 - MO HlNH DAY HOC (Ttip theo ti-ang8) hinh dflpc NLSP eho SV?" Nhflng trSi nghilm cfla SV qui trii Cudi ciing ta thii ap dung vko mdl hinh thang can cd goc d tgp tai trfldng sfl phgm vfla la nhflng bM hge hflufch,vtfa la dieu ki§n ciiiiii day dudi bang 43" va chilu cao bkng day trfin (h ')) la dupc dmyen hda dan thinh nang Itfc ngh? nghi?p cho e k cm Bfin c$nh dii,' yeu cau eao ve tinh chiian mtfc ™ stf lanh nghe, chuydn i^jhi^