Xu hướng biến đổi của tầng lớp trí thức trong thời kỳ đổi mới

36 Xa hoi hoc s6'4 (112), 2010 XU HI/CNG BIEN DOI CUA TANG L P TRITHU'C TRONG THC)I KY DOI M I BUI THI THANH HA* Sfl bien ddi cd ca'u cua xa hoi Viet Nam thdi ky ddi mdi, dac biet qua trinh day manh cong nghiep hda, hien dai hda (CNH,HDH) dat nfldc bao gdm nhflng bien ddi cua nhieu giai tang xa hoi Nhflng bien ddi luon chiu sfl tac dong cua nhieu yeu to' va tao nen nhflng xu hfldng khac Mot cac tang Idp ed nhflng thay ddi manh me nhat dd la tri thflc Bai viet danh gia thflc trang va xu hfldng bien ddi cua tri thflc Viet Nam, cung nhflng yeu to' tac dong n h l m gdp phan nhan dien cd ca'u xa hoi Viet Nam dang thay ddi Bai viet sfl dung phfldng phap tdng quan eac tai lieu, ket qua nghien cflu cd lien quan den tang Idp tri thflc Viet Nam tfl nam 1991 den Tri thvfc, dac trflng, chiifc nang va vai tro ciia tang Idp tri thtjfc Cd rat nhieu dinh nghia de hieu tri thflc la Ve cd ban, sfl phan tach tang Idp tri thflc so sanh vdi cac tang Idp xa hoi khac dfla tren dac thu cua hoat dong nghe nghiep Tuy nhien, tang Idp tri thflc cd hoat dong nghe dac biet, khien cho ho cd mat d tat ca moi linh vflc, moi nganh, moi khu vflc lanh tho va lien quan tdi moi giai cap, t i n g Idp khac xa hoi Nghi quyet 27 N Q / T U 6/8/2008 eua BCH TW Dang dinh nghia: tri thflc la "nhiing ngUdi lao ddng tri dc, cd trinh hgc vdn cao vi llnh vUc chuyen won nhdt dinh, cd ndng lUc tii doc lap, sdng tao, truyin bd vd lam gidu tri thdc, tao nhiing sdn pham vat chdt vd tinh thdn cd gid tri ddi vdi xd hdi" Nhfl vay, tieu chi d l u tien de phan biet tri thflc vdi cac t i n g Idp khac xa hoi la dac trflng hoat dong lao dong cua ho - lao dong tri dc Tuy nhien, day chi la tieu chi cd ban dau tien, can nhflng chfla du Ve cd ban, cd the phan hai nhdm quan diem khac de hieu tri thflc la Nhdm quan diem thfl nha't nhan manh cae dac thu phfldng thflc lad dong nghe nghiep cua tang Idp tri thflc, cho rang tri thflc la nhiing ngfldi chu yeu lam viec tri dc, ed tnnh ve llnh vflc chuyen mon nha't dinh (thay ddi theo trinh phat trien cua xa hoi) Hoat dong lao dong tri dc cua ho cd tinh phfle tap nha't dinh, tao nhflng gia tri mdi cho xa hoi Nhdm quan diem thfl hai nha'n manh den nhflng pham cha't nhan each van hda cua tri thflc va xem chiing nhfl mot noi dung khong the thieu dinh nghia ve tang Idp ' TS Vien Xd hoi hoc Biii Thi Thanh Hd 37 Dac trUng vd chitc ndng cua tdng Idp tri thiic Mac du dfla noi ham va ngoai dien khai niem ed sfl khac biet, song nhin chung, cae dinh nghia ve tri thflc ndi bat hai dac trflng cd ban (1): Mot Id, ed trinh tri tue cao, tiep thu dfldc ca trfldng hoc va trfldng ddi; Hai Id, lam viec lad dong tri dc, chu yeu la lao dong phflc tap, doi hdi sfl sang tao eac linh vflc khac Dieu dd cd nghia, khong phai bat efl lam cong viec lao dong tri dc thi deu dfldc xem la tri thflc Chdc ndng cua tri thdc bao gdm mot so'yeu to'sau (1): Phd bien, truyen ba, nhat la sang tao van hda, tflc la sang tao va tri nhflng gia tri cd ban cua xa hoi hfldng tdi chan, thien, my, gdp phIn de xua't cac giai phap eho nhflng va'n de cd Idi cho quo'c ke dan sinh Phan bien xa hoi: Theo C Mac, tri thflc la nha phe binh xa hoi, nhin ro sfl vat, suy nghi den cung va phe phan nhflng gi can trd sfl vfldn tdi mot xa hoi tien bo hdn, td't dep hdn, nhan dao hdn Dao tao Idp tri thflc mdi cho dat nfldc: Ve phfldng dien khoa hoc, edng nghe hay van hda, nghe thuat, viec dao tao Idp ngfldi ke can se lam cho cac trfldng phai hoe thuat trd nen manh hdn, da dang hdn, va nhd dd, tri thflc eua xa hoi trd nen phong phfl hdn Tham gia cang ddng dao vao cac hoat dong xa hoi, hoat ddng chinh tri va hoat dong quan ly san xua't, kinh doanh Nhflng chflc nang se dfldc cu the hda nhflng nhiem vu ma mdi giai doan phat trien dat dd'i vdi tri thflc Mdi tri thflc d nhflng linh vflc chuyen mon khac se thflc hien nhflng chflc nang tren theo nhflng each khac Vai tro ciia tdng Idp tri thiic Doi ngu tri thflc la Iflc Ifldng chu ehd't gdp phIn phat trien kinh te - xa hoi cua mdi qudc gia Cd the ndi, d dau cd nhieu tri thflc hdn, d dd kinh te phat trien hdn; nhflng edng ty, ddn vi nao ed nhieu tri thflc se phat trien manh hdn; nhflng ca nhan nao ed tri thflc, ed trinh se nhan dfldc viec lam td't hdn, thu nhap cao hdn Nghi quye't cua Dang da khang dinh vai trd to Idn eua tang Idp tri thflc: "Trong mgi thdi dgi, tri thdc Id nin tdng cua tien bd xd hdi, ddi ngu tri thdc Id liic liicfng nong cdi sdng tao vd truyin bd tri thdc Ngdy nay, cung vdi si/ phdt trien nhanh chdng cua cdch mang khoa hgc vd cdch mang edng nghe hien dgi, ddi ngu tri thdc trd thdnh ngudn liic dac biet quan trgng, tao nen sdc manh cua mdi qudc gia chien liidc phdt trien"(4) Cd the khang dinh: Tri thdc Id liic liicfng lao ddng sdng tao hdng ddu, ddng vai trb ndng cot syt nghiep CNH, HDH dat niidc vd hdi nhap qudc te ngdy Thflc t r a n g va xu hfldng bien ddi cua t a n g Idp t r i thiic nfldc t a Trong nhflng nam qua, t i n g Idp tri thflc nfldc ta da cd sfl phat trien kha nhanh ve sd Ifldng va tien bo dang ke ve cha't Ifldng 38 Xu hudng bien doi ciia tdng Idp tri thdc thdi ky ddi mdi Nam hoc 2009 - 2010, ca nfldc cd g i n 23 trieu hoc sinh, sinh vien, tang 1,02 l l n so vdi nam hoc 2000 - 2001; dd sd'hoc sinh hoe nghe tang 2,17 lln, so'hoc sinh trung ca'p chuyen nghiep tang 3,5 lan, sd sinh vien cao ding, dai hoc tang 1,96 lln, nang so' sinh vien cao dang, dai hoc tren mot van dan len 195, so' hoc vien cao hoc va nghien cflu sinh tang 3,54 lln Ty le lao dong da qua dao tao d cac trinh khac tang tfl 20% nam 2000 len 40% vao nam 2010, bfldc d l u dap flng dfldc nhu cau cua thi trfldng lao dong (15) Tdi nam 2009, sd nhflng ngfldi tfl 15 tudi trd len dang theo hoc cac trfldng chuyen nghiep tren toan quo'c, cd tdi hdn 53% hien dang theo hoc cae trfldng dai hoe va tren dai hoc Neu gop ca so' ngfldi dang hoc cao d i n g vdi nhdm dang hoc d trinh dai hoe va tren dai hoc thi ddi ngu se chiem gan 80% Sfl ma't can ddi la tinh trang chung do'i vdi ca gidi nam, nfl va khu vflc thi, ndng thdn Trong toan qudc, so' ngfldi cd trinh dai hoe va tren dai hoc chi chiem mot p h l n ra't nhd (4,4%) va phan bd'chenh lech Idn gfla nam va nfl, gifla thi va ndng thon (nam (5,1%), nfl (3,7%); thi (10,8%), ndng thdn (1,8%)) (17) Hoe vi tien sy (Ph.D) la mot hoc vi cao nha't he tho'ng giao due dai hoc Nam 2005, ca nfldc cd 127 cd sd dao tao tien si Rieng nam hoc 2006 - 2007 tdng so' hoc vien cao hoc dang hoc la 34.984 ngfldi va so' nghien cflu sinh la 3.047 ngfldi (6, tr.l32) Nam 2006 ed tdi gan 150 cd sd dao tao hoc vi tien sy, mdi nam thu nhan khoang 1.000 thi sinh lam tien si Theo so' lieu thdng ke cua Bo Giao due va Dao tao, nam hoc 2008 - 2009 Viet Nam cd 369 trfldng dai hoc va cao dang (146 trfldng dai hoe, 223 trfldng cao dang) Cd 5.879 tien sy, 17.046 thac sy Sd giang vien 41.007 ngfldi va 1.242.778 sinh vien Trinh cao dang, dai hoc la 17.046 ngUdi Nhieu trfldng dai hoc vdi nhflng loai hinh khac dang mot gia tang cung vdi so' sinh vien ca nfldc Nam 2009, da len tdi 406 trfldng dai hoc va cao dang (196 trfldng dai hoc va 210 trfldng cao dang) vdi tren 65 000 giao vien va tren 1.7 trieu sinh vien Theo Bao cao tdng ket 12 nam thflc hien Nghi quyet Trung fldng (khoa VIII), nfldc ta cd tren 20.0t)0 thac sy va 16.000 tien sy, 7.000 phd giao sfl va 1.200 giao sfl Doi ngu da cd ddng gdp to Idn eho sfl phat trien KH&CN, kinh te, van hda, xa hoi, cung ed'qud'e phdng va an ninh quo'c gia Tfl ddt cong nhan dau tien nam 1980 den nay, so' GS, PGS dfldc cong nhan d nfldc ta dang tang tflng nam Vdi 578 GS, PGS mdi dfldc phong tang nam nay, hien ca nfldc da cd gan 9.000 GS va PGS, dd sdGS la 1.407 ngfldi (16) CNH, HDH cung vdi chu trfldng md cfla va hoi nhap quo'c te da tao nhieu ed hoi cho tang Idp tri thflc dfldc dao tao va dao tao lai mot each chinh quy va phi chinh quy < ca nfldc va ngoai nfldc Tuy nhien, sfl tang len ve sd Ifldng chfla the ddng nghia vdi sfl tang len ve cha't Ifldng giao due va dao tao Nhin chung nang Iflc tfl doe lap, sang tao, nang liic tii hoe, thflc hanh cua sinh vien td't nghiep dai hoc cdn han che, chfla that sfl dap flng Bill Thi Thanh Hd dfldc nhflng yeu cau cua ndi tuyen dung Vi the, ra't n h i e u lUdt sinh vien da diidc tao xong, r a trifdng m a v l n khong the ed mot ndi l a m viec dn d i n h va k h o n g the flng nhflng yeu cau d a t r a dd'i vdi t i n g Idp tri thflc Thflc te, cha't liidng dao tao hoe va t r e n dai hoc chi dfldc d a n h gia d mflc t r u n g binh, t r o n g dd ky n a n g nghe la nha't (14) gg dao dap dai yeu P h a n tich s a u hdn, ed the tha'y cd ca'u t a n g Idp t r i thflc cua nifdc t a cd nhflng diem chvfa hdp ly Vi du + Cd ca'u ve ty le can bo tfl cao dang, dai hoc den tien si dfldc p h a n b d chMa hop ly vdi nhflng nfldc d a n g tien h a n h CNH.HDH: cao dang: 28,6%; dai hoe: 68,29%; t h a c si: 1,49%; tien si va tien si khoa hoe: 0,93% (6, tr 126-129) + Ty le gifla so' ngfldi cd t r i n h dai hoc, s a u dai hoe/trung hoc c h u y e n nghiep/cdng n h a n ky t h u a t tren the gidi hien la 1/4/10 hoae 1/3/5, d Viet N a m t a i tdng dieu t r a d a n s d n g a y 1/4/1989 la 1/1,16/0,96; den 1/4/1999 la 1/1,13/0,92 va h i e n ty le n a y v l n chfla dfldc cai thien dang ke (7, tr.282) + Ty le can bo khoa hoc - ky t h u a t p h a n bd theo khd'i n g a n h : Khoa hoe ky t h u a t : 34%; khoa hoe ndng - lam - ngfl nghiep: 24%; khoa hoc y - dfldc: 18%; k h o a hoc xa hoi va n h a n van: 13%; khoa hoc tfl nhien: 11% + Ty le p h a n bd' d cac vung: ty le Idn t a p t r u n g t a i cac t h a n h pho': H a Noi, T P Hd Chi Minh, Da N i n g t h a m chi ma't can dd'i t r o n g mot vflng, n g a n h nghe Vi du, tri thflc d vung nfli phia B l c mdi chi chiem 22,7% tdng so' Iflc Ifldng t r i thflc ca nfldc Cd ca'u va p h a n bd t r i thflc d v u n g n a y so vdi tdng so' d a n cdn q u a it, ddng thdi thieu can doi so vdi chinh ngudn lao dong d t a i cac dia phfldng V u n g n u i Bac Trung Bo va v u n g Ddng Bac cd Iflc Ifldng tri thflc ddng h d n v u n g Tay Bac (2) So' Ifldng giao sfl, phd giao sfl p h a n bd' k h a lech t r e n p h a m vi ca nfldc: H a Noi chiem 86,2% sd Ifldng giao sfl; 13,2% sd Ifldng phd giao sfl ca nfldc T h a n h p h t H d Chi Minh chiem 9,5% so' Ifldng giao sfl va 11,3% sd Ifldng phd giao sfl ca nfldc O cac dia phfldng khac ed 4,3% so' giao sfl va 75,5% sd phd giao sfl l a m viec M a c du so' giao sfl/phd giao sfl t a n g d a n g ke n a m 2007 (tang 32%) v a 2008 - 2009 ( t a n g 58%) So' ngfldi dfldc phong chflc d a n h giao sfl/phd giao sfl t a n g h d n l a n so vdi n a m 2005 Ty le giao sii/phd giao sfl c h e n h lech gifla cac n g a n h (chu yeu d n g a n h Y - 21%) t r o n g n a m 2008 - 2009 sd 706 ngfldi dfldc phong tang) (11) + P h a n bd ve sd liidng cac tien si ra't khong ddng deu V u n g ddng b a n g song Hong va vung Dong N a m Bo k h o a n g 90% sd^ tien si ca niidc Trong v u n g nay, t h i sd Ifldng eac tien si lai t a p t r u n g chu yeu d h a i t h a n h p h d H a Noi (63,82%) va Ho Chi M i n h (19,33%) (12) Sfl ma't can ddi p h a n bd a n h hudng den cha't lUdng dao tao ngudn n h a n Iflc T r e n thflc te, nUdc ta c6 369 trUdng dai hoc va cao d i n g (eon sd c6 t h e v l n cdn tang) nhflng chi cd 330 giao sii va phd giao sU (tflc chi 4.7% tdng sd giao sU/pho giao xi t r e n ca nfldc) dang lam nhiem vu giang day Cd k h o a d mot trUdng dai hoc tai H a 40 Xu hudng bien ddi cua tdng Idp tri thdc thdi ky ddi mdi Ndi ed hdn ehue giao sfl, dd cd trfldng dai hoc d dia phfldng khac lai khong cd giao sfl nao -I- Tudi binh quan cua cac giao sfl, phd giao sfl kha cao: Cac giao sfl cd tudi trung binh la 57, eac phd giao sfl la 50 Va'n de giao sfl/phd giao sfl nhfl la mot pham ham, mot so' Idn nhflng ngfldi dfldp phong chflc danh giao sfl/phd giao sfl nam la nhflng ngfldi lam viec cac cd quan hanh chinh, quan 11, khong lien quan gi den giang day dai hoc hay lam nghien cflu khoa hoc Trong 148 ngfldi dfldc phong ham giao sfl, phd giao sfl thuoc nganh y sinh hoe, cd it nha't ngfldi la can bo cao ca'p cua BoYte' (ll) + Chenh lech kha Idn gifla hai gidi ed ca'u can bo khoa hoc cd trinh cao Trinh tien si, nam (85,03%), nfl (14,97%) Ty le tfldng flng d hoe vi tien si khoa hoc la 95,42% va 4,58% Tinh chung ca nam (85,51%) va nfl (14,49%) Nhfl vay, xet ve sd'.lfldng thi doi ngu can bo khoa hoc cd trinh sau dai hoc d nfldc ta kha Idn so vdi nhieu nfldc khu vflc Song ve cha't Ifldng thi cdn nhieu va'n de can quan tam Trong top 200 trfldng dai hoe hang d l u the gidi nam 2007 thi Nhat Ban cd 11 trfldng; Trung Qudc: trfldng; Hdng Kong: trfldng; Han Qudc: trfldng; Singapore: trfldng; Dai Loan: trfldng Viet Nam chfla cd dai dien nao Noi dung dao tao dai hoc lai mang tinh ly thuyet vdi nhflng kien thflc kha lac hau va khong gin vdi thflc tien Vi vay, sinh vien trfldng thieu ky nang lam viec, khong dap flng nhu cau eua cae td chflc sfl dung lao dong Cha't Ifldng dao tao sau dai hoc cua Viet Nam dfldc danh gia la dang di theo cac tieu chuan rieng eua Viet Nam, ma khong theo chuan chung cua the gidi Nhin chung, nhieu luan an tien si khong dam bao hai yeu cau quan nhat la cd tinh hoc thuat va tinh mdi (10) Cha't Ifldng cua cac giao sfl/phd giao sfl d Viet Nam phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to' va ra't khd cd the so sanh va vdi quo'c te Nhieu giao sfl/phd giao sfl d Viet Nam thieu nhflng edng trinh edng bd' qudc te (hay ed nhflng qua "mdng"), lai dfldc phong nhfl mot pham ham Den nay, nfldc ta da edng nhan 1336 giao sfl va 7062 phd giao sfl Vdi tieu chuan phong chflc danh giao sfl/phd giao sfl cdn ba't cap nhfl v^y, cau hoi dat la so' cd bao nhieu ngfldi xflng dang vdi chflc danh dd (?) Giao sfl Hoang Tuy ed phat bieu, chi cd 20% giao sfl/phd giao sfl d Viet Nam la xflng dang vdi chiic danh giao sfl/phd giao sfl theo chuan quo'c te (11) Trong thdi ky ddi mdi, tri thflc Viet Nam da nhan tren nhieu llnh vflc Tuy nhien, so vdi yeu cau nfldc va hoi nhap qudc te boi canh toan cau cong nghe hien dai dang phat trien thi tang Idp tri diem vd han che cd nhflng ddng gdp dang ghi cua sfl nghiep CNH, HDH da't hda va each mang khoa hoc thflc nfldc ta cdn hoc Id nhiidc U'u d i e m va h a n che t r o n g c h i n h s a c h doi vdi t r i thiJfc Theo yeu cau ciia giai doan day manh CNH, HDH va hoi nhap qudc te hien nay, chinh sach ddi vdi tri thflc da hoc lo nhieu nhfldc diem va han che: Bill Thi Thanh Hd 41 - Nhieu dinh hfldng, chinh sach doi vdi tri thflc v l n chi dflng lai d quan diem tfl tfldng ma chfla dfldc the che hda phap luat, chinh sach cua Nha nfldc, dd khong di vao cuoc sd'ng - Cham xay dflng chien Ifldc phat hien, bdi dfldng, dung va tdn vinh nhan tai Idp tri thflc - Chinh sach phat trien cac trfldng dai hoc va cao d i n g hien la each phat trien dan deu (tinh nao cung cd' md eho dfldc mot trfldng dai hoc, cd sd vai; cha't thieu thd'n, doi ngu can bo giang day du trinh ra't mdng) - Vln cdn nhflng bieu hien khong tin cay va sfl dung nhflng tri thflc tai nang, trung thflc, cln dam cd nhflng y kien khac vdi lanh dao, quan ly Chu trfldng xay dflng quy che tfl dan chu hoat dong khoa hoe dfldc de tfl hdn ehue nam trfldc, den van chfla dfldc hien thflc hda - D l u tfl ngan sach Nha nfldc cho cac linh vflc hoat dong chu yeu cua tri thflc, dac biet la d l u tfl cho khoa hoc va sang tao edng nghe, da dan tang len, nhflng ed che quan ly cdn nhieu ba't hdp ly, nen hieu qua tha'p - Viec danh gia va dai ngo lao dong eua tri thflc (the hien cac chinh sach, che ve tien Ifldng, phu ca'p chuyen mon, nhuan but) cd nhieu diem chfla hdp ly\ nhieu che dai ngo mang tinh cao blng nen ed it tac dung khdi day tiem nang sang tao cua tri thflc Hien tfldng "chay cha't xam" gan day d nhieu nganh la sfl phan flng tieu efle doi vdi eac chinh sach dd Cong tac tri thflc eua Dang va Nha nfldc eon nhieu han che Den van chfla cd chien Ifldc tdng the ve t i n g Idp tri thflc Chien Ifldc kinh te - xa hoi chfla that sfl the hien quan diem lay khoa hoc va cong nghe, giao due va dao tao lam "quo'c sach hang dlu", chfla gan vdi eac giai phap phat huy vai trd cua tang Idp tri thflc tren nhieu llnh vflc Nhieu chu trfldng, chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nfldc ve edng tac tri thflc cham di vao cuoc sd'ng, thieu che tai du manh dam bao cho viee thflc hien chinh sach ed hieu qua, mot so'chu trfldng chinh sach khong sat vdi thflc te (4) Cd the tha'y r i n g gifla chu trfldng, quan diem dinh hfldng ciia Dang va Nha nfldc dd'i vdi tri thflc va viec ban hanh cac chinh sach dd'i vdi tri thflc, gifla viee ban hanh eac chinh sach va viee trien khai, thflc hien hda nhflng chinh sach dd cdn cd khoang each kha Idn Ben canh dd, viec xay dflng va ddi mdi chinh sach dfldc thflc hien khong ddng bo, thieu tam nhin he thdng Dieu dd da khong d i n den nhflng thay ddi can ban ve cha't Dfl bao xu hfldng bien ddi thdi gian tdi cua tang Idp tri thiic Den nam 2020, t i n g Idp tri thflc Viet Nam se tiep tuc phat trien nhanh ve sd Ifldng va cha't Ifldng eung vdi qua trinh day manh CNH, HDH da't nfldc Trong bdi Vi du, NgUdi tri thtic "lao tam kho ttf' viet dUdc mot cuon sach thi chi diidc huong 12% gia tri cua saa pham; cd quan phat hanh diidc hUdng 36% (tham chi 40%); gin 40% lai thuoc ve khau in a'n, xua't ban NhU v&y, gia tri cua lao dong tri 6c sang tao phai ching la re mat nha't! 42 Xu hudng bien ddi cua tdng Idp tri thdc thdi ky ddi mdi canh toan cau hda, phat trien kinh te tri thflc, md cfla va Viet Nam cang hoi nhap sau hdn vao diin dan qudc te, tri thflc Viet Nam da va se chu dong thich flng vdi boi canh phat trien mdi de cd the thflc hien td't cae chflc nang va the hien td't vai trd cua minh T i n g Idp tri thflc se cd nhieu thay ddi da dang hdn ve p h l n xuat than, ngudn go'c dao tao, cd cau nganh nghe Chat Ifldng tri thflc se dfldc nang len dang ke de phu hdp vdi hoan canh mdi Tri thflc cd nhflng pham cha't c l n thiet cho hoat dong nghe nghiep: tfl sang tao, kha nang phan bien, dfl bao, tinh nang dong, nd Iflc hoc tap, tfl tin vao ban than, tinh t h i n trach nhiem, hdp tac cang dfldc nang cao Tren thflc te, phan Idn tri thflc vln dfldc dao tao chu yeu nfldc Ddng thdi, se cd mot ty le nhat dinh so hoc sinh, sinh vien gidi, can bo khoa hoc tre dfldc hoc nghien cflu sinh, thflc tap sinh d nfldc ngoai bang eac quy ngoai te nfldc, tai trd tfl nfldc ngoai Muc tieu phat trien tdng the ve kinh te - xa hoi ma Dang va Nha nfldc ta xac dinh la den nam 2020 nfldc ta cd ban trd mot nfldc edng nghiep theo hiidng hien dai Xay dflng t i n g Idp tri thflc thdi ky day manh CNH, HDH vdi mue tieu den nam 2020 cd mot t i n g Idp tri thflc Idn manh, dat chat Ifldng cao, so' Ifldng va cd ca'u hdp ly, dap flng yeu cau phat trien dat nfldc, tflng bfldc tien len ngang tam vdi trinh eua tri thflc cac nfldc khu vflc va the gidi (Van kien dai hoi Dang lln thfl IX) N h a n xet va k h u y e n n g h i Nhflng xu hfldng bien ddi cua t i n g Idp tri thflc Viet Nam neu tren la tat yeu Tuy nhien, mflc bien ddi dien nhanh hay cham lai thuoc ra't nhieu vao cac chinh sach eua Nha nfldc dd'i vdi tri thflc dfldc thflc thi nhfl the nao thflc tien cuoc sd'ng Van de ddi mdi cae chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nfldc dd'i vdi tri thflc va hien thflc hda cac chinh sach dd thflc tien cuoc sd'ng cd y nghia rat quan dd'i vdi qua trinh phat trien nhan each cua ngfldi tri thflc nhflng nam tdi Nhan thflc ro dieu nay, Nghi quyet 27 Hoi nghi l l n thfl BCH Trung fldng Dang khoa X da xac dinh giai phap xay dflng t i n g Idp tri thflc la thflc hien chinh sach dung, dai ngo va tdn vinh tri thflc, dd k h l n g dinh se ban hanh cac chinh sach dam bao de t i n g Idp tri thflc dfldc hfldng dly du Idi Ich vat chat va tinh t h i n tfldng xflng vdi gia tri tfl ket qua lao dong sang tao cua ho Tfl nhflng quan diem vfla neu, cd the de xua't mot so' khuyen nghi ve cac nhdm chinh sach dd'i vdi tri thflc nhfl sau: Nhdm chinh sdch gido due vd ddo tao Md rong quy md va da dang hda cac hinh thflc dao tao dai hoe de dudi kip trinh chung cua the gidi Day nhanh viee hien dai hda eac trfldng dai hoc quo'c gia, nhflng trung tam hang dau viec dao tao doi ngu tri thflc Md rong dao tao Biii Thi Thanh Hd 43 chuyen gia d nfldc ngoai blng ca ngudn Iflc cua Nha nfldc, cua nhan dan va sfl trd giup quo'c te Tang eUdng "tri thflc hda" doi ngu can bo lanh dao, can bo quan ly cae ca'p cua Dang va Nha nudc; "dai hoe hda" can bo lanh dao ca'p huyen, ca'p xa va si quan quan doi; day manh "tri thflc hda" edng nong Cflng vdi qua trinh chung ta phai trien khai can ddi gifla cac vung mien, gifla cae cap, cae nganh ca nfldc Phat trien he thdng giao due - dao tao ve Ifldng phai gan lien vdi viec kiem soat dam bao cha't Ifldng giao due Nang cao cha't Ifldng dao tao ngudn nhan lUc va xay dflng quy che de tri thflc cd dieu kien thfldng xuyen dfldc dao tao lai ve chuyen mon Dieu dd lien quan den ca cha't Ifldng dao tao cua he giao due phd thong Nhdm chinh sdch sii dung vd ddi ngo tri thdc c a n phan loai tang Idp tri thflc tren cd sd dac thu boat dong nghe nghiep de c6 chinh sach sfl dung va dai ngo thich hdp vdi tflng ddi tUdng, khong nen thflc hien che cao bang hay cac chinh sach gio'ng nhfl ngfldi lam hanh chinh Nhflng chinh sach phu hdp vdi dinh hudng flu tien cua mue tieu phat trien kinh te - xa hoi tflng giai doan va thflc trang ngudn Iflc tri thflc hien Ngay tfl bay gid Nha nUde cln phai ed nhflng chinh sach chuyen biet dd'i vdi tri thflc d nhflng nganh mui nhon, phu hdp vdi muc tieu hoi nhap cua Viet Nam vao nen kinh te cua the gidi Nhdm chinh sdch dodn ket, tap hgp rong rdi cdc tdng Idp tri thdc Tap hdp, doan ket rong rai t i n g Idp tri thflc, lam eho t i n g Idp that sfl trd hdp phan quan trong lien minh chien Iflde edng nhan - ndng dan - tri thflc d nfldc va khuyen khich tri thflc ngfldi Viet Nam dinh efl d nfldc ngoai tham gia xay dflng dat nfldc dfldi nhieu hinh thflc Tri thflc la mot chinh the tron ven, thong nhat, hoat dong eua ho chiu sfl chi pho'i ddng thdi cua nhieu nhan to khac Tuy vao mdi quan tam eua mdi ngfldi moi thdi diem phat trien ma coi nhan to' (dong Ifle) nao dd hdn so vdi cac nhan to' khac (dong Iflc khac) Do vay, viec ket hdp ddng bo nhieu giai phap khac edng tac quan ly se tri, phat huy va nang cao hieu qua vai trd cua tri thflc, tan dung ngudn tai chinh va nhan Ifle ma van khong lam giam hieu qua cua tflng giai phap da neu./ Tai lieu tham khao Bao cao chuyen de eua de tai: "Xu hiidng bien ddi eg cdu xd hdi Viet Nam thdi ky ddi mdi day manh edng nghiep hda, hien dgi hda" Vien Khoa hoc Xa hoi Viet Nam, Ha Noi, 2008 Trinh Quang Canh, Tri thdc miin nui phia Bdc sU nghiep cong nghiep hda, hien dgi hda vung ddn tdc thieu so, Tap chi Giao due Ly luan, sd 10/2004 44 Xu hudng bien ddi ciia tdng Idp tri thdc thdi ky ddi mdi Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn kien dgi hdi dgi bieu todn qudc Idn thd X Nxb Chinh tri quo'c gia Ha Noi, 2006 Dang Cong san Viet Nam, Vdn kien hdi nghi lan thd BCHTLf khda X Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Noi, 2008 De tai ca'p Nha nfldc "Nhdn cdch vdn hda tri thdc Viet Nam tien trinh ddi mdi vd hdi nhap qudc te!\ Bao cao tdng hdp de tai khoa hoc cap nha nfldc Ma sd: KX 03.11/06-10 Chu nhiem de tai: PGS.TS Le Thi Thanh Hfldng Ha Noi, nam 2009 Nguyin Die Hflng, Tri thdc Viet Nam tien cung thdi dgi Nxb, Chinh tri qudc gia Ha Noi, 2008 Dang Hflu (chu bien), Phdt trien kinh tetri thdc: Rut ngan qud trinh cong nghiep hda, hien dgi hda Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia Ha Noi, 2003 Tdng cue Thdng ke: So lieu diiu tra mdu vi lao ddng vd viec Idm thdi diem 18-2007 Tdng cue Thdng ke: Nien gidm thdng ke 2006 Nxb Thdng ke Ha Noi 2007 10 TrIn v a n Tho, Vi vdn di hgc vi tie'n si Tap chi Tia Sang, Sd t h i n g 9/2003 11 Nguyin Van Tua'n, 80% gido sii Viet chiia xdng tdm quo'c te 2/12/2009 TuIn Viet Nam Net 12 Vien Khoa hoc Giao due Viet Nam, Kinh nghiem cua mot sd nddc vi phdt trien gido due vd ddo tgo khoa hgc vd cong nghe gdn vdi xay dUng dgi ngu tri thdc Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Noi, 2008 13 Huynh Khai Vinh, Nhdng vdn di vdn hda Viet Nam diicfng dgi, Vien Van hda va Nxb v a n hda - Thdng tin Ha Noi, 2001 14 De tai cap Nha nfldc "Ddi mdi chinh sdch dd'i vdi tri thdc KH&CN thdi ky CNH,HDH ddt niidc" Bdo cdo tdng ket di tdi ddc lap cdp Nhd niidc, Md sdDTDL-2003/27, chu nhiem di tdi: GS.TSKH Nguyin Hdu Tdng, Hd Ndi ndm 2007 15 So' lieu thdng ke Giao due, Vu Ke hoach Tai chinh Bo Giao due va Dao tao, nam 2010 16 Bao dien tfl: Dantri.com 15.11.2010 17 "Top.g dieu tra dan so'vd nhd d Viet Nam ndm 2009 Cdc ket qud chu yeu" Ban chi dao Tdng dieu tra dan so' va nha d Trung fldng  ... nghiep CNH, HDH dat niidc vd hdi nhap qudc te ngdy Thflc t r a n g va xu hfldng bien ddi cua t a n g Idp t r i thiic nfldc t a Trong nhflng nam qua, t i n g Idp tri thflc nfldc ta da cd sfl phat... 36% (tham chi 40%); gin 40% lai thuoc ve khau in a'n, xua't ban NhU v&y, gia tri cua lao dong tri 6c sang tao phai ching la re mat nha't! 42 Xu hudng bien ddi cua tdng Idp tri thdc thdi ky ddi... hdn, thu nhap cao hdn Nghi quye't cua Dang da khang dinh vai trd to Idn eua tang Idp tri thflc: "Trong mgi thdi dgi, tri thdc Id nin tdng cua tien bd xd hdi, ddi ngu tri thdc Id liic liicfng nong