VAN HOA VA VAN MINH, GIA TRj VA CON NGUfiTI NHUNG KHAI NIEM CONG CU CHU YEU TRONG NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC XA HOI HOSlQUt*' tdng thudt I Vdn ho^, ban sac v3n hoa, khuon miu van h6a Trong cae tae pham kinh dien cua chu nghia Marx, chi ed vai lin K Marx va F Engels trUe tiep ban de'n thuat ngfl i;dn hda Tuy nhien dd, mdt l i n culture lai dflde hieu la canh tdc, trdng trpt, gieo trdng - Trong thu gdi F Engels 25/3/1868, K Marx viet: "Neu canh tae dflde tien hanh mdt each tfl phat ma khdng dflde hfldng dan mpt each ed y thflc thi se de lai sau dd dat hoang (1, tr.80) Cac ban tieng Viet xuat ban trflde dd dich la: "Van hda neu phat trien tfl phat ma khdng dflde dinh hfldng mpt each tfl giac thi se de lai sau nd hoang mac" Cach dich da gay mdt so'hieu lam - Trong tae pham "Chd'ng Dubring", ban ve sU tien trien ve tfl tfldng tfl cua loai ngfldi, F Engels viet: "Mdi bflde tien len tren dfldng van hda la mpt bflde tien tdi tfl dd' (2, tr.l64) day, culture dflde hieu la vdn hda Trong van canh, F Engels phan tich ring, ngUdi trdng tien trinh lich sd cua minh, eang thoat khdi the gidi ddng vat, nghia la eang cd van hda thi ngfldi eang tfl hdn, mac du tfl do, theo dng, la ban chat eua ngUdi Cin thiet phai lUu y rang, b thdi K Marx va F Engels, vdn hda hpc (Culturology) chfla xuat hien, cdn khai niem vdn hda thi van ehUa hoan toan tach khdi vdn minh - E.B Tylor tae pham "Van hoa nguyen thuy" (Primitive Culture) dinh nghia : "Van hda hay vdn minh (ngUdi trich nhan manh), theo nghia rpng ve dan tpc hpe, ndi chung dflde hinh tfl tri thflc, tin ngfldng, nghe thuat, dao dfle, luat phap, tap quan cflng mdt so' nang lfle va thdi quen khac ma ngUdi cd dUde vdi tU each la vien cua xa hpi" (3) O day, "Van hda" dflde sd dung ddng nghia vdi "Van minh" Nam 1964, hai nha nhan hpe My la Alfred Kroeber va Clyde Kluckhohn thd'ng ke dUdc 257 dinh nghia khac ve van hda cac edng trinh ndi tieng ve nhan hpe va dan tdc hpc (Anthropology - thflc la chi d phfldng Tay va ndi tieng la theo quan niem cua hai tac gia nay) Vdi 257 dinh nghia thd'ng ke dUde, ea each tiep cdn ve ' GS TS., Vien Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hoi Van hoa va van minh 15 van hda va viec phan loai eae loai dinh nghla cung trd nen phong phu va phai ndi la phdc tap V.E Davidovich da phe phan ldi nghien cdu kieu va cho ring, dang le phai chi dUde ddc trUng thudn vdn hda cua cac hien tUdng van hda vat cha't va tinh than, thi ngfldi ta lai mai me thd'ng ke tinh phong phd cua van hda (Xem: 4, tr.446; 5, tr.29) Tren thUe te, ve sau, eang ngUdi ta eang cd' tim xem van hda da cd dinh nghia thd bao nhieu O Viet Nam hdi nhflng nam 90 (the ky XX), PGS Phan Ngpc ed dfla so hdn 1000 Tuy nhien, ldi nghien cflu di theo "duy danh dinh nghia" rd rang la cd van de Galloway Keller, My: Tong the nhflng thich nghi cua ngfldi vdi cae dieu kien sinh sd'ng eua hp chinh la van hda, hay van minh Su thich nghi dUde bid dam bing cdn dUdng ket hdp nhflng thu thuat nhu bien ddi, ehpn lpe va truyen dat bdng ke thfla Mae du ed nhieu dinh nghia song theo bat cd nghia nao thi van hoa eung deu la cai, bing each hay bang each khac, the hien nhflng dae trflng ve ngfldi va ve ddi sd'ng ngfldi, deu phan anh (mpt each trflc tiep hoae kin dao) dae thu cua boat dpng ngUdi (Xem: 5, tr.30) - Pitirim Alexandrovieh Sorokin (1889 - 1968), nha xa hdi hpc ngfldi My gd'e Nga, ngfldi sang lap khoa Xa hpi hpc cua Dai hpc Harvard: Vdi nghia rpng nha't, van hda chi tdng the nhflng gi dflde tao ra, hay dflde eai bien bdi heat dpng cd y thflc hay vd thflc cua hai hay nhieu ca nhan tfldng tae vdi va tac ddng den ldi flng xd cua Nhflng dinh nghia sau dUde ndi tdi tai Wikipedia tieng Viet, nhUng chung tdi chUa kiem tra dflde xuat xfl xem cd chlnh xae hay khdng (Xem: 7): - Edward Sapir (1884 - 1939), nha nhan hpc, ngdn ngfl hpc ngfldi My: Van hda chlnh la ban than eon ngfldi, cho du Id nhflng ngfldi hoang da nhat sd'ng mdt xa hpi tieu bieu eho mpt he thdng phflc hdp cua tap quan, each flng xd va quan diem dflde bao tdn theo truyen thd'ng - William Isaac Thomas (1863 1947), nha xa hpi hpe ngudi My coi van hda la cae gia tri vdt chat va xa hpi eiia bat ky nhdm ngUdi nao (cac thiet che, tdp tuc, phan dng cfl xd, ) - William Graham Sumner (1840 1910), GS Dai hpe Yale va Albert - Ralph Linton (1893 - 1953), nha nhan hpe ngfldi My dinh nghia: a/ Van hda suy cho cung la eae phan flng lap lai It nhieu ed td chfle cua cae vien xa hpi; b/ Van hda la sfl ket hdp gifla Id'i flng xd ma cae td' cua nd dflde eac vien cua xa hpi dd tan va truyen lai nhd ke thfla Dinh nghia "Van hda" dflde cpng ddng the the gidi sd dung nhieu va dflde nhieu ngUdi trich dan hdn ca la eua UNESCO, neu "Tuyen bdve chinh sach van hda" tai Hdi nghi qud'c te ve chlnh sach van hda eua UNESCO tfl 26/7 den 6/8/1982 b Mexico: "Van hda la tdng the nhflng net dae thu ve tinh than va vat chat, ve tri tue va xue cam quy dinh tinh each eua mpt xa hpi hay eua mpt nhdm xa hpi Van hda bao gdm nghe thudt va van chUdng, nhflng ldi sd'ng, nhflng quyen cd ban eua (tdn tai-being) ngfldi, nhflng he thd'ng gia tri, nhflng truyen thdng va tin ngfldng Van hda dem lai eho eon ngfldi kha nang suy xet (refleet-phan tfl) ve ban than Chlnh van hda lam eho chung ta trd nhflng sinh vat dae biet - eon 16 Thong tin Khoa hoc xa h6i sd 9.2010 ngUdi, ed ly tinh, ed dc phe phan va dan than met each dae ly Chinh nhd van hda ma ngUdi tfl the hien, tfl y thflc dflcie ban than, tfl biet minh la met phfldng an chfla hoan dat de xem xet nhflng tflu eua ban than, tim kiem khdng met mdi nhiing y nghia mdi me va sang tao nen nhflng cdng trinh vfldt qua ca gidi ban cua ban than" Nguyen van: "Conference agrees: + that in its widest sense, culture may now be said to be the whole complex of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features that characterize a society or social group It includes not only the arts and letters, but also modes of life, the fundamental rights of the human being, value systems, traditions and beliefs; + that it is culture that gives man the ability to reflect upon himself It is culture that makes us specifically human, rational beings, endowed with a critical judgement and a sense of moral commitment It is through culture that we discern values and make choices It is through culture that man expresses himself, becomes aware of himself, recognizes his incompleteness, questions his own achievements, seeks untiringly for new meanings and creates works through which he transcends his limitations" (8) Xin luu y r i n g UNESCO, cac Tdng giam dd'c UNESCO va nhflng chuyen gia eua td chfle cung edng bd' khdng it van ban ve van hda, ma ddi ngUdi sfl dung, ke ea cae nha nghien cdu ed ten tudi d eac nUde, v i n cei dd chlnh la nhflng dinh nghia khai niem van hda Chang ban: Van hoa "la eai ten ma chdng ta dat cho dieu bl i n khdng cung vdi dang tim each suy nghi ve nd" (J Derrida); "la nen tang va la linh hdn cua cupc phieu luu eua ngUdi; trUdc ngfldi ta eoi nd la thfl yeu, ngUdi ta b i t dau nhan nd la ed't ldi cua van de" (F Mayor); la "tieu chuan ed ban cua sU tien bp" (E P Chelyshev); "la phfldng thflc tfl dieu chinh va tfl nhdn thflc cua nhan loai" (M Epstein); "la mpt ba tieu chuan de mdt qud'c gia nao dd dflde eoi la efldng qud'c" (Z Bredinxki); la "dUdng phan ranh cd ban gifla eon ngfldi vdi nhau" va la "nhan to' chu dao cua nen chlnh tri the gidi" (S F Huntington); la eai "dUde xuyen sud't bdi mpt Ethos cpng sinh", mpt thd "soft power" (nang Iflc mem) giup cho "Ddng A se trd khu vfle cflc ky quan trpng vao the ky XXI" (I Daisaku ndi ve van hoa Ddng A); v.v Van hda dudi hinh thflc mpt quan niem ddi mdi cua Dang Cpng san Viet Nam dUde neu l i n dau tai Vdn kien Dai hpi dai bieu todn quo'c lan thd VIII: "Van hda la nen tang tinh than cua xa hdi, vfla la muc tieu, vfla la dpng Iflc thdc day sfl phat trien kinh te - xa hpi" (9, tr.29) Dinh nghia khai niem van hda cua Hd Chi Minh: "Vi le sinh tdn cung nhfl mue dich cua cudc sd'ng, loai ngfldi mdi sang tao va phat sinh ngdn ngfl, chfl viet, dao dfle, phap luat, khoa hpc, tdn giao, van hpc, nghe thuat, nhflng cdng cu cho sinh boat hang ve mac, an, b va eae phfldng thflc sd dung Tean bd nhflng sang tao va phat minh dd tdc la van hda" (10, tr.431) Trflde kia, dinh nghia it dflde ndi tdi Ngay nay, neu so sanh, cd the thiy dinh nghia cung khdc chiet vd 17 Van hda va van minh tfldng minh khdng thua kem eac dinh nghia ndi tieng nao khac Mdt dinh nghia khac: "Van hda la bieu hien cua phUdng thflc sd'ng cua cdn ngUdi, la tdng hda mpi gia tri ngUdi" (11, tr.32) Giai thich them: - Trdng h i u het eac trUdng hdp, van hda ludn chi la thupc tinh mdi quan he Su vat - Quan he - Thupc tinh Ndi each khac, van hda chi cd the la mat, la khia canh, la phfldng dien hay la thupc tinh eua cai khac Ddc trUng thudn tdy vdn hda ma V.E Davidovich da ndi den, chlnh la b day - Cd quan niem cho r i n g dinh nghia van hda chi can neu gia tri (tdng boa cac gia tri) la du Tuy nhien, van hda nhieu trUdng hdp khdng mang y nghia gia tri - nghia la nd khdng td't hay xiu, dung hay sai, tich cflc hay tieu cUc ma chi la each thflc, kieu, dang, phong each boat ddng sd'ng cua ca nhan hoae cpng ddng (each cim dao eua ngudi phUdng Tay so vdi ngudi phUdng Ddng la mdt thi du) Do vay, khdng chi la gid tri, van hda cdn la phUdng thdc (each thflc, kieu, dang, phong each ) sd'ng cua ngUdi Bdn sdc vdn hda (cultural identity): Ban sac rieng cua mdi nen/dang/kieu van boa thfldng bieu hien la nhflng net dae thu va dpe dao the hien cac hien tfldng van hda hoae eac san pham van hoa, quy dinh bp mat eua mdi nen van hoa Cach hieu khdng ed gi sai Tuy nhien, dieu dang luu y la, ban sic rieng cua van hoa khdng chi the hien cac hien tUdng hoae cac san pham dae thu cua van hoa, ma p h i n dang ke cua nd lai dUdc the hien boat ddng sdng binh thudng, hang cua eac cpng ddng ngfldi dd, nd la: Tap hdp cua nhUng cdi khdc biet khong the xod nhod ve phUdng thdc sdng cda cdc chd the vdn hod, la cdi dUdc tao nhdng tinh hudng khdc cua lich sd, td the gidi quan, td nhdn sinh quan md ddc biet la td kinh nghiem sdng cda cdc the he khdc cpng ddng, ldm thdnh nhdng khudn mdu vi vdn hod chi phdi vd quy dinh hoat dpng sdng cua cdc the he tiep sau (11, tr.51) 10 Khudn mdu vdn hod (cultural matrix) la tap hdp cua nhflng giai phap, nhflng chuan mUc, nhflng phong each, nhflng gia tri dflde tao tfl kinh nghiem sd'ng eua cae cdng ddng ngfldi, dflde dinh hinh qua nhflng tinh hud'ng khac lich sd tdn tai cua cac cpng ddng dd va dflde bao tdn sfl chi phdi va quy dinh eua nd ddi vdi boat ddng cua cac the he ke tiep Van hoa thflc hien tinh quy dinh eua minh, the hien sdc manh cua minh ddi sd'ng xa hpi thdng qua cae khudn m i u van hoa (11, tr.52) Con ngUdi boat ddng bao gid cung dUa vae nhflng khudn m i u van hda da cd de thao tae, xd ly hoae sang tao ke ca vdi eae ddi tfldng mdi Khac vdi eon vat, khdng bao gid cen ngfldi bat tay vad boat ddng tfl trang thai "khdng" hoae "bfl vd" (Phi kinh nghiem cdng la mdt thfl kinh nghiem) II Van minh Nhieu tai lieu qua quyet ring, vdn hda va vdn minh vdi tinh each la cae khai niem khoa hpe mai tdi the ky XVIII mdi xuat hien Trong dd b phUdng Tay, thuat ngfl Cultura dUdc tim thay cac tae pham eua Siseron (106-43 TCN) va Civilization da thay dflde sd dung tfldng ddi phd bien b giai doan dau thdi dai Phuc Hflng 18 - Trung Qude, vdn minh dUde nhic tdi tfl rat sdm Thfldng thfl (Ngu Kinh); cdn vdn hien vdi nghia la mpt xa hpi dat tdi mpt trinh dp nhat dinh ve mat tinh t h i n {van: tU lieu, dien chfldng, che dp; hien: ngfldi thdng thao dien chfldng, ehe dp) thi da dflde ban luan Luan ngfl (Khdng Td, 551479 TCN) - Vao ddi Han (The'ky I TCN), cac quan niem cua LUu Hfldng ngfldi ta da thay xua't hien khai niem vdn hda Van hda lue dd dUde hieu la vdn tri, gido hda Nghia gd'e eua vdn b day la eai dep, cai ed sfle thu hut ve mat hinh thflc Van hda, vay trd yeu to then chdt chlnh tri: cai tri, gido hda bdng vdn - Viet Nam, khai niem van hda va van minh xua't hien van tfl lin diu tien vao luc nao? Hien chUa cd cau tra ldi Song, nhfl da biet, nam 1428 Nguyin Trai da ban den vdn hien mpt each trang nghiem Dai cdo binh Ngo Van hda va van minh, ve phUdng dien ngdn ngfl ludn ludn la cac thuat ngfl rieng re va tach biet vdi Trong nhieu ngdn ngfl, vdn hda va vdn minh khdng phai la nhflng tfl ddng nghia Ay vay ma rat nhieu trfldng hdp, hai khai niem van dflde sd dung nhu nhflng khai niem khdng cd sfl phan biet hoae nhfl nhflng tfl khac am ddng nghia Hien nay, tren thflc te, ndi ham cua hai khai niem van thudng bi sd dung n h i m lan vdi nhau: mdt so' van canh, van hda hi gpi la van minh va ngflde lai - Ngay khoa hpc, "khac vdi the ky XVIII va XIX dae diem cua triet hpc van hda the ky XX la d i n dan tach hai khai niem dd (van hda va van minh - HSQ) ra, khai niem thfl nhat tiep tuc Thong Mn Khoa hoc xa h6i sd 9.2010 van la tUdng trUng che mpi cai tich cflc treng linh vfle trflde day chfla phan chia, cdn khai niem thfl hai da sd cac trfldng hdp dflde danh gia la trung tinh, va cd cdn cd y nghia tieu cflc trflc tiep" (12, tr.l78; 13, tr.697-698) - Neu khang dinh mdt each chac chin cac khai niem van hda va van minh ed bao nhieu nghia cu the va xac dinh thi cd le dieu khang dinh dd khdng tranh khdi vo doan Ddi ngfldi ta cd cam giac r i n g so vdi i;dn hda thi vdn minh hinh nhfl ro rang hdn, xae dinh hdn Nhflng tren thflc te, ngoai mpt vai nghia phd bien, thfldng gap, vdn minh cung cd kha nhieu nghia phflc tap va thie'u xac dinh khdng kem gi van hda Ben canh dd edn ed khdng it trfldng hdp ma neu thuat ngfl vdn hda dflde thay bing vdn minh thi cung chang de gi chi dau la hdp ly va bat hdp ly cua tflng van canh Cd the nhan thay kha nhieu trUdng hdp tinh tfl van hda va tinh tfl van minh thfldng la thay the dflde cho Mac du da dUde sd dung tUdng ddi phd bien b dau thdi dai Phuc HUng, nhflng vdn minh vdi tinh each la khai niem chlnh tri - xa hdi thi lai xua't hien vao the ky XVIII, eae nha khai sang Phap dung cae quan niem ly eua minh de md xe va phan tich nhflng xa hpi da dat tdi mdt trinh dp n h i t dinh ve ly tinh va cdng bing Ve mat tfl nguyen thi Civilization ed gdc Latinh Civilis, nghia la thi dan, cdng dan, nha nflde Theo nghia ban diu thi vdn minh la thi dan hda, thi hda Ve sau, vdn minh dUde hieu mdt each triiu tUdng hdn theo nhieu nghia khac nhau; dd nghia bao trdm la chi mpt trinh dp phdt trien nhdt dinh cua xd hpi vi mat vat chdt vd tinh thdn (14, tr.733) Vao the ky XDC, ndi tdi vdn minh la ndi tdi 19 Van hoa va van minh nhdng dae trUng cd gia tri cua chu nghia tfl ban ndi chung NgUdi ta gin nhu ddng nha't van minh vdi tdan bp gia tri eua chu nghia tfl ban Luc dd, xa hpi tu ban vdi khau hieu tU do, binh ddng, bac di cua nd dflde coi la hien than eua van minh Cho tdi nay, so' Ifldng cac dinh nghia cu the ve khai niem van minh cd le cung chang kem gi sd' lUdng cae dinh nghia ve van hda (mac dfl chfla tha'y cdng bd' eon so thd'ng ke ve cac dinh nghia nay) Thdng qua nhflng dinh nghia cu the ma chung tdi dflde biet, cd the nhan tha'y ndi trpi len mdt so each hieu sau: - Van minh la mdt trinh dp phat trien nha't dinh cua cac dan tdc hoae cua cac cpng ddng A Toynbee va P Xorokin la nhflng dai bieu cho each hieu Theo Toynbee, dan tpc nao cung deu cd van hda cua minh, song khdng phai mpi dan tpc deu dflde eoi la van minh Ndi de'n van minh la ndi tdi mpt trinh dp nao dd sfl phat trien cua cac cpng ddng, ma trUde bet dd la sfl phat trien ve mat van hda (15, tr.516-517; 16, tr.30-34) - Van minh la mpt giai doan phat trien xa hdi ddi lap vdi giai doan "da man" Cac dan tdc deu se phai dat tdi van minh, sau trai quan giai doan "mdng mudi, da man" NhU ta deu biet, L Morgan va F Engels la nhflng dai bieu tieu bieu cho quan niem (Xem: 17, 18) - Van minh la sfl "giao thoa", "giao tiep" cua cac gia tri toan nhan loai ddi sdng cua mdi dan tdc Dai bieu dien hinh cho each hieu la K Jasper, ngUdi da bing ly thuye't giao tiep cua minh c i t nghia toan bp qua trinh hen ket diln nen van minh chau Au va lich sd toan nhan loai vdi tfl each la lieh sd toan the gidi (Xem: 15, tr.453-454) - Van minh la giai doan "lui tan" cua van hda, la thdi diem cudi cung khien cho cac nen van hda khac cua nhan loai trd nen ddng nha't Day la each hieu van minh eua O Spengle Theo Spengle, sau nen van hda cua loai ngfldi dat tdi trinh dp eao, van minh se xua't hien va "hda tan" mpi gia tri td't dep Dd se la "Hoang hdn eua chau Au" (Xem: 15, tr.453-454) Nhflng each hieu tren cung ddng thdi cung la nhflng each tiep can tieu bieu ve khai niem van minh Xin lflu y la, h i u bet nhflng each hieu ndi tren deu di theo xu hudng tiep ndi J Rousseau va J Herder, cd' ging phan biet eang rach rdi hai khai niem mdi tfldng quan vdi nhflng dae tinh cd the xac dinh cua chung R i t It ngfldi di theo xu hudng ngUde lai ddng nhat hoae xda nhda ranh gidi gifla van hda va van minh (cdn nda) TAI LIEU TONG THUAT VA TRICH DAN K Marx va F Engels, Toan tap, tdp 32 H.: Chlnh tri qud'c gia, 1997 K Marx va F Engels, Toan tap, tap 20 H.: Chlnh tri qude gia, 1994 E B Tylor Primitive culture New York: J P Putnam's Sons, 1871 V.E Davidovich Dfldi lang kinh triet hpc H.: Chlnh tri qud'c gia, 2002 B.E /]|aBHAOBHH , KD.A DKaanoB CyutHocTb Kyjibxypbia P.: PoCTOBCKUU yHHBepCHTeX, POCTOB-Ha- floHy, 1989 Hd Si Quy (ehu bien) Con ngUdi va phat trien ngfldi quan 20 Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hoi sd 9.2010 niem eua K Marx va F Engels H.: Chlnh tri qud'c gia, 2003 http:/ /vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4 %83n_h%C3%B3a UNESCO Mexico City Declaration on Cultural Policies World Conference on Cultural Policies Mexico City, 26 July - August 1982 Dang Cpng san Viet Nam Van kien Dai hdi dai bieu toan qud'c l i n thfl VIII H.: Chlnh tri qude gia, 1996 21 G Endrweit, G Trommsdorff Tfl dien xa hpi hpe H.: The gidi, 2002 22 Magoroh Maruyama PhUdng thflc tfl vdi cae nen van hda Tap chl Ngudi dUa tin UNSECO, sd2, 1996 23 Indira Gandhi Tu An Dp (Phat bieu tai Dai hpc Sorbonne, Paris dip nhan bing Tien si danh du) Bao Vdn nghe, 22/1/1983 24 K Marx va F Engels, Toan tdp, tdp H.: Chlnh tri qud'c gia, 1993 10 Hd Chl Minh, Toan tap, tap H.: Chlnh tri qud'c gia, 2000 25 K Marx Bao thao kinh te - triet hpc nam 1844 11 Hd Si Quy Ve van hda va van minh H.: Chlnh tri qud'c gia, 1999 26 K Marx va F Engels toan tdp, tap 42 H.: Chlnh tri qud'c gia, 2000 12 A.G Xpirkin Triet hpc xa hpi, tap H.: Tuyen huan, 1989 27 Hd Si Quy Con ngfldi va phat trien ngfldi H.: Giao due, 2007 13 A.F CnHpKHH TapaapHKH M.: 2002 0wioco(pu^ 14 OHJioeo4)eKHH 3HitHKJioneAHHeeKHH ejioBapb M.: CoBexeKaa 3HitHiaioneflHH, 1989 15 Tfl dien Triet hpe phfldng Tay hien dai H.: Khoa hpc xa hdi, 1996 16 Arnold Toynbee Nghien edu ve hch sd (Mpt each thdc diln giai) H.: The gidi, 2002 17 F Engels Ngudn gd'e cua gia dinh, cua ehe dp tu hflu va cua nha nflde (Chfldng IX Da man va van minh) H.: Sfl that, 1972 18 K Marx va F Engels, Todn tap, tap 21 H.: Chlnh tri qude gia, 1995 28 UNDP Human Report 1990 Development 29 Dang Cpng san Viet Nam Van kien Hdi nghi l i n thfl nam Ban chip hanh Trung fldng khda VIII H.: Chlnh tri qud'c gia, 1998 30 Vien Khoa hpe xa hpi Viet Nam ChUdng trinh phat trien Lien Hdp Qud'c Bao eao phat trien eon ngfldi Viet Nam 1999-2004 Nhflng thay ddi va nhflng xu hudng ehu yeu H.: Chlnh tri qud'c gia, 2007 31 UNDP Human Report 1990-2006 Development 32 Phat trien ngUdi: tfl quan niem den chien Ifldc va hanh dpng H.: Chlnh tri qud'c gia, 1999 19 UleHHOCTH OHJICeOtJieKHH SHUHKJioneziHHecKHH ejioBapt M.: CoBex-eKaa 3HUHKjioneAHH, 1989 33 Edouard Wattez Bao cao tai Hpi thao Phat trien ngfldi qua trinh ddi mdi b Viet Nam H 34/4/2000 20 LJeHHoeTH KyjibxypojiorHa XX B 3HUHK;ioneOTa http: // www.philosophy.ru / edu / ref/ enc / z-ch-sh.htm#BM 18001 34 Bao cao phat trien ngfldi Viet Nam 2001 Doi mdi va sfl nghiep phat trien eon ngfldi H.: Chlnh tri qude gia, 2001 ... he ke tiep Van hoa thflc hien tinh quy dinh eua minh, the hien sdc manh cua minh ddi sd'ng xa hpi thdng qua cae khudn m i u van hoa (11, tr.52) Con ngUdi boat ddng bao gid cung dUa vae nhflng... tai lieu qua quyet ring, vdn hda va vdn minh vdi tinh each la cae khai niem khoa hpe mai tdi the ky XVIII mdi xuat hien Trong dd b phUdng Tay, thuat ngfl Cultura dUdc tim thay cac tae pham eua Siseron... mpt each trang nghiem Dai cdo binh Ngo Van hda va van minh, ve phUdng dien ngdn ngfl ludn ludn la cac thuat ngfl rieng re va tach biet vdi Trong nhieu ngdn ngfl, vdn hda va vdn minh khdng phai