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JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE DOI 10 18173/2354 1075 2016 0042 Educational Sci , 2016, Vol 61, No 6 pp 3 10 This paper is available online at hltp,//stdb hnue edu vn CAC iVlO HINH DAY DQC THEO DINH H U 6[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci., 2016, Vol 61, No pp 3-10 This paper is available online at hltp,//stdb hnue.edu.vn DOI: 10.18173/2354-1075.2016-0042 CAC iVlO HINH DAY DQC THEO DINH H U N G PHAT TRIEN NANG LUC HOC SINH Nguyen Tbj Hdng N a m \ Dtfdng Tbj Hong Hieu^ ^Khoa Suphgm Trudng Dgt hgc Cdn Thd ~ Klioa Ngti vdn Tnfdng Dgi hgc Su phgm Thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh Tom tat Chtfdng trinh Ngii van ci Viei Nam sau 2015 se la chtfdng trinh theo dinh htfbng phal trie'n nang ltfc Dilu yeu ciu mpl sif ihay ddi can ban va toan dien chtfdng irinh, bao gdm ca mo htnh day hpc Trong bai bao nay, chiing toi gidi thieu va phan tfch mot sd mo hinh day dpc theo dinh htfclng phal irien nang ltfc dang dtfdc sfl dung b cac qubc gia phal Irien Viec tim hie'u cac mo hinh se gitip chiing la hie'u rb hdn ve day doc iheo dinh htfbng phat trien nang ltfc de iff co ihl xay dtfng nhflng mo hinh day doc phu hdp vbi thtfc ll Viel Nam Ttikhda: Day doc, mo htnh day doc, day hoc theo each tiep can nang ltfc, doc, 1, Mb dau Tfl nam 1925 den nay, cae nha giao Viet Nam da de xudt mgt sd mo hinh day van nhff mb htnh Giang vdn cua Dtfdng Qudng Ham [2], Ddng Thai Mai [10], mb htnh Phan tfch cua Phan Trgng Luan [8], Cdng nghe day van cua Pham Toan [14], Dgt hieu van bdn ciia Trin Dinh Sff [13] Mae dfl cac mb hinh cd nhflng tbay ddi theo htfbng tfch ctfe hoa vai trb cua hoc sinh (HS) nhtfng khb cb the phal Irien cae ndng ltfc (NL) doc, viet, nghe, ndi eho HS theo djnh htfbng giao due mdi Nhieu nghien cflu cua cac tac gia ntfdc ngoai de xuat cac mb hinh dgc eb the dap tfng dffbc muc lieu phdt trie'n cac nang Iffc tren ctia HS nhtf mo hinh Day doe dtfa tren stf phan hoi eua ngtfbi dpc cua Langer [3], day dgc qua Ba giai doan cfla Luke & Freebody [9], Hbi thao dgc Calkins vd Tolan [ ] de xuil Trong bai bdo nay, chung loi se Iam sang td Ihl ndo Id day dgc dtfa tren stf phan hdi, dgc ba giai doan va Hbi thao dgc Noi dung nghien cihi 2.1 IWo hinh day doc du'a tren sir phan hoi cua ngirfti doc 2.1.1 The nao la day doc dtfa tren stf phan hoi cua ngtfcfi doc - HS? Day doc dffa tren sff phdn hdl cua ngffdi dpc (Response-Based Approach to Reading Literature) Langer de xuat [3] Theo Langer, day dgc dtfa tren stf phdn hdi cua ngtfbi dgc la each day "tap irung vao stf xuat hien cua nhflng each If giai cd the bien giai dffdc va lam rb ehung qud trinh dgc cua ngffbi dgc cung nhtf xem xet gia trj cua phan hdi cfla nhtfng ngtfdi dgc Ngay nhan bai: I.VI/2016 Ngay nhan dang I.V6/20I6 Lien he: Nguyen Thi Hong Nam e-mail nhnam@ctu edu.vn Nguyen Thj Hong Nam, Dtfdng Thj Hdng Hilu khac" [3; 2] Mb htnh coi trgng nhffng suy nght logic va sang tao, dd y nghia "la cai dffdc kbdi xffdng va kiem soat bbi ngrfbi dgc, va no la ket qua cua sfl tffdng tac gifla ngffbi dgc va VB" (3; 3] chtf khong phai Ik cai dffbc GV dinh san soan giao an Muc tieu cua each day theo mo hinh la "khuyen khich HS phdt trien va kham pha nhflng each liieu cua chinh hg va nhflng each li giai phong phfl hdn ve VB, ttf dd phat trien nhflng suy ngam sau sac ve VB" [3; 4] chfl khong phai la hrfbng HS den viec nim drfdc nhtfng y nghia ma GV da xae dinh irrfdc va kiem tra xem HS c6 nhb va hieu dung nhtfng y nghta dd hay khdng Hoat dgng trung tam cua each day dpc li thao luan ve VB HS dtfdc khuyen khich trinh bay nhflng in trfdng, suy nghi ve VB GV nim bit nhiJng in trfbng, suy nghT cua HS de td chtfc thao luan, kham pha nhtfng y nghta cd the ve VB Trong qua trinh dd, HS chflng minh cho quan die'm cfla minh, chap nhan nhflng quan diem khac, qua do, the hien ^ tao nghia cho VB, I^JL giao tiep va ttf phe phan Theo Langer, cac cugc thao lu|n dtfdc td chtfc de "thuc day qua trinh tfl cfla HS" [3; 17] Ba cho rang cugc thao luan dtfdc xem la chuyen di kham pha thi gidi, HS se dtfdc hgc mgt mbi trrfbng nhtf thrfc te, HS bgc each thrfdng thflc van chfldng va each hieu van chffdng, "kham phd chan trdi cua nhflng each hieu cd the" ve VB [3, 17] 2.1.2 Tien trinh day doc dtfa tren phan hoi cua HS Langer md ta tien trtnh day dgc dffa tren srf phan hdi gdm bffbc: Budc 1: Mbi HS doc VB, trd giup boat dgng dgc ciia HS bang nhflng cau hdi: Hay ghi lai bat cfl suy nghi va cau hdi nao qua trinh dgc, em cd the stf dung mieng giiy nhb de ghi nhtfng gl minh cam thay thu vj hoac khd hieu dgc VB Budc 2: Sau HS dgc xong, GV khdi gdi nhffng an iffbng ban dau eua HS ve VB bang cac cau hoi: VB co y nghta gt vbi em? Em cb cau hdi gi ve VB nay? Budc 3: To chtfc cho HS thao luan ve nhtfng y tflbng va cau hdi cua HS, kham pha nhtfng each li giai khac ve VB, dao sau cac y tffbng cua HS bang each khuyen khich HS phan hdi, chia se, tranh luan vbi y kien cua cac ban Budc 4: Ket thuc cudc thao luan bang each tdm Iai cac y ttfbng da dtfdc thao luan va de ngo nhflng van de ma HS cd the thao luan liep: Chflng ta da thao luan nhffng van de sau Con van de gt Chung la can thao luan? [7; 8-9] 2.1.3 Dac diem cua mo hinh day doc dtfa tren phan hoi cua HS Dac dilm cua mb hinh nay, theo Langer la: (I) Gib day dffbc to chtfc, dieu chinh drfa tren nguyen tac trg giflp stf phdt trien nhu^g y tffbng vfla ndy sinh cua HS; (2) Hoat dgng day xay cung mgt luc vdi boat dgng kien tao nghia cho VB eua HS; (3) Sfl tffbng tac gifla HS - HS, GV - HS la boat ddng chfl dao Ibp; (4) Khuyin khieh HS tff duy, khdm phd nhflng each hieu cd the, xem xet each hieu ttf nhiing quan die'm khac nhau, mai sdc each giai thfch vl VB, phan lich vbi cai nhin sau sac ve phdn hdi cfla mdi ngfldi dgc [6; 6] C6 thi' ndi, mo htnh day dgc dtfa tren stf phan hdi the hien dtfdc nhflng ddc diem ciia hoat dgng hgc, dd la kien tao kien thflc, hgc thong qua tffbnj tdc, trai nghiem ddng thbi the hien nhtfng dac diem cua boat ddng doe: dgc la qua trinh tiep dien, ngffbi dpc tffdng tac vbi VB, vdi nhtfng ngrfbi khdc va vdi each hieu irrfdc db cua minh de kien tao y nghTa eho VB Qua dd, HS phat trien NL trf phe phan, NL tao n^hta cho VB, NL lap luan, hdp tdc va giao tilp HS hoc dffbc nhieu each nhtn khac nhaii ve VB, ve cube sdng, ttf dd, hie'u ban than va ngubi khdc hdn Cdc md hinh dgy dgc theo dinh huOng phdt Iriih ndng lUc hgc sinh 2.2 2.2.1 IMo hinh day doc ba giai doan The nao la day doc qua giai doan? Cac nha giao due tJc cho rang de trd mgt ngtfbi dgc hieu qua, HS phai hgc each dam nhiem bdn vai tro khac dgc Bdn vai trb Luke & Freebody de xuit, gdm: (1) Ngffbi giai ma VB (code-breaker role); (2) Ngtfbi tham gia vao VB (text-participant role); (3) Ngtfdi sfl dung VB (text-user role); (4) Ngffbi phdn tfch VB (text-analyst role) [9] Vdi vai trb thff nhaL HS gidi ma nhflng thbng tin eb the nhtn thay VB nhrf ttf, cum ttf, cau, doan, dac diem ngfl phap, quan he gifla ttf va am, nghla ciia tfl de ttm y nghta cac ttf, cau VB Vbi vai trd ngtfdi tham gia, HS lao nghta cho VB, tim hie'u VB ndi gt, chu y den nghta den va nghTa suy luan cua VB deed the hieu VB da dffdc eau true nhff the nao Vbi vai trb ngrfdi sff dung, HS quan tam den viec sff dung VB de dat drfbc nhfliig muc dfch ma ban thdn da dat Irrfbc va doc Vbi vai trd ngffbi phan tfch, HS ttm hieu, phan tich, phe btnh va danh gia cdc y nghTa, quan diem drfdc ngu y VB De thrfc hien tdt vai trb nay, HS can hieu cac yeu td xa hgi va van hba xung quanh VB TB quan niem ve cdc vai trd cua ngrfbi doc nhtf tren, du ddng y rang khbng cb phffdng phap nao cd the phu hbp vbi tat ca mgi HS, cac nha giao due Ue van ket luan rang mgt chffbng trinh day dgc hieu qua can sfl dung ba giai doan day dgc la Dgc chia se, Dgc cd hffbng dan, va Dgc dgc lap Winch va ddng sff cho rang md htnh ddc biet phu hdp vbi bac lieu hgc Bang viec sfl dung ba giai doan day dgc, GV giup cho HS hie'u VB eb lien quan den ngtf canh nhfl the nao; xay dffng kien thffc ve ngfl nghTa, vdn pham, ngfl am va chff viet; xay drfng kT nang dgc-giai ma, dpe- tham gia, dgc- sfl dung, va dge-phan tich cho HS [15] Mo htnh tren van drfdec stf dung d bac trung hoc nhrfng mffc dd thay doi theo khb cua bai hgc vd NL cua HS 2.2.2 Tien trinh day dgc ba giai doan Giai dogn Dgc chia se Nhiem vu chii yeu ciia GV Dgc chia se Id dgc, trinh dien, bieu lg, giai thfch, htfbng dan each dgc cho HS HS nghe, xem, lam theo, chia se, dat cdu hdi, va tham gia Muc dich chinh cfla giai doan la GV the hien eho HS biet mot ngtfdi dgc hieu qua se dge nhfl the nao, sff dung cac ki ndng, phfldng phap dgc de HS hie'u, lam theo, tham gia va van dung Trong giai doan nay, GV phai thiet ke cac boat dgng day dgc dfla iren chuan dau (do Bb Gido due ban hanh) va mpi hoat dgng deu hrfdng HS den viec dat dfldc cac chuan.Thflbng tht mgt VB dfldc day mot so tiet vase giai quyet mgt so vin de can day.GV lam mdu cdch ma mgt ngrfdi doc hieu qua thrfbng dung xay drfng y nghta cho VB GV cd the ndi nhffng suy nght cua mtnh dgc vd yen cau HS cho nhflng de xuat O nhflng phan dgc tiep theo, HS se tham gia vao viec dgc vdi GV, stf dung nhflng kt nang va chiln thuat ma cac em da thay GV stf dung.Trong qua trinh doe chia se, HS dffdc khuyen khich suy nght mgt each cd phe phan ve VB va ddt nhiing cau hdi ve muc dich cua ngtfbi tao lap VB cung nhtf quan diem cfla hg Giai dogn Doc cd hudng ddn Trong giai doan nay, GV lam viee vbi ttfng ca nhan HS hoac mpt nhdm HS cd NL dgc cung mgt mffe Viec Iam viec vdi tflng cd nhan hay nhdm HS se GV quyet djnh dfla tren viec danh gid nhu cau cfla HS Muc dich cua dgc ed htfbng dan la tao cd hgi cho HS luyen tap nhflng chien Ifldc dgc hieu qua da dfldc day giai doan dgc chia se Trong HS dgc, GV se tham gia thiy cin thiet va hfldng din de giup HS ttm hie'u nhflng lfl ngfl cac em chffa biet va kham pha y nghta cua VB, thfldng xuyen nhac HS ve nhtfng kt thuat dgc da dffbc gidi thieu va each flng dung cdc kT thuat dgc VB mbi Bang each nay, HS se dan cd the dgc dtfdc nhtfng VB khb hdn va phdt trien dffdc nhflng kt ndng doc can thilt de din trd ngtfbi dgc ddc lap CJ giai doan nay, GV cin ltfa chgn VB mdi nhffng khdng qua kho ddi vdi HS.Dpc cd hrfbng dan tao cd hdi cho HS dam nhiem bon vai trb ciia ngrfbi doc.Khi ttm hieu cdc tfl ngfl VB, Nguyen Thi Hong Nam, Dtfdng Thi Hong Hieu cac em tap dam nhiem vai trd ngffbi giai ma.Khi thao luiin de khdm phd y nghta cua VB, HS tap dam nhiem vai tro cua ngrfbi tham gia Va HS se sfl dung VB cho nhffng muc dieh cu ihetrong va sau dgc cd hffbng din Khi drfdc yeu ciu nght ve nhflng vin de nhtf vilt VB nky, lai tai viel nhtf vdy, ngu y cua cau chuyen la gt tht HS luyen lap vai trb ngtfbi phan tich VB Giai dogn Dgc dgc lap Trong giai doan dge dpc lap, HS cd cb hdi Iff dgc ttf trai nghiem va ciing cd cae ki nang va hieu biet ma cac em dd bgc dffdc tff hai giai doan trffbc.Cac nghiln eflu da chflng minh viee doc mdt so Ifldng Idn da dang cac loai VB se giiip tre dgc thao hdn so vdi nhtfng tre it dpc.Vi vay, mdt nhflng muc dich cua viec doc dgc lap la tao cd hgi de HS dgc nhieu hdn.Cac VB dflbc dflng Irong dgc ddc lap de hbn cac VB dffdc dung dgc ehia se va dgc cb htfdng dan de dam bao HS cd the iff dgc it nhat 95% VB Tuy nhien, GV cung cin chudn bj cac VB khb hbn de cac em cd the chon dpc va kham pha neu thich De cac em cd ihe tham gia tfch cffc va htfng thii vbi viec dgc, GV cd nhiem vu: - Cung cip nhieu VB phu hbp va cd chit Itfbng de HS cd the de dang chgn dpc - Cung cap eac mau nhdt ki doc hay cac hinh thtfc khac de HS ghi chep viec dpc cua mtnh - Giam sdt viec dgc ciia HS de dam baoHS doc VB dung vbi irinh dp eua mtnh; HS dge moi ngdy; HS dang dgc mgt sb Itfdng can thilt, du vdi trinh dpc cua cac em; HS doc ed b trtfbng va b nha, HS y thffc cd nhieu VB dtfdc cung cap va biet each chpn VB phfl hdp de doc - Tao cd hgi de HS phan hdi ve nhffng gt cae em da dge 2.2.3 Dac diem cua md hinh day doc ba giai doan Ddc die'm thfl nhdt la sff kit hdp gial doan dpe theo hflbng giam din sff trd giiip ciia GV de HS cd the iff iff bill tff dpc va trd ngffbi doe doe lap bieu qua Khac vbi mgt so mo hinh day hoc qua chu vai trb ttf kien tao tri thfle cua HS mb hinh vai trd ciia GV rat quan trpng, nhien, GV khbng Iam thay, hie'u thay cho HS ma GV la ngtfbi cd vin, htfdng dan, trb giup Qua tffng giai doan, GV se giam dan stf tdc dong cua mtnh de HS tang din kha nang til dgc va cuoi eiing cb the trd ngtfdi dgc dgc lap Dac die'm thfl hai la hoat dbng dgc dtfde liln hanh ket hbp vdi eac hoai ddng vilt, ndi, nghe (thbng qua hoat ddng ca nhan, hoat dgng thao ludn tflng nhom nhd va Ihao ludn gitfa cdc nhdm) 2.3 2.3.1 Hoi thao doc (reading workshops) Thi nao la Hgi thao dgc? "H6i_ thao dpc" la each thflc td chffc viet day dgc eho HS cd the eb dtfdc mbi tnlbng va^nhffng yeu to can Ihiet khae de co the phat trien mbt ngtfbi doc hieu qua Trong qua trinh dien "hgi thao doc" GV eb the day eac ki nang doc cin ihiei cho HS Tuy nhien, phin nhieu thdi gian se dffdc danh cbo HS trai nghiem dgc VB: doc, itfbng ttfdng, suy nghi, tai bien diit cau hdi ndi, viel, xem Iai, so sdnh, ttm kiem., ' ' 2.3.2 Tien trinh to chu'c Hgi thao dgc "Hgi thao dgc" dffbc to chffc theo nhtfng giai doan sau: "Hgi thao dgc" dffdc to chtfc theo nhffng giai doan sau: Giat doan I Chon sach de doc HS thflbng dtfbc chpn dgc cuon sdch ma cdc em thfch doc, GV htfbng din HS chgn doc nhflne cudn ' sach phfl hbp vbi kba nang va trinh cua cae em Cungcd HS chi dtfdt thgn doc nhfln 'n sach vl mdt the loai dtfbc quy dinh hay sdch iff nhflng eubn ma nha trtfbng cd (nhflnn cudn ^' T " ' chat Itfbng ldt ma GV da chon) *= " ^^'^^ ^° Giai dogn Doc sach: Viec doc sdch se dien Irong vai budi hay nhilu budi (ttiy th rl' Cdc md hinh day doc theo dinh hudng phdl Irii'n ndng lUc hoc 'tinh dai cfla cuon sach) Mbi budi day dgc, (khoang gib) ihtfdng bit dau bing viec GV day mgt bai hgc ngin (trong 5-10 phut) Trong db GV chu yeu giai thich hay lam miu ve mpt kT nang dgc ma HS ed the dung de vtfbt qua nhflng khb khan dgc hay ddn gian chi de giup HS nang cao hieu qua dgc Dieu quan trgng la ngi dung day hgc khong chi htfu ich cho viec doc cua hbm dd ma cdn hinh kT nang dgc eho HS de FlS cd the stf dung hgc cac mon hgc khac va stf dung ttfdng Iai Sau bai hgc ngin HS bit diu dgc cudn sach mtnh da chon stf dung nhtfng kT nang da dffdc day vao viec dgc Trong HS dgc cudn sach da chgn, suy nght, viet ve nd, trf dat cac cau hdi ve nb GV tham gia vao nhflng eude trao doi vbi mgt ca nhdn HS nao hay Iam viee vdi mgt nhdm nhd HS Caklins cbo rang vin de quan trgng nhil day hgc theo blnh thflc "hgi thao dge" la GV dffbc giai phbng khdi cdng viee "bien dao" tien trinh bai giang cua mtnh de CO the ttf quan sat, Idng nghe, danh gia, va day HS b dung vung phat trien gin cua cac em [1; II] GV c6 the quan sat va chgn tiep can, trao ddi vdi HS hay nhom HS de giai thich, hffdng ddn khuyen khich, thuc day, khen ngdi Trong qua trinh HS dang doc sdch, theo tinh htnh ma GV cung cd the tam dflng viec dgc ctia HS Iai va xen vao db mgt bai day ngdn (khoang phut) Ngi dung phin day thtfbng la de Ibi cudn HS trb lat viec dgc VB (neu GV thay HS bat diu nhang viec doc) Hode doi khi, GV Iam viec vbi tffng ca nhan HS hay vbi lflng nhbm HS, GV phal hien nhflng van de sinh va nhan thay rang cin thiet chia se van de eho ca Ibp Trong trffbng hbp dd GV cflng cd the tam dtfng hoat dong dgc cfla ca Ibp de xen vao dd ngi dung chia se Theo Caklins, khbng cd quy djnh nao cho bai day ngan gitfa gib dgc Nb hoan toan thuoc vao GVCb GV cd the'cho HS dgc luon khong ngtfng nghi.GV cb the dffng viec dgc lai vai lan de them vao nhtfng ngi dung ehia se, htfdng dan can thiet, mien viec dd mang lai ldi ich cho viee dge eua HS nhieu hdn la lam cho HS bj nhang [I; 15] Gicu dogn Thao ludn: Phdn Ibn thbi gian cua "hgi thao dgc" dtfdc stf dung decac HS dgc dgc lap Tuy nhien, mgt khoang thdi gian ngdn cuoi eung se dtfde dung de cac HS so sanh nhflng ghi chep cua mtnh vdi ban cflng dge, neu hoae tra Idi cac cau hdl, Iang nghe quan diem cfla eae HS khac ve VB da dgc va hoc each nhtn VB ttf quan diem cfla ngtfbi khac Ngoai viec thao Iuan vdi ban cung dgc, HS eflng se dtfde danh nhieu thbi gian hdn (thffdng la vao giai doan cuoi cua "hgi thao dgc") de trao ddi vbi nhom khac, de "cg xat" vbi nhieu quan diem, each nhtn khac •fiBC^ 2.3.3 Dac diem cua Hoi thao doc Theo Caklins nhflng dac diem ehinh cua "hbi thao dpe" la: - H S can dffbc b i l l ttnh yeu dbi vbi viec dgc cb y nghTa gi va mang Iai gt eho eugc sdng cua ngffbi dgc - H S can cb nhieu thbi gian de dgc - H S can cb nhffng cd hbl dffbc dgc nhtfng cubn sdch thii vi ma hg ttf chgn :b4W* _ - H S can drfdc hffbng dan ro rang v l nhtfng ki nang dgc hieu qua P- - H S c i n cb nhflng cd hgi de nbi va thinh thoang de viet nhflng phan hdi ve V B • ' :,L^i taS^"*' " ^ ^ ^^^ ^^^'^ hrfbng d i n drfa tren kie'm tra ddnh gid, bao §dm nhflng phan hdi cu the v l hoat dgng dgc cua hg Nhflng H S yeu can dffdc hrfbng dan cu the v l diem manh va y l u cua hg cung nhrf can them thdi gian va sff giup dd - H S can cd each tiep can ngon ngfl nghe thuat phii hdp bao gdm ca viec day viet cung nhff day dgc [ I ; 13] 4, dcdoc^ yiheoi Nhrf vay, tinh than cd ban cua "hgi thao d p c " la hoat dong hdp tac, chia se.Bao gdm chia se nhbm nhd gitfa nhtfng ngrfbi eung dgc mgt cubn sach hoac cac cudn cd diem irfbng ddng va chia se cau lac bg dgc.Tuy nhien, trrfbc den vbi hoat dbng chia se thi HS can drfdc tao d i l u kien de dgc dpc lap.Trong qud trinh dpc, H S se nhan dffbc cdc hffbng ddn va trd giup can thiSL GV se khong trd giup H S nffa H S da trf Iam drfdc Nguyin Thi Hbng Nam, Dtfdng Thj Hong Hicu 2.4 2.4.1 "Cau lac bo sach" (Book Club) Th€ nao la Can lac bo sach Raphael va Hlebert mieu ta vl Cau lac bg sach "Id cdch day dgc cd stf lich hdp cac kT nang dgc, vilt va ndi va tap trung trao quyen cho HS cd hdl drfdc nbi nhflng nhdm nhd ve nhflng quyen sach ma ho da doc" [ 12; 24] 2.4.2 TiSn trinh thtfc hien Srf ket hdp cac kt nang nghe, ndi, dge viel drfdc the hien qua liln trinh: Budc Doc va vilt nhdt ki dgc sach: HS dffdc chia cac nhdm (tfl - 5HS/nhdm), mdi vien nhom chgn viet nhdl ki dgc saeh theo 10 mau bdi lap ma GV da hffdng dan Budc Thao Iuan nhbm: HS dem cac nhdt ki den Ibp va thao Iudn nhbm, mdi HS cd ed hbi trinh bay bai tdp cua mtnh va trao ddi, tranh Iuan vbi cdc vien nhbm Tuy nhien, cube thao luan khong hoan loan phu thugc vao HS da ghi chep HS cd the nam bdi nhflmg y tffbng vfla sinh qua trinh thao ludn de mb rgng, chuye'n hfldng cube trao dd'i GV di chuyen ltf nhdm sang nhom khac, tang nghe va trd giup HS nlu cugc thao luan bj Iac hrfdng Budc Chia se vbi cae nhbm khac: GV to chtfc cho eae nhom trao dd'i vdi cac nhdm khac GV cin chuan bi nhflng cdu hdi dtf kiln, dbng thbi khuyen khich HS neu thdc mdc vd nam bdt cac y ttfbng mdi sinh eua HS de id ehffe eho HS thao Iuan Nbi dung 10 bai tap nhdt kf dpc sach ma HS sff dung qud trinh doc, Iheo Raphel vd Elfrieda la: - Hmh anh: ve mgt hinh anh nao dd mtnh ttfbng ttfbng dgc VB - Quan diem: thay mat lae gia mieu la ve mdt nhan vdt nao dd ma tde gia da khbng mieu la kt VB - Tff hay: Tim nhffng ttf hay, eae ttf mbi, If chgn nhtfng ttf va sd Irang chflng xuat hien de de ttm lai chiing, - Ho sd nhan vat: Ve sb 66 ve mbt nhan vdt yeu thfeh hoac khbng thfch - Ban than va VB:Ghi nhtfng suy nght ve cudc sdng cua ban than ma mgt nhan vat, sff kien nao 66 VB da gdi len - Trinh ttf sff kien: YesO 66 chuoi cdc hanh dpng, stf kien VB - Nghe thuat va thti phap dac biel: Ghi lai nhutig bien phap nghe thual dae biel ma tac gia da stf dung VB - Phan dac sic eua VB: Chgn doan nao ma mtnh cbo la ddc sde nhit cua VB, gidi thfch vt cho rang doan dd dac sac - Phe btnh: Ghi nhflng diem hay va nhflng nhtfbc die'm ein khic phut tua VB - Giai thfch: viet each giai thfch cua ban than ve VB [12; 34] Mffbi bai tap tren cb tdc dung khdi gdi NL itfbng ttfdng sdng tao, khai quat, giai thi'eh y nghta VB, khdi gdi kf tfc, kinh nghiem sdng eua HS, phal trien ttf phe phan cho ngtfbi dgc, phdt trien NL gidi md, phan tfeh VB cua ngtfbi dpe Cac bai tap the hien cac boat ddng ma ngffbi dgc cin phai sfl dung dgc bit ki VB nao: Iffbng ttfdng, gidi ma, kien tao nghta, lien he vdi kinh nghiem sdng cua ca nhan gmp HS bill each doc bit ki VB nao (frong chtfdng trinh vd ngoai chtfdng trinh hgc) Cdc mo hinh dgy dpc theo dinh hudng phdl trie'n ndng life hgc smh 2.4.3 Dac diem cua Can lac ho sach Theo Raphael va Hiebert; Cdu lac bd sach cb nhflng dae diem sau: - HS cd cb hgi sfl dung bdn kT nang: dgc, vilt, ngbe va noi Doc va viet nhffng gi mtnh nghT (b nha va tren Ibp), trao doi vbi ban va nghe ban ndi - HS nhbm luan phien tbtfe hi^n cac bai tap vdi cac VB khac de cd cb hdi de trai nghiem va phat tri^n cae kT nang dgc khde (ve, ttm lfl hay, phan lfch, khai qudt, danh gia ) - HS stf dung hoat dgng vilt, ndi nhtf mgt phtfdng tten de the hien suy nght cua minh, kham pha nhtfng y iffbng mdi, gdi nhac ban than ve nhtfng suy ngbi trtfdc dd, va lin theo nhffng thay ddi suy nght cfla chi'nh mtnh suot thbi gian dgc - Thdng qua itfdng tae mang tfnh xa hdi vbi cac ban hgc cung nhtf vbi GV va nhffng ngffbi dpe khac, HS hgc each xem xet mot van de vdi nhieu quan diem khac nhau, ho trd viec hgc, chia se nhflng kten thtfc mtnh cb, nhan sff hie'u biet ciia chi'nh mtnh va ban be, va thdy dffdc gia trj cua viec thao luan ve cae VB [12; 24 - 25] 2.5 Biem chung cua cac mo hinh day doc nham phat trien nang lu'c Diem chung cua cac mb hinh Day dgc dtfa tren stf phan hdi, mb hinb Ba giai doan, mo htnh Hgi thao dgc va Cau lac bd sach: - The hien quan die'm day hgc nham phal trie'n NL cua HS HS hgc cdch dgc VB, each viet, each giao tiep - The hien cae dac diem ciia boat dong dgc thtfc le: tfnh itfdng tdc (vbi VB, vbi nhtfng ngtfbi dgc khdc), linh tiep dien, sff thay ddi, dieu cbfnh ve each bieu eiia ban than sau mdi lan dpe (dgc d nha, dgc tren Ibp, dgc mgt minli, dge ehung vbi nhbm) - HS van dung kien thffc nen cfla mtnh va nhflng hie'u bill ve VB de lien he, li gidi nhtfng dieu xay cube sdng efla ehinh mtnh va cfla egng dong, the gidi xung quanh - Ket hdp dgc vbi viet, nghe, nbi qua viee thtfc hien cac bai tap Nhat ki dgc saeh, bai tap vai trb, qua thao luan vdi ban hoc - Mgt VB hode mpt chflm VB (cung de tai) dffbc hgc nhieu budi hoc, qua nhieu giai doan nham phal trien tflng bffbc kt nang doc eho HS - Trong cung mgt thbi diem, cdc nhbm dpc mgt VB hoac mbt vai VB cung chu de, sau do, chia se vdi cac nhdm khac - Cac each Ii giai khac ve VB va vl cube sdng ctia HS dffbc ton trgng, chip nhan vbi dilu kien la HS lap ludn va bao ve dtfbc each hieu eiia minh - Tinh ttf chu, tff chju trach nhiem va ndng tffc tff quan If eua HS dtfbc phat huy - GV thilt ke eac hoat dbng day hgc va dieu ehinh eac hoat dong theo thrfc te Ibp hgc, khbng soan giao an theo kieu xac dinh sdn cac kien thtfc de dp ddt HS - Cac hoat ddng day hgc va danh gia diu drfa tren chuan cin dat (standards) hoac ket qua cin dat (Ixarning outcomes) da dffbc Bg Giao due xac djnh Ket luan Dgc la mgt nhffng NL cdt ldi cua ngffbi, la chta khda de mb canh ctfa the gidi tri thtfc rgng ldn cua nhan loai Ngffbi hgc khdng ltf nhien eb drfdc 1^ ma phai dtfde day b nha trtfbng Ndi each khac, thong qua qua trinh day dpe.GV phai phdt trien NL dpe cho HS Cde mo htnh day dpc nhtf Day dge dtfa tren stf phdn hdi cua ngtfbi doc Day docqua ba giai doan, Hgi thao dgc Can lac bg sach la nhtfng md hinh day doc theo htfbng phat trie'n NL cua HS Nguyen Thi Hong Nam DudngThi Hong Hieu da dtfdc sfl dung kha rpng rai b nhflng nfldc cd nen giao due tien tiln Ci Viet Nam, de dat dtfdc muc rieu day hoc phal trien NL nhtf Drf thao chrfdng trinh gido due thong ciia Bd da de ra, nhit tbiet phai thay ddi each day, dd eb day dgc Cac mo htnh day dge ndi tren se la nhtfng gdi y cb gia tn de cdc nha ngbien ctfu ve day dpc va cac giao vien Vdn Viet Nam tbam khao TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [I] Calkins, L., Tolan, K, 2010 Guide to the reading workshop Grades 3-5 Firsthand Heinemann, USA, [2] Dtfbng Quang Ham 1928 Qudc vdn tn'ch diim Kim thff in quan [3] Langer, J A, 1991 Di.sciis.mm as Exploration- Literature and the Horizon of Po.ssibililies National Researth Center on English Learning & Aehievement University at Albany State University of New York Report Series Truy xudt ttf http7/www albany.edu/cela/reporls/tanger/tangerdiscussion.pdf 22/4/2012 [4] Langer, J A, 1992 Critical Thinking and English Language Arts instruction http://www.atbany.edU/cela/report.s/langer/Iangercritical.pdfngay 3/4/2014 [5] Langer, J A, 1992 Literature hislruction a focus on student respon.se National Council of Teachers of English [6] Langer, J A, 1994 A Response-ba,sed Approach to Reading Literature National Research Center on Literature Teaching and Learning University at Albany Truy xuat tfl http://www.albany.edu/cela/reports/langer/langerresponsebased.pdf 22/4/2012 [7] Langer, J A, 2002, Effective Uieralure mslriiction develops thinking skills Truy xudt ttf http://www.albany.edu/cela/brief4.pdf 20/4/2014 [8] Luke, A., Freebody, P,1999 Further Notes on the Four Resources Mode! Truy xuit tff http://www.readingonline org/research/Iukefreebody.html 1/5/2015 [9] Raphael, T E., Hiebert, E H , 1996 Creating an Inlergrated Approach to-Literacy hislruclion Harcourt Brace College Publishers [10] Nguyen Thj Hong Nam, 2010 Stf dung Nhdt kf dgc sach day doc vdn ban nghe lhuat,Tap clif Khoa hpe, DH Stf pham Ha Ndi sd 55, pp, 77-88 [ I I ] Raphael, T F., Hieben, E H., 1996 Creating an inlergrated Appretath to Literacy hislruclion Hareouri Brace College Publishers [12] Trdn Dinh Sff, 2003 Dgc Idiu van bdn - mgt khdu ddt phd tnmg ndi dung vd plnfePig phdp dgy vdn hiin Truy xuat ttf http //trand inhsu.wordpress.com/2013/09/09/van-de-doi-moi-phuong-phap-day-hoc-ngu-van/ ngdy 2/1/2015 [ 13] Pham Toan, 2000 Cdng nghi day vdn Nxb Dai hoe Qudc Gia Ha Nbi [14] Winch, G., Johnston R R , March, P, LJungdaht, I,., Holtiday M., 2004 Literacy-reading writing, and clu Id ren'.\ literature, second edilum Oxford University Press, Australia ABSTRACT Models of competency-based teaching of reading The Vietnamese language arts and literature curriculum after 2015 has been a competency-based curriculum This has required a fundamental and comprehensive reform of the curriculum Including teaching models In this aniele, we introduce and analyse some models of competency-based teaching of reading that have been common in several developed countries Analyzing these models helps us to better understand competency-based teaching of reading so that we can make models of teaching reading appropriate for the Vietnamese context Keywords: Teaching reading, model of leaching reading, competency-based teaching reading 10 ... cua HS Dac dilm cua mb hinh nay, theo Langer la: (I) Gib day dffbc to chtfc, dieu chinh drfa tren nguyen tac trg giflp stf phdt trien nhu^g y tffbng vfla ndy sinh cua HS; (2) Hoat dgng day xay... ve cube sdng, ttf dd, hie''u ban than va ngubi khdc hdn Cdc md hinh dgy dgc theo dinh huOng phdt Iriih ndng lUc hgc sinh 2.2 2.2.1 IMo hinh day doc ba giai doan The nao la day doc qua giai doan?... 2.3.2 Tien trinh to chu''c Hgi thao dgc "Hgi thao dgc" dffbc to chffc theo nhtfng giai doan sau: "Hgi thao dgc" dffdc to chtfc theo nhffng giai doan sau: Giat doan I Chon sach de doc HS thflbng