Xu hướng biến đổi giáo dục của hộ gia đình nông thôn trong thời kỳ đổi mới.pdf

38 xa hoi hgc so (126), 2014 XU HirCiNG BIEN DOI GIAO DUG CUA H O GIA DIlSfH NONG THON TRONG T H I K Y DOI M I ' NGUYEN DCC TRUYEN* TRAN TH! THAI HA" Nhap de Su xudt hien ciia ndng nghidp da tao qua trinh dinh canh dinh cu lam eo sd cho sy hinh cua mdt he thing kinh tl ty cung ty cdp, van tri cac quan h? vdi nIn kinh tl bdn ngoai Td ehuc cua nhdm hd gia dinh cd tdm quan trpng td chdc ddi sing kinh tl va ddi sdng xa hdi cua cdc cpng ddng mang tinh dia phuong va xd hpi ting thi dupe xdc lap cung vdi su xuat Men eiia Nhd nude Nhdng khdc bidt vl kinh tl vd xd hdi cua ede hd gia dinh ndng thdn khdng chi cho thdy nhiing hoan canh, nhdng dilu kien vat chdt vd tinh thdn tac dOng din tinh trang giao due, ma chd ydu la nhung ehiln lupc phat triin kinh td vd xd hpi cua hp gia dinh c6 tdc ddng quan trpng ddn cdc khuynh hudng phat tridn giao dye cua hp Cung chinh vi giao due khdng chi cd chdc ndng xa hdi hda cac vien hd gia dinh, ma cdn bdo dam sy phdt triin ngudn nhan lye thyc hien cdc chidn lupc phat trien kinh te xa hpi cua nd, ndn cdc hd gia dinh ndng thdn ngdy rat quan tdm den giao due eua cdi hp d cdc cap hpc cua nhd trudng Nhiing khuynh hudng phdt tridn gido due khde cda cdc hd gia dinh ndng thdn ciing cd the dupe xem nhu la chien lupc phdt tridn gido due phd hpp vdi cac chien lupc phdt tridn kinh te xa hdi ciia hp Khdi niem chidn lupc phat tridn kinh te - xa hdi cd chien luge phat tridn giao due cda hp gia dinh dupe nit tu each tiep can xa hdi hpe hi?n dai ed ten la ehu nghia cd nhan phuong phdp ludn Raymond Boudon, nhd xa hdi hpe ngudi Phdp khdi xudng Tde gid eho rdng khdi niem chien lupc hdnh ddng cua cac cd nhdn am ehi hp Id nhiing tdc nhdn xa hpi cd y thdc ve nhiing didu kien khach quan dupe dp d|t bdi moi trudng xa hdi, hay mdi trudng boat ddng cua hp vdi tu cdch Id h? thdng xa hdi ma hp tham gia vdo do, va y thdc dupe nhiing nang lye chu quan cda hp (vdn kinh td, vdn xd hdi, vdn van hda,v.v ), dd td dd dua dupe nhiing dy dinh, nhung muc tidu va nhdng phuang thue hdnh ddng cu thi hay chiln lupe hanh dpng nhdm khdc phue nhirng khd TS, Vi^n Tdi dfnh cw TS, Vien Khoa hgc gido due ' Bai viet la san phSm ciia 06 tai nghien cihi VI2.3-2011.12 dugc tSi trg bdi QuJ Ph6t trien khoa hgc v4 cong ngh? qu6c gia (Nafosted) Nguyen BOc Truyen, Trdn Thi Thdi Hd khan khach quan, ddng thdi phat huy dupe nhiing thuan loi ehu quan dd dem lai cho ban than hp nhieu loi ich nhdt Thyc tr^ng phdt trien kinh te xa hoi va chien lu^c phat trien gido due cua cac h9 gia dinh nong thon hien 2.1, Thuc trang phdt trien liinh te xd hgi cua cdc ho gia dinh ndng thdn Khi kinh tl hp ndng dan dupe chinh thuc khdi phuc ndng thdn, cdc hd ndng thdn khdng edn giii nguydn tinh trang hoat ddng kinh te ndng nghiep thuan ndng cling vdi cae boat ddng kinh td phu gia dinh, bao gdm cdc hoat ddng phi ndng nhu budn ban nhd, thu cdng nghidp va dich vu nhu trude Kinh tl thj trudng vd sy phdt triin cua kinh td hp gia dinh ed xu hudng thu hep ede hoat dpng ndng lam nghidp cd gid trj thu nhap ngdy edng thdp so vdi gid tri thu nhap ciia cae boat ddng kinh td phi ndng dd trd ndn phd bien ndng thdn Theo kdt qud didu tra Mdc sdng ddn eu Viet Nam nam 1997 -1998 (Tdng cyc Thdng ke, 2000), cac chien lupc phat trien kinh te xa hdi cua cac hp ndng thdn da tao mdt trat ty thu nh$p, chi tieu hay muc sdng cda hp nhu sau: - Cdc nhdm hp ty lam phi ndng nghiep cd ty le chi tieu hay thu nhdp vd muc sdng cao nhdt (51,81%), - Nhom lam cdng, lam thue cd ty Id chi tidu cao thd hai (46,42%), - Nhdm ty 1dm phi ndng nghiep, lam cdng, 1dm thud cd ty Id chi tidu cao thd ba (33,68%), - Nhdm ty lam ndng 1dm nghiep va phi ndng Idm nghidp cd ty 1? chi tieu cao thd tu (13,50%), - Nhdm tu 1dm ndng lam nghidp ed ty Id chi tieu eao thd ndm (9,94%) - Nhdm ty 1dm ndng lam nghidp, phi ndng lam nghiep va lam thud cd ty le chi tieu cao thu sau (9,06%) - Nhdm ty lam ndng Idm nghiep va lam thue cd ty 1? ehi tidu cao thd bdy (8,56%) Trong trat ty cac nhdm chi tieu d trdn, cdc nhdm ed lidn quan din ho^t ddng ndng lam nghiep ludn ed ty Id chi tidu thdp hon so vdi cac nhdm khdng lam ndng lam nghiep Trong cdc nhdm lam phi ndng nghidp va lam cdng, nhdm lam phi ndng nghi?p cd ty 1? chi tidu cao hon Tuy nhien thye tien cua ddi sdng kinh tl d ndng thdn, nhimg ly chu quan vd khach quan, cdc hp gia dinh van tap trung vdo cac hogt ddng ndng lam nghidp ddng hon cae nhdm khac (Ting cue Thing kd, 2000): - Nhdm ty 1dm ndng lam nghi$p van chiem ty le cao nhdt (43,97%), - Nhdm ty lam ndng lam nghidp va lam thue ddng vi tri thd hai (15,51%), - Nhdm ty lam ndng 1dm nghi?p va phi ndng 1dm nghidp ddng thd ba (13,49%), - Nhdm ty lam phi ndng lam nghi$p dimg vi tri thd tu (12,08%), - Nhdm lam cdng, lam thud ddng vj tri thd ndm (11,78%), 40 Xu hudng biin ddi gido due ciia hg gia dinh - Nhdm tg 1dm ndng Idm nghidp vd phi ndng 1dm nghidp, 1dm thue ddng thii sdu (1,73%), - Nhdm tu lam ndng 1dm nghiep vd Idm thue, ddng thd bay (1,44%) Theo logic quan he giira muc thu nhdp vd cde nhdm xd hdi nghi nghipp ndng thdn, cd thi so sanh ttdt tu cdc nhdm thu nhdp vdi cde nhdm nghi nghiep theo thu tu quy ude sau: Ql tuong ducmg vdi mdc sdng ngheo, Q2 la can ngheo, Q3 la binh, Q4 Id khd gia vd Q5 Id gidu ed - Ql Id nhdm tu Idm ndng lam nghiep, lam thud va phi ndng nghiep, - Q2 Id nhdm tu lam ndng lam nghidp, - Q3 Id nhdm tu lam ndng 1dm nghipp, phi ndng nghipp, - Q4 la nhdm tu lam cdng lam thue, - Q5 La nhdm tu Idm phi ndng nghiep Theo nhdng quan sat tir thuc tiin phdt triin kinh tl cua cdc hp ndng thdn nhiing ndm sau D6i mdi, cd thi thdy rdng hdu hit cdc h$ ndng thdn trudc Ddi mdi deu Idm ndng nghiep nen diu ed rudng ddt theo hgp dong vdi Nhd nude Nhiing hd cd muc thu nhdp cao nhdt la nhftng hd tu xua da cd nghi phi ndng nghiep truyln thong hay mdi hpe, ddng thdi ed dugc cdc ngudn vdn, kj? thudt vd quan hd thi trudng nen dd timg budc kit hgp nghi ndng vdi cac nghd phi ndng rdi ehuyin hdn sang kinh doanh cdc nghi phi ndng (budn ban, thu cdng nghipp, ehl biln ndng sdn, v.v ) Hai Id mdt sd hp luc ddu kit hgp nghi ndng vdi ede hoiit dgng dich vu rdi ehuyin sang kinh doanh dich vu thudn tuy, nen eho du hogt ddng theo kieu Idm cdng lam thue nhung ed eo sd kinh doanh gia dinh nen hieu qua cao hon hdn nhihig ngudi lam edng theo kieu lao dpng phd thdng hay Idm cdng nhdt Nhung hp vdn d tinh trang vira lam ndng nghipp vd cdc nghe phi ndng eho thdy sg ehuyin ddi cua hg gap nhieu khd khan nhung du thu nhdp id nghe phi ndng edn khiem tdn cung ed the giup hp vugt qua tinh trgng t\r cung tu cap de thodt ngheo Vdi ede hd ndng nghiep thuan tuy, boi canh gid tri tidng sdn kinh te thi hudng ngdy cang mdt gid, gid vjt tu ndng nghi$p ngdy cdng cao thi hp chi cd thi cd mdc song cdn ngheo hay ngheo Vdi cde nhdm hd vira lam ndng nghipp, vira Idm phi ndng nghiep va Idm thue cho thay hp ed qud it rudng hay cde hogt dpng phi ndng eua hp kem hieu qud nen van thira lao ddng dl di Idm thue, vi thi hg ehi la nhOng hd ngheo hay edn ngheo 2.2 Chiin luacphdt triin gido due cda cdc hp gia dinli ndng thdn 2.2.1 Muc sdng cua ho gia dinh vd ty If di hgc cua can cai Theo Bdo edo cua Ngdn hang Thi gidi, nhftng biln doi kinh tl xa hgi td sau D6i mdi da cd dnh hudng manh me din ty Id di hpc cua hpc sinh d mpi cdp Ty Ip di hpc d tdt ca ede nhdm ddn sd diu tang len hong giai doan 1992-2008 Vdo ndm 2011, ty le di hpc d Nguyen Buc Truyin Trdn Thi Thai Hd bde tilu hpc la 95%, d bac trung hpc co sd 92% va d bdc trung hpe phi thdng 69% Theo xu hudng chimg eiia giai doan 16 nam nay, ty If di hpc d cdp tidu hpe va trung hpc co sd Idn luat tang them 12% vd 28% va gan dgt muc phd cap Thdnh tyu dn tupng nhdt eua Viet Nam la d bde trung hpc co sd vi ty Id di hpe d b^c da tdng 164% (Ngan hang Thd gidi, 2011) Nhung neu so sdnh gida cdc nhdm hpc sinh d khu vyc thdnh thi, thupc nhom thu nhdp eao, thupe nhdm ddn tpc chiem da sd, vdng Ddng bdng sdng Hdng va Duydn hdi thudng cd ty Id di hpc cao hon nhdng nhdm hpe sinh cdn lai Vi du, ty le di hpe bdc trung hpc phd thdng la 65% ddi vdi hpc sinh ndng thdn, nhung len tdi 79% ddi vdi hpc sinh thi Ty If di hpe eua nhdm thu nhap thdp eung ludn dudi mdc trung binh eua cd nude: 84% dii vdi bde trung hpc ca sd va 48% d bdc trung hpe phi thdng (nam 2006) Didu cd nghTa la d bde trung hpe phd thdng, nhdm cd thu nhap cao cd ty le di hpc cao gdp 1,8 lan so vdi nhdm cd thu nhap thdp Dd ed mpt cdi nhin cy thd hon ve sy phdn tdng mdc sdng ndng thdn vd so sdnh nd vdi phan tdng mdc sdng ca nude, cd thi dya vao bdng phan tich sd lieu vl cdc nhdm ehi tieu ciia Tdng cue Thing ke nam 1998 (VHLSS) Sd lieu eho thdy (bang 1), eac nhdm ehi tieu eua ndng thdn ludn chilm da sd tuyft doi d nhdm ngu vi phan ddu tidn bao gdm: Ql: 96,9% ; Q2: 92,92% ; Q3: 88,13% ; Q4: 73,08% ma ta cd the xem ehung theo trat tu ede nhdm ngheo, can ngheo, trung binh, va nhdm kha gia Trong d nhdm cuoi cung, nhdm Q5: 34,56%, sd hd ndng thdn chi chilm ty le thidu sd (hon 1/3) Bdng 1: PhSn b6 dSn cir theo khu vy^ th&nh thj - nong thdn v^ nhdm chi tieu Dan vj: % Nhom chi tiSu Chung Ql Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Chung 100 100 100 100 100 100 Thinh thi 24,88 3,10 7,08 11,87 26,92 65,44 Nong tlidn 75,12 96,90 92,92 88,13 73,08 34,56 Ngudn: Tdng cue Thdng ke, 1998 Bdng su quy chieu tren chung ta cd the dpe bang phdn bd ty Ip di hpe eua Ngdn hdng Thi gidi thdi ky 1992-2008 (bang 2), vdi cdc ty Ip di hpc trung binh eua ndng thdn vd eua cdc nhdm ehi tieu d ca ba edp hpc (TH, THCS va THPT) Trong bang ndy, ty Ip di hgc trung binh cda ndng thdn so vdi ty le di hgc trung binh ca nude ndm 2006 d ba cap ludn thdp hem mpt chut d hai cdp ddu nhung thdp nhilu han d cdp THPT: 41 42 Xu hudng bien doi gido due cua hp gia dinh Bang 2: Ty I? di hgc ft cSc cap hgc theo cdc nhfim chi tiSu Dan vj: I Ca nude N6ng thon Ql Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 TiSu liQc 95,5 94,8 92,1 95,6 96,9 98,1 98,3 Trung hoc ca sd 91,4 90,5 83,5 91,4 93,6 96,4 97,4 Trung hoc ph6 th6ng 68,6 65,7 47,5 63,4 73,7 74,7 86,0 Nguon: Nores, 2008a Vdi bdng ty le di hpe theo nhdm thu nhdp vd ndng thdn nay, chung ta thay chi si di hpc cua nhdm ngheo ludn thap hon cdc ehi sd eua ndng thdn vd ed nude hai cap TH va THCS, ty Id di hpe cda nhdm can nghdo (Q2) cao ban t^ Id chung cda ndng thdn vd bdng t^ Id trung binh ca nude, nhung d edp THPT, ty Id di hpc trung binh cda ndng thdn vd ed nude cao hon nhidu t^ Id di hpc cda nhdm Q2 vd d khoang gida cde ty Id di hpe cua Q2 vd Q3 Nhu thd chi cde nhdm cd mdc sdng trung binh trd len d ndng thdn mdi cd ty Id di hpe d cap THPT tuong duong va cao hon so vdi cdc ty 1? di hpc cua khu vyc ndng thdn va ca nude Vide xdc dinh vd mat thdng ke mdi quan h? giita mue sdng cua cac nhdm hp ndng thdn vdi ty le di hpc cua hpc sinh thudc ede nhdm hd ed thi dupe giai thich bdng kinh nghidm xa hpi d chd ddi vdi tre em cd hoan cdnh khd khan, chi phi di hpc cao cd thi ban chd khd nang di hpc ciia cdc em, edn dde diem hoan cdnh gia dinh cd thi cdn trd kha nang hpc tap cua cac em cde em phai tham gia edng vi^c gia dinh Giai thich thudng gdp nhat dii vdi hien tuang bd hpc (hay khdng nh^p hpc) Id "ly ngheo" (UNICEF, 2008) ThEim ehi mac du vin ed gia djnh rang vide eho tre em di hpc se thu dupe nhieu Ipi ich sau ndy, chi phi hien cd thi duac cho la qua cao Vi dy, cac gia dinh ngheo khdng the todn dupe cac chi phi lien quan tdi vi?e di hpc nhu tidn mua tdi li?u va phi nh|ip hgc Tre em eung cd thi ddng mpt vai trd quan trpng kinh tl gia dinh va thdi gian cda mdt dda tre cd y nghia quan trpng ddi vdi gia dinh, vi?e di hpe cua tre ed thdm "chi phi CO hpi" Tuy nhien, cimg vdi nhdng ddi thay vl kinh tl xd hOi ndng thdn tu euli nhung nam 80 trd lai day, cd thi chimg kiln mdt sy thay ddi tich cyc vl ty Id di hpc eua hpe sinh ndng thdn, nhdt la d hai cdp tilu hpe vd trung hpc ca sd (bang 3) Giua cde nhdm thu nh^p, sy chdnh lech ve ty 1^ di hpc d bdc tilu hpc va trung hpc ciing giam di nhilu nhung van cao d bdc trung hpe phd thdng Khodng each di hpc giiia cde nhdm thu nhdp d cdc cdp tilu hpc va trung hpc co sd ddu gidm, dd khoang each di hpe d b$c trung hpc phi thdng ehi cd khodng each gida nhdm thu nh^p cao va nhdm thu nhdp trung binh la gidm, edn khoang cdch gida eac nhdm thu nh$p trung binh vd nhdm thu nhdp cao vdi nhdm rat ngheo tdng gdp hai vd ba Idn, dilu eho thay ty I? di hpc cda nhdm rdt Nguyen Buc Truyen, Trdn Thi Thdi Hd ngheo dang tyt l?u phia sau rdt nhilu Trong cde nhdm cd hodn ednh kinh te dupe edi thien eiing la nhiing nhdm cai thien tinh hinh gido due eua eon edi hp, vi thd ed thi eho rdng cae chiln lupe phdt triin kinh td xa hpi gia dinh ludn ed tdc dpng hay gdn liln vdi chidn lupc phdt triin gido due ciia hp Bdng 3: Khodng cdch ve tj* 1$ di hgc giira cic chi bdo dSn si dirge chgn Tieu hoc Trung hoc cor sd' Trung hoc ph6 thOng 92 98 04 06 08 92 98 04 06 08 13,2 2,8 11,7 9,4 2,8 4,4 3,5 ~ - 17,8 15,0 11,8 10,1 12,1' 6,6 1,5 3,8 13,4 13,8 92 98 04 06 08 11,4 12,7 14,4 TTianhlhi1,9 2,9 2,9 Q3-Q1 18,8 12,3 9,2 4,9 Q5-Q3 6,6 0,8 1,4 1,4 Q5-Q1 25,4 13,1 10,6 6,3 Noi^lhon 29,9 21,6 - 25,9 26,7 11,4 15,2 23,6 26,2 26,8 38,1 12,8 12,2 38,2 53,3 36,4 38,5 _ - Ngudn: Ngdn hdng The gidi, 2011 Vai trd eua hd gia dinh ddi vdi vipe di hoc dung dp tudi eua tre em ludn ed tinh quyet dinh, vl dd Id y thdc vd hach nhiem cua cha mp ddi vdi vide hpc hdnh eua cdi vd dilu ndy cd thd khdng phy thudc vdo hodn catih gia dinh edng nhu y mudn cua tre em, nhdt Id t^ cde xa dia phuong diu dd cd trudng tidu hpc va trung hpc co sd ndm 1997 Theo bao cao cua Ngdn hdng The gidi, ty Ip di hpc dung dp tuoi vd ty If di hoc cda hgc sinh khdng khde nhilu d bdc tieu hgc (khodng 5%) Tuy nhien, vai hd cua gia dinh vipe theo ddi dpng vidn vd ho trp hpe sinh hpc tdp khdng thudng xuyen dd dan tdi tinh hang bd hpc vd luu ban d cdp tieu hpc vd sv gidm ty Ip di hpc dung dp tudi cua hpc sinh d cap THCS Ty Ip di hpc dung dp tudi thdp hon ty 1$ di hgc tdi khodng 33% d bde trung hoc ca sd vao nhihig ndm 1990, mdc du mde ehenh Ipch ndy giam xudng cdn 15% giai doan 2006 - 2008 Dilu ndy eho thdy hipu qud giao due da dupe eai thipn cdp hgc phd thdng, muc ehenh Ipch giua hai chi sd xdp xi 30% vao cuoi nhimg nam 1990 vd giam xudng cdn mpt nua ndm 2008 Su khdc biet giOa hai chi sd di hpc dung dp tudi vd di hoc edng Idn ddi vdi khu vue ndng thdn vd eac nhdm thu nhdp thap Dieu dd ed nghia Id hipu qud giao d\ic cho nhihig nhdm ndy thdp hem rdt nhilu, vdn dl eung dugc phdt hipn xdy d c4p tieu hpc Svr kem hipu qua ndy xuat phat tit viec khdng hoan thdnh bde hgc va lim ban cung nhu svr tri hoan nhdp hgc lue ddiL Ty 1$ di hpe ddng dp tudi cua tdt cd cdc nhdm dan cu ndy deu tdng giai dofin 1992 - 2008 Hien nay, t^ Ip di hpc diing dp tudi tdng len tdi 88% doi vdi gido dye tilu hgc, 78% doi vdi gido dvic trung hpc ca sd va 50% ddi vdi gido dvic trung hpc thdng Ty Ip dTmg buih cua cd nude dd che day su: ehenh Ipch giOa khu vvrc ndng thdn va thdnh thi Ty I? di hpe dung dd tudi bdc himg hgc thdng Idn lugt Id 47% vd 43 44 Xu hudng bien doi gido due cua hg gia dinh 63% Ciing vEiy, nhiing tac ddng eua ehinh sdch vd cua phat triin kinh tl xd hOi hi$n thyc cung gdn nhu ehe khudt nhiing no lye eua cdc nhdm h$ gia dinh ndng thdn khdc ho ed nhdng ty Id di hpc xich Igi gdn Vd vi thi chi d cdp phd thdng trung hpe, nhiing no lye, khuynh hudng hay chiln lupc phdt tridn giao due cda eac nhdm hO gia dinh mdi cd co hpi thd hien rd ret 2.2.2 Muc sdng cua hp gia dinh vd ddu tu cho hpc tap cda cdi Trong ehiln luac phat triin gido due cua hd gia dinh, chi tieu eho vi?e hpe tdp ciia eon cai ludn la mpt chi bdo quan trpng, bdi nd khdng chi phdn dnh dilu kien va ndng lye md cd nhdng dinh hudng chiln lupc lan nguyen vpng va y chi cua hp Trong cupc dilu tra mde sdng ddn cu Vi?t Nam 1998 (bang 4), ehi phi trung binh eho gido dye trdn cd nude rdt cao Mdc chi chung cho gido dye, d cap nha tre - mau giao, tilu hpc vd trung hpc co sd, ludn xdp xi mdc chi trung binh eua nhdm hp ed muc thu nh?ip eao thu tu trdn bang phdn hang ndm bdc (tue nhdm thu nhdp khd hay (Q4)) Nhung td cdp trung hoc phd thdng vd dgy nghi, mdc chi phi trung binh cd nude ludn vupt mdc chi cua nhdm thd tu td 200 ngdn ddng ddn 400 ngan ddng Rieng d cap dai hpc vd cao ddng, mdc chi chung ca nude eao ban mdc chi cua nhdm thd tu tdi 400 ngdn ding va chi kem mdc chi cua nhdm gidu nhat (nhdm Q5) 300 ngdn ddng Dieu ndy muon ndi rang mde ehi tieu trung bmh cho gido due cua cae nhdm hp gia dinh ludn vupt qua kha ndng thyc td cua cac nhdm hd nghdo, can ngheo vd trung binh, vd chi tuong ung vdi kha ndng chi tidu ciia hai nhdm hp thu nh^p eao nhat Vi the, sy cd m^t cua cai cdc hp gia dinh thu nhdp thdp va trung binh d mpi cdp hpc Id mpt nS lye hit sde vd nd eho thay tdm quan trpng ciia chidn lupc giao dye vdi mpi tdng lop dan cu d ndng thdn dd dupe khdng dinh Bdng 4: Chi tieu cho gido dye binh quSn h9c sinh 12 thdng theo nhdm chi tiSu vd cdp h^c Dan vi: 1.000 Vnd Chung Chung Nhi tr6/m§u giio Tlhx hoc Trung hgc CO sd 546.9 355.8 249.0 488.1 1.187,9 Djy nghS D^i hpc 1.923,1 3.543,0 Nhdm chi tieu 137.9 57.6 112.6 211.9 576.5 0.0 1.500,0 224.2 118.2 170.1 276.3 631,7 796.2 1.422,4 338.7 140.8 230.9 378.0 762.0 1.198,9 1.773,1 588.3 361.3 301.7 501.1 9564 1.499,9 3.122,6 1.554,9 1.298,1 761.5 1.080,6 1.815,9 2.694,3 3.805,1 Ngudn: Tdng cue Thdng ke, VLSS, 1998 Nguyen Buc Truyen, Trdn Thi Thdi Hd 45 Khi hodn canh gia dinh qud khd khdn, trien vpng hpc tap cda eon cai khdng kha quan, ede hp gia dinh ndng thdn ngheo thudng khdng ed y dinh phdt triin chiln lupc gido dye, chdm ddt mpi ddu tu hpc tdp cho cai, kd cd hpc nghi Ddy chinh la tinh hudng xay vdi nhdm ngh^o myc ddu tu cho eai hpc ede trudng day nghi d bang trdn cd ehi sd bdng "0,0" Bdi eac chien lupc phdt triin kinh tl hay xa hpi cua hd gia dinh khdng cd dupe bat ed ea hdi nao ca tu phia khdeh quan (didu kien vat chdt gia dinh) lan phia chd quan (ndng lye eon cai) dd hinh thdnh va phat triin 2.2.3 Chi tieu cho gido d^tc vd vi tri cua gido due chiin lupc phdt triin xd hpi vd vdn hda cua hp gia dinh Ddi vdi eac hd gia dinh ndng thdn, cde chiln lupc kinh tl cua ho cung thd hien ede ehien lupe xa hpi vd vdn hda eua hp Ngudi cd thu nhsip cao cd nghia la ed mde sdng cao ban, hay dat dupe nhdng ehudn myc xd hdi eao ban nhung ngudi khac cOng ddng hay xa hpi Nhdng ehudn myc duac thd hien cac hdnh vi tidu dung mang tinh bilu trung cua cdc gia tri xa hpi nhu: "gidu sang" Id gid tri cda ngudi cd nhieu tien eua va cd cdch sdng hay each tieu dung thudc tdng Idp dupe nl trpng xd hdi Vi thi, tidu ddng khdng chi thi hien hodn cdnh sdng thyc cua eon ngudi ma edn the hi$n phong each sdng hay cde ehien lupe xa hpi va bidu trung cua hp Trong cupc dieu tra mdc sdng dan cu ndm 1998, bang co cdu chi tidu cho ddi sdng cua khu vue thdnh thi va ndng thdn eho thdy, ty Id chi cho dn, udng, hut (44,92%) cua khu vyc dd thj thap hon ty le chi ngodi an, udng, hut (55,08%), tdc ngudi dd thj uu tidn eho cde khoan ehi ngodi dn udng hut hon hay hoan cdnh kinh td cua hp khdng cdn bi cdc nhu cau thiet yeu eua sy tdn tai ehi phoi, ndn hp da cd the thye hi$n sy lya chpn chi tidu theo sd thich cua minh Trong dd khu vye ndng thdn cd ty If ehi dn, udng, hut cao tdi 59,21%, cdn chi ngodi 5n, udng, hut ehi la 40,79%, cd nghia Id khu vyc ndng thdn chi ed thd ddm bdo cac nhu cau vgt chat thiet yeu ma chua thi cdn bdng hay uu tidn cho cde nhu cdu khde cda hp Trong trat ty uu tien cho cde nhu cdu ngodi dn, uong, hut eua khu vye dd thj, cd ba nhu cdu dupe uu tien cao nhdt: mdt la ehi cho "dd dung Idu bin" chilm 14,99%, hai la nhu cdu vd "nha d" chilm 10,74% vd thd ba la nhu cdu vl "Gido dye" chilm 7,90% Trong do, tr$t ty uu tien cua khu vyc ndng thdn khodn chi la: mpt Id "dd dung lau bdn" chiem 9,94%, hai la nhu edu "y td" chiem 5,94%, ba la nhu cdu vd "gido dye" chidm 5,17% Cd the ndi rdng trat ty cde nhu cdu ngoai dn, udng, hut dupe uu tidn d ca hai khu vyc kha ddng nhdt nhu cdu "dd dung Idu bin" ludn ddng thd nhdt, vd nhu edu "gido dye" ludn ddng thd ba trat ty chi tidu uu tien eua hai khu vye Sy khdc nhdt ehi la vj tri thu hai trdt ty cdc nhu cdu dupe uu tien cua hai khu vye Vj tri uu tidn thu hai tr^t tu ehi tidu d dd thj la chi cho "nhd d", edn cua khu vyc ndng thdn la nhu cdu chi cho "y tl" 46 Xu hudng biin ddi gido due cda hg gia dinh Nhung vdi khoan chi cho giao due duge mgi nhdm dan cu dl cao cho thdy nhu cdu gido due tit quan niem truyln thdng chu ylu mang tinh bilu trung dang trd thdnh mpt nhu cdu thire tiin Bdi vi gido dvic hien khdng chi thda mdn nhu cdu nhdn thiic nhdm cdi thien ddi sdng tinh thdn ngudi, md cdn la phuong tien hiiu ich nham thay ddi hoan cdnh sdng cd vl vat chdt vd tinh thdn, nhdt Id thay dii vi tri xa hpi eua hp thvrc tien chd khdng chi thd gidi bieu trung Trong thvre tien hipn nay, san xuat ndng nghipp cdng cdn cd tri thuc cua khoa hpc ky thudt, khoa hpc quan ly kinh te vd td chdc dl ed thi phdt triin kinh tl hp gia dinh kinh tl thi trudng hay ehuyin ddi sang cac md hinh kinh tl phi ndng hode hdn hgp Hon nila vdi cde elp dp gido due d bac dai hpe ngudi ta ed thi thay d6i hodn ednh sdng vd vi thi xa hdi cua hg thodt ly ndng nghipp ndng thdn Tu nam 2002 din 2010, ea edu ehi tieu eho ddi sdng cua vimg ndng thdn ciing nhu cua ca nude ed nhilu thay ddi Svt ehenh lech giiia ty le chi cho dn, udng, hut va ngodi an, udng, hut cd su cdn bdng hon cd Igi cho khodn ehi ngoai dn, udng, hut khoang td din 4% Day Id su tde ddng eua cdng nghipp hda vd dd thi hda dSn Idi sdng ngudi ddn, ed d eac vimg ndng thdn Ndm 2010, ty Ip ehi cho dn, udng, hit d ndng thdn chi cdn 56,1%, thay vi 60% ndm 2002, va ty Ip chi cho ngodi dn, udng, hut tdng len 43,9% thay vi 40% ndm 2002 Mue chi tieu eho luong thvrc cua vung ndng thdn giam tdi 8% (td 19% xuong 11,8%), td 2002 din 2010, ty Ip chi thvrc phdm vdn giii nguyen d mde 28% Chi cho dn uing ngodi gia dinh d ndng thdn cung tdng manh thdi gian ndy, td 2,78% ndm 1998 Idn 4,8% ndm 2002 vd 8,5% nam 2010 (Tdng eve Thdng ke, 2010) Trong ea cau ehi tieu ngodi dn, udng, hut, cd sg tdng len dot bien cua nhu eau di I^i lam cho trat tvr uu tien ehi tidu ngodi an udng hut d ndng thdn thay doi Mdc chi eao nhdt td nam 2002 din 2010 myc Id chi di I^ii tir 8,9% len 13,4% Ty Ip chi tieu eho dd dung Idu bin, hude ddy dung thd nhdt gid xuong vi tri thd hai, tdng tir 7,7% len 8,1% (2002-2010) Vi tri eua chi tieu y tl trude diing thut hai gid xu6ng thut ba, td 6,2% 2002 len 7,5% ndm 2004 rdi xudng 6,2% nam 2010 Vi tri eua ehi tieu gido dye tu vj tri thd ba huoc day (1998) xudng thd Ur, tang td 5,17% ndm 1998 Idn 5,4% ndm 2002, 5,7% ndm 2008 va 5,2% ndm 2010 Tuy nhien, sg gia tdng cua chi tidu di Iji la ttah hinh chung cua ddt nude, eua di eu, cua dd thi hda vd edng nghipp hda ndn mang tinh kj thudt horn Id sg thay d6i trat tvr gia tri xd hdi Vi thi, chung ta cd thi khdng dinh vi the cda gido due trat tir nhu cdu vd gid tri xd hdi hipn van dn dinh va cdng phdt triin eho du hipn tai nd edn dang bi cdc nhu edu thiet ylu hon ehi phdi Kit luan Trong khudn khd xem xdt nhitag khuynh hudng bien ddi giao dgc cua hp gia dinh ndng thdn thdi ky Ddi mdi, bdi vilt chu ^ m6i quan hp giiia cdc chiln lupc phdt ttiln kinh tl xd hpi eua hp gia dinh ndng thdn vdi cdc ehien luge phdt hien giao dye cda Nguyen Buc Truyen Trdn Thf Thdi Hd cdc hp gia dinh Cde chiln lupc phdt tridn kinh td xd hdi cua hp gia dinh da dem lai khd ndng phat huy va tap trung mpi ngudn lye cda cac vien gia dinh cac ITnh vyc kinh tl, xd hpi vd van hda, nhdm thye hidn cac muc tidu phdt trien cda hp gia dinh nhu mpt dy dn tdng thi Vide cae hd thudn ndng nghidp tri chidn lupe san xudt ty eung tu cdp khdng chi gap khd khdn ve thu nhdp md edn cho thdy sy yeu kem vl nang lye khai thdc cdc ngudn luc kinh tl vd phi kinh te (van hda, gido due vd xa hdi) phdt triin kinh tl gia dinh Chi ede hd ndng nghidp cd chien lupc kinh doanh sdn xudt, hp mdi thdy cdn khai thdc cae ngudn lye nay, vd dd cd y thuc vd sy phdt tridn nguin nhdn lye gia dinh qua gido due vd dao tgo Vi$c cde hpe sinh thudc nhdm ede hd ngheo van cd mdt cdc edp hpe, ke ed dai hpc va cao dang eho thdy khdng phdi cdc hd ngheo khdng ed y thdc phat trien giao due, md chi ed nhdng hd khdng cd mdt dy dn phat tridn kinh te xa hdi hay giao due mdi khdng dd cao Ipi ich cua giao due hay sy hpc tdp cua eon edi hp Khi ede hd ndng thdn da ehuyen doi md hinh san xudt ndng nghi?p ty eung ty edp sang md hinh kinh doanh phi ndng nghidp hay hon hpp, td y thdc ehuyin dii hoat dpng sdn xudt ndy sd hinh chidn lupe khai thdc mpi ngudn lye kinh tl va phi kinh tl gia dinh Bdi vi sy chuyen sang md hinh sdn xuat kinh doanh khdng chi ddi hdi sdc lao dpng va tien vdn ma cdn can ede nang lye td chdc vd quan ly gan vdi kha nang phan tich thi trudng vd su dyng cdng ngh? sdn xuat Chinh vi the nen ede hp phdt trien san xuat kinh doanh thudng quan tam den ehien lupc gido due edi d ede cap hpc td THPT trd Idn han cdc hp ndng nghidp hay lam cdng va lam thud Mdi lidn hf gida chiln lupe phdt tridn kinh td xd hdi va chien lupc phat tridn giao due cda cde hO gia dinh ndng thdn ddi hdi trien khai mdt nghidn euu xd hpi hpe ve md hmh nhdn thde eiia ede nhdm hd khdc ve gido dye va ehien lupe phdt tridn gido dye cua hp Mpt md hinh n h ^ thde mdi vd gido due chdc chdn se mang tinh thye tien ban md hinh giao due truyln thing chi chd trpng ddn nhdn each va dja vi xa h^i (hpc dd lam ngudi va hpc dl lam quan), nd hudng tdi cdc tri thde ed the iing dung ed phdt triin sdn xudt, kinh doanh vd ddi sing Td dd nh^n thde vl gido dye khdng tach khdi nhdn thdc vl cac edu tnic hay meing ludi xd hpi cdng vdi nhihig gid trj xd hpi cda ehiing tdt cd cac ITnh vyc cua ddi sdng xa hpi ma cac nha xd hpi hpc xem la von xd hpi eua mpt cd nhan, eOng dong hay xd hpi Tai li$u tham khao Berelowitch, Paris, Librairie du Regard 1990 Vu K I hoach, Bp Ndng nghidp va Phat triin ndng thdn 2013 Vift Nam vd Chuong trinh giam ngheo bin viing 47 Xu hudng bien doi gido due ciia hp gia dinh Boudon, R 1077 Effets pervers et ordre social, Paris, P.U.F Bourdieu, P 1980 La Distinction, Paris, Minuit Crozier, M Fridedberg, E 1977 L 'acteur et le systeme, Paris, Seuil http://www.toupie.org/Dietionnaire/Edueation.htm Meillassoux, C 1975 Femmes, greniers et capitaux, Paris, Maspero Ngdn hdng Thd gidi 2011 Vi$t Nam ndng eao chdt lupng gido due cho mpi ngudi eho din nam 2020, tap II Tchayanov, A, L 'organisation de I 'economic paysanne, traduit du russe par A Ting cyc Thing kd 2010 Kdt qud khdo sdt mdc sdng ddn eu Nxb Thdng ke Ting cue Thing kd 1997-1998 Dilu tra mdc sdng ddn eu Vi^t Nam  ... ndy giam xudng cdn 15% giai doan 2006 - 2008 Dilu ndy eho thdy hipu qud giao due da dupe eai thipn cdp hgc phd thdng, muc ehenh Ipch giua hai chi sd xdp xi 30% vao cuoi nhimg nam 1990 vd giam xudng... phdt tridn giao due cda eac nhdm hO gia dinh mdi cd co hpi thd hien rd ret 2.2.2 Muc sdng cua hp gia dinh vd ddu tu cho hpc tap cda cdi Trong ehiln luac phat triin gido due cua hd gia dinh, chi... em cde em phai tham gia edng vi^c gia dinh Giai thich thudng gdp nhat dii vdi hien tuang bd hpc (hay khdng nh^p hpc) Id "ly ngheo" (UNICEF, 2008) ThEim ehi mac du vin ed gia djnh rang vide eho