VAN HOA VA VAN MINH, GIA TRI VA CON NGUfifl NHUTNG KHAI NIEM CONG CU CHU YEU TRONG NGHIEN CUfU KHOA HOC XA HOI (tiep theo vd het) HO Si QUY'' tdng thudt III Gid trj vdgiMr! truye'n thong Dinh nghia khai niem Gid tri cua Td dien bdch khoa triet hpc: "Gia tri la thuat ngd dUde sd dung rpng rai cae tai heu triet hpc va xa hdi-ljpe dung de chi y nghia van hda va xa h a | cua cac hien tUdng Ve thflc chat, toan bd sfl da dang cua boat ddng ngUdi, cua cac quan he xa hdi, bad gdm ca nhflng hien tfldng tfl nhien cd lien quan, cd the dUde the hien la cae "gia tri khach quan" vdi tinh each la khach the cua quan he gia tri, nghia la, dUdc danh gia khudn thude cua thien va ac, chan ly va sai lam, dep va xiu, dflde phep va cam ky, chinh nghia va phi nghia, v.v Khi dinh hfldng dd'i vdi boat dpng cua eon ngUdi, phUdng thflc va tieu chuan dUdc dung lam the thdc danh gia se dinh hinh y thflc xa hdi va van hda cac "gia tri chu quan" (bang danh gia, menh lenh va nhflng dieu cam, muc dich va y dflde the hien dfldi hinh thdc cac chuan mflc) Gia tri khach quan va gia tri ehu quan la hai cUc eua quan he gia tri cua ngudi vdi the gidi" (19, tr.732-733) Dinh nghia khai niem Gid tri cua Bdch khoa thU vdn hda hpc the ky XX: "Gia tri la p h i n quan trpng nhat cua van hda eon ngfldi ben canh eac chuan mflc va eae ly tfldng Sfl tdn tai cua gia tri bat re sau tinh tich ciic cua chu the sang tao van hda, sfl dd'i thoai cua ehu the sang tao vdi ngUdi khac Gia tri dinh hfldng khdng chi ddi vdi cac linh vfle hien tdn ma edn dd'i vdi ca eae y nghia va eac ehuan mflc ed the" (20) Dinh nghia khai niem Gid tri eua Cl Kluckhohn: "Gia tri la quan niem ve dieu mong mudn dae trUng hien hay an cho mdt ea nhan hay mpt nhdm va anh hudng tdi viec chpn eae phUdng thdc, phUdng tien hoae muc tieu cua hanh dpng" (trich theo: 21, tr.l56) ' GS TS., Vien Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hoi 10 Thdng hn Khoa hpc xa hdi sd 10.2010 Truyen thdng, dfl dflde tiep can theo quan diem nao, eung deu dflde hieu la nhflng hien tfldng van boa - xa hdi (bao gdm eae gia tri, cae ehuan mflc giao tiep, cae khudn mau van boa, cac tfl tfldng xa hpi, cae phong tuc, nghi thflc xa hdi, cac thiet che xa hdi, v.v ) dflde bao tdn qua nam thang ddi sd'ng vat chit va tinh t h i n cua cac cpng ddng xa hdi khac (nhan loai hoae giai cap, dan tpc hoae lien dan tdc, nhdm xa hdi hoae ca nhan, v.v ) va cd the dflde chuyen giao tfl the he qua the he khac Nhflng dinh nghia khac ve khai niem truyen thd'ng tflu trung deu cd nhflng npi ham nhfl tren (11, tr.l07) IV Con nguoi va phdt trien ngirol - Cd quan diem cho ring, dfldng nhfl truyen thd'ng nad cung td't dep va bdi the nen nd khdng cin phai dflde sda ddi, rang dfldng nhfl mpi mdi trfldng van hda deu la lanh manh vdi tat ca mpi vien eua nd Magoroh Maruyama, nha khoa hpe luan ngfldi My, Giao sfl Dai hpc Gakuin, Tokyo, da phe phan gay gat va coi quan diem dich thflc la sai lim (xem: 22) - Con ngUcfi la mpt ddng vdt kinh te (F W Taylor) - Thflc ra, dieu da dflde canh bao tfl rat sdm Ching ban, Indira Gandhi viet: "Khdng phai chi cd sfl khdn ngoan ma ca sfl dien rd eua cae the ky da qua de nang len chung ta Lam ngfldi thfla ke la chuyen nguy hiem" (23) Hay, trflde dd nfla, ehinh K Marx da neu tfl tfldng rat dien hinh cho nhflng danh gia ve khuyet tat va ban che eua truyen thdng: "Truyen thd'ng cua tat ca cac the he da chet de nang nhfl qua ndi len diu dc nhflng ngfldi dang sd'ng Va eon ngfldi cd ve nhfl la dang sfle tfl eai tao minh va cai tao sfl vat, sfle sang tao mdt eai gi chfla tflng cd, thi chinh hp lai sd set ciu vien den nhflng hnh hdn eua qua khd" (24, tr.l45) NhUng dinh nghia trUdc Marx ve ngUdi tieu bieu - Con ngUcfi Id thudc cua van vdt (Protagore) - Bam sinh, ngUdi Id mpt dpng vdt chinh tri (Aristote) - Con ngUcfi - cay say biet tU Su vl dai cua ngUcfi Id d phUdng thUc suy nghl cda nd (Pascal) - Con ngUcfi Id mpt gid tri vd Id gid tri cao nhdt (D Diderot) - Con ngUcfi - dpng vdt biet che' tao cdng cu lao dpng (B Franklin) - Con ngUdi Id thiic the dpe nhdt vd nhi Con ngUcfi Id muc dich tii thdn (Kant) Con ngudi vd phdt trien ngudi quan niem cua Marx Nhflng npi dung thupc phan dflde trinh bay theo each sd dung lai nhflng menh de ma Marx va Engels da dung Cd the tim xuat xfl chinh xae eua nhflng menh de cud'n "Con ngfldi va phat trien ngfldi trdng quan niem cua K Marx va F Engels" Hd SI Quy chu bien (6) a Con ngUcfi Id thiic the tii nhien cd tinh ngUcfi (Dinh nghia eua K.Marx ve eon ngUdi (25; 26, tr.234; xem them: 27) - Con ngUdi la mpt bd phan cua tfl nhien; gidi tfl nhien la than the vd cd eua ngUdi - Ban chat cua eon ngudi tu nhien ehi tdn tai dd'i vdi ngUdi xa hdi - Con ngUdi - ddng vdt biet ehe tao cdng CU lao dpng Lao ddng da sang tao Vim hda va vSn minh ban than ngUdi - Con ngUdi la sin phim cua lao ddng - Con ngUdi - mdt ddng vat xa hdi - Con ngUdi tao hoan canh den mdc nao thi hoan canh cung tao eon ngUdi den mflc dd - Cdn ngUdi sinh hpc khdng can sii thfla nhan, ngfldi xa hdi phai dflde sfl thfla nhan cua ngUdi khac - Nhflng ca nhan ngUdi hien thflc la tien de hien thflc cua nhan thflc ngfldi Ve sau, khoa hpc tfl nhien bao ham trdng nd khoa hpe ve ngfldi cung nhfl khoa hpc ve ngfldi bad ham nd khoa hpe tfl nhien; dd se la mpt khoa hpe 11 - Neu nhfl ngfldi bam sinh da la sinh vat ed tinh xa hdi thi dd ngfldi chi cd the phat trien ban tinh chan chinh cua minh xa hpi c Con ngUcfi - dd la nhdng cd nhdn hien thUc, Id hoat dpng cua hp vd nhdng dieu kien sinh hoat vdt chdt cua hp, nhUng dieu kien md hp thdy cd sdn ciing nhu nhdng dieu kien hoat dpng cua chinh hp tao Khdng the nhan thdc eon ngfldi bing tfl sieu hinh - Gd'e re cua ngfldi chinh la ban than eon ngfldi - Con ngfldi trflde bet c i n phai an, udng, chd d va mac da, rdi mdi cd the lam chinh tri, khoa hpc, nghe thuat, tdn giao va v.v b Trong tinh hien thiic cua nd, bdn - Hoat dpng sd'ng cua eon ngfldi nhfl chdt ngUcfi la tdng hod nhdng mdi the nad thi hp nhfl the ay Con ngfldi la quan he xd hpi nhfl the nad, dieu dd an khdp vdi san - Hegel quy sfl tha boa hien thflc xua't cua hp, vdi eai ma hp san xuat cua ban chat ngfldi sfl tha cung nhu vdi each ma hp san xuat boa eua tfl y thflc Feuerbach khdng - Xa hpi san xuat ngUdi the nhin thay ban chat xa hpi cua ngUdi Cac nha kinh te hpc tU san cung nao thi eon ngfldi eung san xuat xa hpi nhfl the khdng hieu ban chat eon ngUdi - Ddi sd'ng xa hpi, ve ban chat, la cd tinh chit thflc tiin Ta't ca nhflng sfl than bi dang dfla ly luan den chu nghia thin bi deu dUde giai dap mpt each hdp ly thiic tien cua ngfldi va sfl hieu biet thflc tien ay - Nhflng quan he kinh te - ed sd xuat phat de giai thich cac hien tUdng lich sd - Phan cdng lao ddng lam cho eon ngfldi bi thu nhd lai - Con ngfldi b i m sinh da la mpt dpng vdt xa hpi Xa hpi la sfl thd'ng n h i t ban chat da hoan cua ngfldi vdi tfl nhien - Xa hpi tu ban ehu nghia - mpt bflde tien eua van minh nhan loai Dfldi ehu nghla tfl ban, quan he lan eua toan bp nen san xuat ehi phd'i nhdng ngfldi hdat dpng san xuat nhfl mpt quy luat mu quang - Xa hpi la bieu hien tdng sd nhflng mdi lien he va nhflng quan he cua cac ca nhan dd'i vdi - Tu tudng tae dpng trd lai ed sd tang kinh te va ed the bien ddi ed sd t i n g ay Dieu la dfldng nhien 12 Thdng Hn Khoa hoe xa hpi sd 10.2010 - Quan he san xua't la ta't yeu, khach quan dd'i vdi ngUdi Ban than eon ngfldi thay ddi va phat trien qua trinh san xua't vat chat nhflng quan he cua ngUdi ve vdi ban thdn ngUcfi - Tdn tai xa hdi cua ngUdi quyet dinh y thflc eua nd Vdi quan niem vat ve lich sd, chu nghia tam da bi tdng khdi ndi an nau cud'i cflng ngfldi - Con ngfldi tfl lam lieh sd mpt each ed y thflc Vdi eon ngfldi, chung ta di vao lich sd - Sfl phat trien phong phd cua ban chat ngUdi, coi nhfl la mdt muc dich tu than d Xd hpi khdng the gidi phdng cho minh dUdc, neu khdng gidi phdng cho mdi cd nhdn rieng biet - Con ngUdi khang dinh sfl tdn tai cua minh la tdn tai chinh tri - Thien nhien khdng sinh quan he bde lot Con ngfldi trflde het la ke dai bieu cho nhflng quan he va nhflng ldi ieh giai cap n h i t dinh - Tha hda bien ddi sd'ng cd tinh loai cua ngfldi phfldng tien de tri ddi sd'ng ca nhan Nd lam eho ddi sd'ng ca nhan trd muc dich cua ddi sdng cd tinh loai - Tha hoa lam cho quan he gifla ngfldi vdi ngfldi bi bien quan he gifla vat vdi vat Tha boa lam cho the gidi vat pham eang tang gia tri thi the gidi eon ngfldi eang mat gia tri - Giai cap hflu s i n va giai cap vd san deu la sfl tha boa eua ngfldi Xoa bd tha boa, nghia la eon ngfldi tfl tdn giao, gia dinh, nha nflde, v.v quay trd ve tdn tai eon ngfldi - Giai phdng chinh tri la quy ngfldi, mdt mat, thanhjyien eua xa cdng dan, ea nhan vi ky, lap, va mat khac, cdng dan nha nflde, phap nhan hdi ddc eua - Bdt ky sfl giai phdng nao cung bao ham d chd la nd tra the gidi ngfldi - Trinh dp giai phdng phu nfl la thflde tfl nhien cua sfl giai phdng e Su phdt trien tU cua mdi ngUdi Id dieu kien cho sU phdt trien tU cua tdt cd mpi ngUcfi - Quan niem ve binh dang la cai gi cung dflde, nhflng quyet khdng phai la mdt chan ly vinh edu - Cd mpt xa hpi ma dd sfl phat trien ddc dao va tfl cua cac ca nhan khdng cdn la ldi ndi sudng - Lam chu tii nhien, xa hpi va ban than - ngUdi trd tii Tfl hudng theo nang lfle den hfldng theo nhu ciu - Vfldng qude cua tfl chi b i t diu b ndi nao cd sfl cham dflt thfl lao ddng ein thiet Vfldng qud'c eua tfl n i m ci ben linh viic san xuat - Tfl vfldng qud'c eua tat yeu sang vfldng qud'c cua tii Con ngudi b i t diu tu giac lam lieh sd eua minh Phdt trien ngudi a Cud'i the ky XX, eon ngUdi lai mdt lin nfla dflde coi la chiem vi tri trung tam eua sfl phat trien Lan nay, ngfldi ta khdng nhic tdi Teilhard de Chardm va thuyet Anthropocentrism cua dng, cung khdng tdn vinh mdt tfl tfldng gia cu the nao dd len t i m "cha de eua hpc thuyet" UNDP dflde coi 1^ to chfle qude te ed cdng viec de cao Van hoa va van minh 13 ngfldi, thfla nhan ngfldi la ngudn lfle vd tan, la nhan to' quyet dinh, la muc tieu cua sfl phat trien Triet ly tdng quat thfldng dflde nhic tdi la: ngUcfi giU vi tri trung tdm cua sU phdt trien kinh te - xd hdi Nhflng each hieu it nhieu phien dien nhfl coi tdng trUdng kinh te ddng nghla vdi phdt trien; chii trpng phdt trien nhUng vd tinh hodc cd y bo quen ngUdi; nhin ngUcfi chi nhU Id cdng cu Id phUdng tien cua sii phdt trien, v.v bi phe phan gay git Development Report) da dflde UNDP xuat ban thfldng nien Ngoai ra, ben canh Bao cao chung cua UNDP, edn cd hdn 100 nflde, dfldi sfl dieu phd'i cua UNDP, da edng bd' Bao cao Phat trien ngfldi cua rieng minh Bao cao eua Viet Nam dUdc xua't ban lin d i u nam 2001 vdi chu de "Ddi mdi va sU nghiep phat trien ngUdi"; Nam 2007, Bao cao phat trien ngUdi Viet Nam tiep theo da dflde cdng bd' ben vflng" (9, tr.85) Van kien Hpi nghi Ban Chap hanh Trung fldng lin thfl khoa VIII, cdn ndi ro: "Tat ca vi ngfldi, vi hanh phdc va sii phat trien phong phd, tfl do, toan dien cua eon ngfldi" (29, tr.56) - Cac nang liic cua ngUdi can dUdc md rdng bao gdm cac ndng lUc sinh the (ma trUde het la sdc khde) va cac ndng lUc tinh thdn (ma trUdc bet la tri thdc) Cdng lao de xfldng khai niem phdt trien ngUdi dflde eoi la thupc ve Tuyen ngdn cua UNDP ve phat Mahbub UI Haq, ngUdi thiet ke va chi trien ngfldi: "Cua cdi dich thiic cua dad thiic hien Bao eao Phat trien mpt qud'c gia Id ngUcfi cua qud'c gia ngfldi d i u tien, nam 1990 Thed nhflng Vd muc dich cua phdt trien Id de tao tai lieu cd lien quan (28), npi dung chu mpt mdi trUdng thuan ldi cho phep yeu cua khai niem thUdng dUdc ngUcfi dUdc hUdng cupc sdng ddi lau, trinh bay: 1/ La qua trinh tang cUdng khoe manh vd sdng tao Chdn ly gidn cae kha nang (hoae cac cd hpi) cho sU ddn nhUng day sdc manh ndy rdt hay bi Ilia ehpn cua ngUdi; 2/ La sU md ngUcfi ta quen mdt ldc theo dudi rpng eac lUa ehpn cho mpi ngUdi Tu tudng ve sfl tdng cUcfng va md rpng eae cua cdi vdt chdt vd tdi chinh" (28) Ifla chpn cho mpi ngfldi dflde giai thich Phu hdp vdi trao lUu tien bp eua tU nhfl sau: tfldng nhan loai, tai Dai hdi VIII, Dang - "Phat trien cen ngUdi la qua trinh Cdng san Viet Nam nha'n manh: cin phai quan triet quan diem "lay viec md rpng cac liia ehpn cua dan chdng phat huy ngudn lfle ngfldi lam yeu nhflng gi ma dan chdng lam va cd the lam to' cd ban che sfl phat trien nhanh va cupc sd'ng cua hp" (xem: 31-34) b Triet ly ngUdi Id trung tdm cua UNDP cd pham tru hat nhan eua nd la phdt trien ngUcfi, dflde dfla nam 1990 eung vdi Bao cao dau tien ve phat trien ngfldi Tfl dd den nay, Bao cao phat trien ngfldi (Human - Cae boat dpng cua cpn ngUdi can dUdc md rpng bao gdm cac hoat dpng lao dpng vd nghi ngcfi Qua trinh liia chpn (bao gdm ea sii tfl ve chinh tri, viec bao dam cae quyen ngUdi va quyen ca nhan) dUde md rdng cd nghia la ngUdi dUde sdng mdi trUdng ma d dd kha nang sang tao, sd'ng khde 14 manh, dflde hpc hanh va trfldng thp tang len Theo cac chuyen gia UNDP, eon ngfldi chiem vi the trung tam cua sfl phat trien d day dflde hieu rat eu the Trung tam, nghia la ngUdi ddng vai trd quyet dinh d ea "ddu vdo", b ea "ddu ra" va toan bd qud trinh phdt trien O "diu vao", nhan td' quyet dinh sU phat trien la vd'n ngUcfi, tiem ndng ngUdi O "diu ra", mue tieu cua sU phat trien la chdt lUdng sdng, phdt trien ngUdi, hanh phiic ngUcfi Trong sudt qua trinh phat trien, nhan td' quyet dinh la nguon nhdn lUc, la ngudn lao dpng, ngUdi la dpng liic cua sii phat trien c Theo quan diem eoi ngUdi cd vi tri trung tam cua sii phat trien, thi se la khdng diy du neu trinh dp phat trien cua mdt xa hdi chi dflde danh gia bang thu nhap qud'c dan, bang td'e dp tang trfldng kinh te, bang sd' Ifldng eua dpi ngu lao dpng, hay bang eae chi tieu nao dd ve mat tien nghi ddi sd'ng Phat trien xa hdi xet cho eung la phat trien ngfldi; y nghia eua mpi sfl phat trien, tren thflc te, khdng nam d dau khac ngoai sfl phat trien cua ngfldi UNDP da phe phan, khuyen cao nhflng quan diem it nhieu phien dien nhfl coi phdt trien ddn thuan chi Id phdt trien kinh te hay cdng nghe; coi tdng trUdng kinh te ddng nghla vdi phdt trien; chd trpng phdt trien nhUng vd tinh hodc cd y bo quen ngUcfi; nhin ngUcfi chi nhu la cdng cu Id phUdng tien cua sii phdt trien, v.v d Ve bd cdng eu eac chi sd' phat trien eon ngfldi (HDI) Tfl nam 1990, cdng bd' Bao cao dau tien ve phat trien eon ngfldi, UNDP Thdng Hn Khoa hoc xa hoi sd 10.2010 da dfla chi sd phat trien eon ngfldi (HDI - Human Development Index) de dae nhflng khia canh cd bdn cua ndng liic ngUcfi HDI la mpt he tieu chi cd y nghia dae biet ddi vdi phat trien ben vflng ndi chung He tieu ehi bao gdm hang loat eac ehi sd the hien chat Ifldng sd'ng (phan anh qua chi sd' kinh te - mflc thu nhap qud'c dan, thu nhap qud'c dan binh quan/ngfldi), nang lfle sinh the cua ngfldi dan (phan anh qua chi sd tudi thp), va nang lfle tinh than cua ngfldi dan (phan anh qua chi sd' giao due) - Hien nay, eac Bao eao phat trien ngfldi, sd' Ifldng eae chi so' dflde dae da bd sung them nhieu; bao cao 2007/2008 da xuat hien gin 100 chi sd, song tinh toan, ngfldi ta van quy ve chi so ed ban (dieu kien song, nang lfle sinh the va nang Iflc tinh thin), phan anh mat cd ban cua sfl phat trien ngfldi Cac chi so' khac, tren thflc te, chi la bd sung n h i m lam ro nhflng khia canh, nhflng sac thai khac cua chi so' cd ban dd - Cac chi sd' HDI cd gia tri tfl (thip nha't) den (eao nhat) Vdi cac Bao cao tinh den nam 2009, chi so' giao due dflde eoi la cd gia tri bing 100% ngfldi Idn (tren 15 tudi) biet dpe, biet viet; bing 0% ngfldi Idn (tren 15 tudi) biet dpe, biet viet Chi so' tudi tho dUdc coi la ed gia tri bing tudi thp binh quan la 85 tudi; bing tudi thp binh quan ehi dat 25 tudi Chi so' kinh te dflde coi la cd gia tri bing GDP binh quan diu ngfldi dat 40.000 USD (tinh theo sfle mua ngang gia - Pppy bing GDP binh quan dau ngudi chi dat 100 USD (tinh theo PPP) 15 Van hoa va van minh Khi bing khoang each tfl den 1, mdi nflde se tha'y dflde tien bd cua minh so vdi cac nam trflde va so vdi gia tri ly tfldng la Vi tri xep hang cua mdi nflde bang nhflng nflde dflde tinh HDI cho phep mdi nflde tha'y dflde tien bd ma minh da dat so vdi cae nflde khac Hai dai Ifldng (dp chenh lech HDI gifla eac nflde va khoang each gifla ehi sd ma mdi nflde da dat dflde sd vdi chi sd ly tfldng) chinh la can cfl rat cu the cho phep mdi nflde hinh dung dflde cai dich (tfldng dd'i) cua sfl tien bd cdn d phia trflde bao xa e Tuy nhien, ehi sd HDI khdng phai la khdng ed mat trai cua nd Vdi tinh khai quat va phep quy gian de tim cae dai Ifldng tfldng dd'i phan anh ddi sd'ng vat chat, nang lfle sinh the va nang lfle tinh t h i n cua cfl dan, bd cdng cu HDI cd the che giau nhflng ban che phat trien kinh te, nhflng yeu kem chat Ifldng giao due, nhflng tieu cflc thflc trang trat tfl an toan xa hdi, nhflng hien tfldng tham nhung bd may edng quyen, hay nhflng bat dn dam bao an toan giao thdng cdng cpng Chl so' phat trien ngfldi HDI vdi tinh hdp ly dang ke cua nd la bp cdng cu nghien cflu kha hflu hieu ve phat trien ngfldi dflde cpng ddng the gidi chap nhan Theo ehi so' nay, sfl phat trien ngfldi Viet Nam da dat dflde nhflng ket qua rat kha quan va dd la cd sd hien thflc de ngfldi Viet Nam phat trien hdn nfla Tuy nhien, ddi vdi nha nghien cdu va hoach dinh chinh sach xa hdi, sfl tinh tao nhat dinh la dieu can phai cd, vi bp cdng cu HDI ed the che giau nhflng khiem khuyet eua sfl phat trien ngfldi thflc te TAI L I E U TONG THUAT VA TRICH DAN K Marx va F Engels, Toan tap, tap 32 H.: Chinh tri qud'c gia, 1997 K Marx va F Engels, Toan tap, tap 20 H.: Chinh tri qude gia, 1994 E B Tylor Primitive culture New York: J P Putnam's Sons, 1871 V.E Davidovich Dudi lang kinh triet hpc H.: Chinh tri qud'c gia, 2002 B.E XlaBH^^OBHM , lO.A DKuanoB CymHOCTb Kyjibxypbia P.: POCTOBCKUU Y H H E e p e H T C T , PoCTOB-Ha- floHy, 1989 Hd Si Quy (chu bien) Con ngUdi va phat trien ngfldi quan niem cua K Marx va F Engels H.: Chinh tri qud'c gia, 2003 http:/ /vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4 %83n_h%C3%B3a UNESCO Mexico City Declaration on Cultural Policies World Conference on Cultural Policies Mexico City, 26 July - August 1982 Dang Cpng san Viet Nam Van kien Dai hdi dai bieu toan qud'c lin thd VIII H.: Chinh tri qud'c gia, 1996 10 Hd Chi Minh, Toan tap, tap H.: Chinh tri qud'c gia, 2000 11 Hd Si Quy Ve van hda va van minh H.: Chinh tri qud'c gia, 1999 12 A.G Xpirkin Triet hpe xa hpi, tap H.: Tuyen huan, 1989 13 A.F CnHpKHH Fap^^apHKH M.: 2002 0ujioco(puM 14 OHjioeoc^eKHH 3HaHKJioneOTHeeKHH cjioBapb M.: CoBeTCKaH 3HqHKjioneflHfl, 1989 15 Tfl dien Triet hpe phUdng Tay hien dai H.: Khoa hpe xa hpi, 1996 16 Thong Hn Khoa hpc xa hfii sd 10.2010 16 Arnold Toynbee Nghien cdu ve lich sd (Mdt each thdc diin giai) H.: The gidi, 2002 17 F Engels Ngudn gdc eua gia dinh, cua che dp tfl hflu va cua nha nflde (Chfldng IX Da man va van minh) H.: Sfl that, 1972 18 K Marx va F Engels, Toan tap, tap 21 H.: Chinh tri qud'c gia, 1995 19 UeHHOCTH