Các mô thức, lý thuyết và xã hội học môi trường

80 TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HQI SO 05(i29)-2009 KHOA HOC XA HQI THE Gl6l CAC MO THLTC, LY T H U Y E T VA XA HOI HOC MOI TRUCING^*^ RILEY E DUNLAPc tap cua nguyen nhan, k i t qua, va phan hoi mang \wo\ cua t y nhien; vi vgy, hogt dpng co muc dich cua nguai co nhiiu kit qug n i m ngogi d u tinh Cac gia dinh DWW3 The giai la rong ve boi canh lan, va vi vay mang d i n cua xa hpi loai cac ca hpi vo han cho nguai nguai HEP3 Cac moi tru'ang van hoa va xa hpi la boi canh chu y i u cua hoat dpng ngu'ai, va moi tru'ang t u nhien la cijc ky khong co lien quan NEP3 Con nguai song va phy thupc vao moi tru'ang ty nhien co giai han, cai tgo nhung caq tra ty nhien va sinh hpc (physical and biological restraints) mgnh me len hoat dpng cua ngyai DWW4 Lich s i i nhan logi Cac gia dinh la lich s i i cua phat trien; ve cac giai moi van d l d l u co each han giai quylt, va vi vay su phat (constraints) cua xa hpi loai trien can phai t i l p tgc ma khong dup'c diing Igi ngirai HEP4 Van hoa thi tich luy; vi vay tien bp v l xa hpi va ky thuat co the t i l p tuc khong giai hgn, lam cho mpi van d l xa hpi cu6i cung d l u co the giai quylt NEP4 Mac dii 6c sang tgo cua ngyai va nhO-ng syc manh sinh tir CO ve nhy mpt liic keo dai nhu'ng giai hgn v l kha nang chiu tai cua moi tryang; nhyng cac quy lugt sinh thai van khong t h i bi huy bo bi chi trich la ngudi theo thuyet quyet dinh ludn dia ly hodc sinh hgc (biological or geographical determinists) Dugc khuyen khich bdi phan quy gian ludn (antireductionism), cdc nha xa hdi hgc da to ddc biet kien quyet bdc bd cdc quan diem eiia chu thuyet nay, den miic dnh hudng cua thuyet quyet dinh luan ngdy da md nhat di - ma theo tdi la khdng ddng nhu vdy Ben canh dieu cdm ky phdn quy gidn ludn cua Durklieim, mdt tm>en thdng quan trgng khac xa hdi hgc eiing dd gdp phan vdo khuynh hudng ciia ngdnh la bd qua moi trudng tu nhien Dd la quan diem ciia Weber - sau dd dugc Mead, Cooley, Thomas va nhiing ngudi khdc ldm phirc tap hda them - nhan manh tdm quan trgng cua sir thdu hieu ve each ma ngudi quan niem ve tinh hudng ciia hg nhdm hieu hdnh dgng eiia hg' ' Vdi gid dinh rdng: "Hien thuc ciia mdt tinh hudng Id d djnh nghia dugc gdn kem vdi tinh hudng dd ciia ngudi thuc hien hdnh ddng" Gid dinh bdm y rdng "cdc thudc tinh vat ly ciia mgt hoan cdnh cd the bi bd qua"'"" (Choldin, RILEY E DUNLAP - CAC MO THUC, LY THUYET VA XA HOI 1978, tr 353) Cdc thudc tinh vat ly chi cd the lien quan va chi ngudi thirc hien hdnh ddng dd eho Id nd cd lien quan tire la luc dd cdc thudc tinh dugc chuyen hda thdnh cdc sir that xa hgi (Klausner, 1971, tr 41) Quan diem "djnh ngbia xa hdi" (social definition perspective) nay, vi vdy, lai de cao dieu cdm ky phan quy gidn luan ciia Durkheim, vd do dan dat cdc nhd xd hdi hgc bd qua mdi trudng tu nhien Tdc dgng ciia cdc truyen thdng ndy cd the tdm tdt nhu sau: di san phdn quy gidn ludn ciia Durkheim cho rang moi trudng lu nhien nin (should) dugc bd qua, di sdn ciia Weber de nghi rdng mdi trudng tir nhien cd ihi (could) dugc bd qua tim hieu xa hdi Bdi vi, nd dugc xem Id khdng quan trgng ddi sdng xd hdi (Catton va Dunlap, 1980; Dunlap vd Cation 1983) Neu dd vi pham nhung truyen thdng na\ tire cho rang mdi IruiTiig tu nhien la nhdn id cd li (might) quan trgng de hieu hanh vi xa hdi thi ngudi dd cd nguy co bi "ddn nhdn" Id ngudi theo thuyet quyet dinh luan \e mdi Irudng (one risked being labeled an environmental determinist) (Franck 1984) Trong su nghiem khac la eo the hilu dugc vao thdi diem ma xa hdi hgc \an dang tim kilm mgt \i tri dam bao cho ngdnh, thi cluing lai trd nen ldi thdi vao thap nien 1970 Hau qua la chang han, iron;.' ddi vdi ban hot cac nganh khac, khdi niem "mdi trudng" (the enviionmenl) dugc hilu la todn bg \ai chat bao quanh cniing ta, thi xa hgi hgc lai am chi cac yeu l6 \dn hda \a xd hgi ben ngoai doi tugng dirge nghien ciru 3.2 HEP - Md thirc ngoai le ngirdi (Human nxemptionalisni Paradigm) 85 Trong bdi cdnh Hch sir, vdn hoa \d xa hgi ay ciing vdi nd luc chirng minh linh dgc lap ciia ngdnh, xd hgi hgc da phdt trien cdc truyen thdng vd gid dinh ngam \e su khong lien quan ciia the gidi tu nhien ddi vdi cdc xd hdi cdng nghiep hien dai Trong cdc gid dinh ndy it dugc lam sdng to, chimg lai dnh hudng den each thirc md cdc nhd xd hdi hgc tiep can de lai vd thuc hdnh cong viec nghien ciru ciia minh Theo chiing dugc xem nhu the mgt "mo thirc" hay "thdu kinh" can bdn md thdng qua dd phdn Idn cdc nhd xa hdi hgc nhin nhan ve the gidi hien thuc Ke thira tir DWW va dac biel dai dien cho mgi phien bdn nganh hep cua DWW, md thirc HEP dugc liet ke cot ciia Bdng de cho thdy sir khac giii'a cdc md thirc md chimg loi ban den (HEP vd NEP) Cation va tdi (1978a: 1978b; 1980) da lap luan rang, cac gia dinh neu Iren dugc cho la biC-n nhien den ndi khong may quan uim lam rd Tuy nhien chimg rd rang da anh hudng den boat dgng ciia xa hgi hgc, vd chiing tdi cho rang chinh cdc quan diem phai chiu trdch nhiem cho sir tri tre ciia nganh xa hgi hgc \ ice nhan thirc ldm quan trgng cua cac van dc nidi Irudng Nhung gia dinh kel hgp mgt md thirc coi ngirdi Id trung tdm (anthropocentric) lac quan \e vai lid cua cdng nghe (technologically optimistic), va phi sinh thai (unecological) mgi each sau siic Md thirc na\ da gdp phan che mat cdc nhd xa hgi hgc nhan lam quan trgng ciia cdc \dn dl mdi trudng Bdi vi nd cho rang ngirdi cd the giai quyet bat cir vdn de nao phdt sinh, vd ham y rang ngirdi (Homo sapiens) se khdng gap phai nhirng gidi han \e sinh thai (ecological constraint) nhu cac gidng loai khdc dang 86 RILEY E DUNLAP - CAC MO THL/C, LY THUYET VA XA HOI phai ddi mat.' Hinh dnh khdi qudt ve xa hdi lodi ngudi dugc md thirc phdc hga Id nhdn nianli den ban chdt "ngoai le" (exceptional nature) cua ngudi Vi ly ndy, chung tdi da ddt ten cho cdc gid dinh dd la md thiic ngoai le ngudi HEP (Catton va Dunlap, 1978a, tr 42-43) Tuy nhien, dieu dd khdng cd nghia la chung tdi khdng thira nhdn ngudi la loai ddng vat ngoai le (exceptional species), nhung cdc ddc diem ngoai le eiia chiing ta (chdng ban nhu van hda, ngdn ngir, thiet che xa hdi, cdng nghe, v.v.) cung khdng cho phep ngudi dugc mien trir khdi cdc gidi ban vd nguyen ly ciia he sinh thdi Do dd, chung tdi da thay ddi ten ggi tir md thirc ngoai le eon ngudi (Human Exceptionlism Paradigm) thdnh md thirc mien trir ngudi - HEP (Human Exemptionalism Paradigm) (Dunlap vd Cattton, 1979, tr 50) de tranh hieu nhdm' ' Chju dnh hudng ciia nhirng nha xd hdi hgc nhu Ritzer"^' (1975, tr 7), Catton vd tdi da khdi qudt hda cdc gia dinh ciia ngdnh chiing ta thdnh cdc md thirc xa hgi hgc (HEP vd NEP) Theo chiing tdi, HEP khien cho cae nhd xa hdi hgc giira the ky XX cd quan diem chung (consensual view) rang: Con ngudi cd the thdu hieu cdc xd hdi cdng nghiep hien dai ma khdng cdn xem xet den nen tdng tu nhien ciia cdc xd hdi dy Do dd, cdc hien tugng mdi trudng dugc xem la chii de khdng ddng quan tam ciia ngdnh xd hgi hgc Mac dii khdi niem md thirc dugc su dung khd rdng rdi, nhieu nhd xa hdi hgc tranh cai rdng viec cho ndi ham ciia khdi niem md thirc rdng nhu vdy Id khdng phii hgp vdi y dinh ciia Kuhn ngirdi dua khai niem ndy (Eckberg vd Hill, 1979)"^\ Tuy nhien, viec khdi niem hda thuat ngu md thirc nhu chimg tdi Id khd phd bien Chang ban, phdt bieu gan ddy eiia Warner (1997, tr 193): '"Md thirc la mdt cdu tnic hinh thirc (gestalt), mdt hudng nhin the gidi thuc tai, mgt sir dai dien, mdt hinh anh hay md td ve cdc thudc tinh co ban ciia hien thuc""'*' Mac dii vay, cdch hieu khac ve ban chdt ciia cdc md thirc vd theo dd Id mdi quan he giira md thirc vd ly thuyet da tao nen nhieu tranh cai chiing tdi de xudt md thiic ciia minh Tdm lai, Catton vd tdi lap luan rang, ngdnh ciia chiing ta dua tren mdt loat cdc gia djnh nen tang hay md thirc da khien hdu bet cae nhd xd hgi hgc - bat ke djnh hudng ly thuyet ciia hg la gi (thuyet chirc ndng Functionalism, chii nghTa Marx - Marxism, thuyet tuong tdc - Interactionism) - nhin nhan xa hdi hien dai Id dugc mien trir khdi cdc gidi ban sinh thai (Catton va Dunlap, 1978a, tr 42) Nhu de de cao cdc khd ndng phi thudng ciia ngudi, phan Idn cac nha xd hdi hgc vao giua the ky XX deu bd qua viec xem xet den su quan trgng ciia mdi trudng tu nhien, the hien mdt sir ddng thudn ngdm rdng: Mdi trudng tu nhien khdng lien quan den viec hieu cdc ddng lire xa hdi Vi du, bai bdo dang tren American Sociological Review, Stanley (1968, tr 855) dua mdt "Ly thuyet van hda xd hdi ve sir khan hiem tdi nguyen" vdi lap ludn: "Neu dd can mdt phdt bieu chi mdt cdu ve thdnh tuu ehii yeu eua khoa hgc xa hdi cho den thi cau trd Idi hgp ly se la: su thdng the dang cdng phdt trien ciia cdc gidi thich tir hudng vdn hda xa hdi thay cho nhirng nhan manh ve dnh hudng mang tinh quyet dinh ciia the gidi tu nhien" Nhu vdy, theo hudng nay, cdc nha xa hdi hgc dd trd "ngudi theo thuyet quyet dinh ludn vdn hda xa hdi" (sociocullural determinists)"'^'! RILEY E DUNLAP - CAC MO THUC, LY THUYET VA XA HOI Vdi nen tdng eua ngdnh chiing ta ddt \ao mdt the gidi quan phi sinh thai nhu vdy, mdt the gidi quan thdt bai viec nhdn su phii thudc vdo he sinh thdi ciia Icil ca xa hdi lodi ngirdi thi khdng ngac nhien cdc nhd xa hdi hgc chain chap viec quan tam den cdc van de mdi trudng nhieu ngdnh khac da bdt ddu nghien ciru cdc vdn de mdi trudng mdt each nghiem tiic rdi Trong thue te, nhdn dip ky niem "Ngdy trdi ddt" dau tien ciia My, nha xa hdi hgc cdp tien ndi tieng Etzioni (1970, tr 921) viet rdng: "Cdc mdi nguy hiem mdi Irudng mdi dugc phat hien dang bi phdng dai khdp noi", vd rdng "cdc vdn de thudc ve ngudi" (human problems) chir khdng phdi Id "cdc vdn de mdi trudng", nen tiep tuc dugc uu lien nhieu nhdt HEP khdng ehi da che mat cdc nha xa hgi hgc cbinh thdng viec nhdn tam quan trgng ciia vdn de mdi trudng, md khiln hg chdp nhdn chit nghTa lac quan ciia DWW vdi gid dinh rdng, sir phdt trien va tdng Irudng la vd ban vd se khdng bj de dga bdi su khan hilni tdi nguyen, hay cdc gidi han sinh thdi khde Vi du, mdt bdi phe binh vl su phdn ddi nang lugng hat nhdn, nha xa hdi hgc Idn ciia My Nisbel (1979) da coi sir phdn ddi nhu vdy Id mdt bieu hien ciia sir suy gidm "niem tin vdo phat trien" \a cho rdng chinh sir mdt long tin dd - chir khong phdi sir thilu hut cdc ngudn nana lugng - Id mdi de dga ihuc su ddi vdi su phdt trien lien tuc Cdc khuynh hudng lac quan dugc cimg ed them thdi quen ciia cdc nhd xd hgi hgc Id tim kilm cdc nguyen nhan ciia bien chuyin xd hdi thdng qua cdc hien tugng xd hgi ma khdng cdn xem xet den khd ndng cdc diiu kien sinh thai co ihi dnh hudng din cdc xa hdi hien dai Vi vdy mot nhd xa 87 hdi hgc ndi tieng khdc ciia My, Bell (1977, tr 18) bdc bd quan diem "gidi ban tu nhien ciia su phdt trien"' ' vdi ludn diem "ngudi ta khdng cdn lo lang ve viec can kiet ldi nguyen," ma nen quan tdm den khd ndng co sir "gidi ban xa hgi ciia su phai trien" Do dd mdt phdn irng \di sir "khac thudng" ciia gidi ban tai nguyen Bell da ndi rdng: neu cd gidi ban doi vdi su phdt trien ciia xa hgi lodi ngudi, thi cdc gidi ban dd chdc chdn (surely) se mang linh xa hdi (social) ban Id tinh lu nhien (physical)! 3.3 NEP - Md thirc sinh thai nidi (New Ecological Paradigm) Bdt chap su hoai nghi ciia cdc nhd xd hgi hgc nhu Nisbel, Bell, vd quan trgng ban Id cua nhieu bg phan khdc xa hdi cdc bang chirng cua nhirng \'an dc moi Iruimg nghiem ligng lien tuc xudt hien Irong suot Ihap nien 1970, vd cdng nghiem trgng ban cho den Cdc bdng chirng ddng cdnh bdo dd xuat hien ngdy cdng nhieu, vi du d nhiem khong va ngudn nudc thudc limg dia phuang, cho den cdc van de khac nhir mua a-xil, thiing tdng d-zdn, bien doi hau; hoac noi lo sg ve khiing hoang ndng lugng \'d biing nd ddn so Tuy nhien, doi vdi khd nhieu nhd xd hdi hgc theo HEP, va hau hit cdc ldng Idp khac theo DWW, cdc bdng chirng neu tren chi la hien tugng bdt thudng vi chimg cho thay sir thinh vugng ciia xd hgi loai ngudi phu thudc vdo nidi trudng lu nhien ciia hg Nhan thirc su that nay, mdi sd nhd xa hgi hgc mdi trudng tiin xa ban viec xem xet su chii y xd hgi ddi \a\ mdi irudng vd bat dau tiin hanh phdn tich cdc khia canh ca ban hon ciia cdc quan he giua xd hdi cdng nghiep va mdi trudng ciia chirng Vi du, nghien ciru \ l cdc nguyen nhdn co ban ciia su xudng cdp mdi irudng, vd cdc tdc ddng 88 RILEY E DUNLAP - CAC MO THL/C, LY THUYET VA XA HQI., xa hdi cua d nhiem va khan hiem tai nguyen (Schnaiberg, 1975) Cdc nghien ciru ve su tuong tdc xa hdi-mdi trudng, bao gdm sir bdc bd ddi vdi cdc truyen thdng ciia nganh, tire la chi tap trung vdo cdc "sir that xa hdi" nhu Id cdc gidi thich cho cdc hien tugng xa hdi khde, va ddng thdi it nhat cung ngam bac bd cdc gid dinh cho rang, xa hdi cdng nghiep hien dai dugc mien trir khdi cdc gidi ban cua sinh thdi Cdc nghien ciru nhu vdy da ddn ddt Catton vd tdi den chd lap ludn rdng: Tiem an su mdi ndi ciia xa hdi hgc mdi trudng la mdt loat cdc gia dinh cdu mdt the gidi quan hay md thirc mdi, thach thue HEP vdn coi ngudi Id trung tdm Chiing tdi da dat ten cho md thirc mdi ndy Id NEP - "Md thirc nidi Irudng mdi" - New Environmental Paradigm - (Cation vd Dunlap, 1978a), nhung vi chimg nhan manh den nen ldng sinh thdi hgc ciia xa hgi lodi ngirdi nen chiing tdi da nhanh chdng ddi ten NEP - "Md thirc sinh thai mdi" -New Ecological Paradigm - (Dunlap vd Catton, 1979, tr 250) Khd cd the md td nidt md thirc mdi chi vdi vdi gid dinh ngan ngiii, nhung chimg tdi tin rdng bdn y kien liet ke cdt eiia Bdng du truyen dat dugc ndi dung cdt ldi ciia NEP, bang each nhdn manh tinh phu thudc vdo he sinh thai ciia cdc xa hgi cdng nghiep hien dai Sir cdng nhdn ciia NEP rang, sir thjiih vugng ciia cdc xd hdi hien dai, tham chi vdi cdc dang td chirc xd hdi phirc tap vd cdc cdng nghe tinh vi, dugc lien ket vdi su lanh manh ciia he sinh thdi ma nd phu thudc \ao, the hien mgt sir chuyen hudng quan trgng tir HEP Chi it, NEP ciing lam cho cdc nha xa hgi hgc nhay cam hon \di su that, cdc van de mdi trudng cung la hien tugng mang tinh xa hdi vd xa hdi hgc quan trgng Khdi qudt lai, nd khuyen khich viec cdng nhan sir that rang: Cdc ddng luc (dynamics) ciia cdc xd hdi cdng nghiep hien dai chi cd the hieu va ly gidi dugc, xem xet den cae tdc ddng sinh thai vd cdc van de xa hdi cua cac tac ddng PHAN UNG DOI V6I SLJ' PHAN BIET HEP-NEP 4.1 HEP/'NEP vd xa hdi hgc duong dai Su gidi thieu ban dau ciia chiing tdi ve viec phdn biet giira HEP va NEP (HEP-NEP distinction), cimg vdi nd lire dinh nghTa ve ngdnh xa hdi hgc mdi trudng (Catton va Dunlap, 1978a), da tao sir phdn irng lap tire Thii vi Id, nd den tir Buttel, mdt nhd xd hdi hgc mdi trudng vd la mdt ddng nghiep dugc ddnh gid cao, ngudi cd mdt sd ldc phdm dd dugc chiing tdi xem Id dai dien cho NEP Mac dii cdng nhdn tdm quan trgng ciia viec phdn biet giua HEP vd NEP, Buttel (1978) lai cho rdng dieu dd khdng quan trgng bdng cdc phdn biet ly thuyet (theoretical cleavages) dang tdn tai ngdnh xd hdi hgc, ddng chii y nhdt Id giira quan diem ly thuyet "trat tu" (vi du nhu ngudi theo thuyet cau triic-chirc nang) vd "xung dot" (ngirdi theo thuyet eiia Marx) Sir phe phdn tren ciia Buttel khdng ddng ngac nhien vi hai ly do: Thic nhdt, chinh la nd lire ciia dng viec the hien tam quan trgng ciia su phdn biet trat tu-xung dot cac phan tich khoa hgc xa hgi ve moi trudng (Buttel, 1976); Thic hai Id trinh bay ban ddu ciia chimg tdi cd phdn thieu rd rang, bai bdo ndm 1978 ciia chiing tdi cd gidi ban ve sd trang nen lap luan ciia chiing tdi can phdi ngdn ggn Hon nua, Buttel cd khdi niem ve md thirc \a su thay ddi \ e md thirc khac vdi Cation va ldi - dieu ndy RILEY E DUNLAP - CAC MO T H O C , LY THUYET VA XA HOI khdng ddng ngac nhien vi tinh mo hd cd hiru eiia cdc md thiic - vd chinh nd gdp phdn lam nen each hieu khdc ciia chiing tdi ve hai md thirc Khi dua md td vl HEP, Catton va tdi phdt bieu: "Rdt nhieu quan diem ly thuylt dang canh tranh xa hdi hgc duong dai - chdng ban, thuylt cdu triicchirc nang, thuyet tuong tdc biiu tugng, phuang phdp ludn dan tdc hgc, thuylt xung dot, hgc thuyet Marx, v.v - cd khuynh hudng phdng dai sir khde giua chiing vdi Chimg tdi cho rang su khdc biel giira chiing khdng quan trgng bdng thuylt ngudi la trung tdm da chi phdi tdi cd cdc quan diem ly thuylt dd" (Catton va Dunlap, 1978a, tr 42) Chiing tdi le nen lam rd, cai ma chimg tdi nghT rang da ro bdng each them: "khi ban den phdn tich cac vdn de mdi trudng", vdo cdu cudi ciing cua menh de tren Chung tdi da cho rang nhu vdy Id khdng cdn thiet vi rang doan ke tiep chiing tdi cd luu y: "Chimg ldi dam chdc rdng, sir chdp nhan HEP dd gdy khd khan cho phdn Idn cdc nhd xa hdi hgc, bat chap djnh hudng uu tien ciia hg Id gi, viec xem xet mdt each nghiem tiic cae ham y xa hdi ciia cac gidi ban vd van de thudc ve sinh thdi" (Catton vd Dunlap 1978a tr 42) Tuy nhien, chiing tdi da khong ndi rang cac quan diem ly thuyet dang tdn lai nhin chung Id khdng cd lien quan, hay tham chi - nhu se gidi thich sau ddy - rang chiing khdng lien quan ddi vdi viec phdn tich cdc vdn de mdi trudng Sau md td NEP le chiing ldi nen nhdn manh dieu ma chiing tdi eho la hien nhien: cae cdng trinh xa hdi hgc mdi trudng dua tren NEP vay se vdn the hien cac hirdng licp can ly thuyet khac (\a trich dan nghien ciru ciia Buttel nam 1976 89 nhu Id mdt minh hga vl cdc hudng khdc dd!) Chiing tdi da lam rd quan diim mdt co hdi trinh bay vl sir phdn biet giira HEP-NEP mdt cdch chi tilt (Catton vd Dunlap, 1980, tr 37-42), trinh bdy cdn than cdc phdn biet xung dgl-trdl lu (conflict-order) vd HEP-NEP co ihl dugc phdn loai cheo (cross-classified) sao, vd sau dd minh hga Idn lugt bdn kit qua bdng cdc cdng trinh ciia cdc nhd xa hdi hgc ndi tieng nghien ciru vl su khan hilni sinh thdi (Lipset, Smelser, Rainwater, va Horowitz) Trong qud trinh chiing tdi vi vdy ddng y vdi quan diem ciia Buttel rdng sir tiep thu NEP se khong ldm mdt di tdm quan trgng ciia cac phdn biet giira cdc ly thuyet truyen thdng nhu dugc minh hga bdi cac khdc biet cdc tdc pham cd nin tang sinh thai hgc ciia Burch (1971) so vdi lac phdm ciia Schnaiberg (1975) chang ban Khi lrd Idi Buttel vd ldm rd su phan biet HEP-NEP (Cation va Dunlap, 1978a; 1980) chiing tdi da chi ro nguon goc ddn den sir khdc biet ve quan diem giua Buttel vd chimg tdi Cu the, Buttel cd xu hudng ddnh ddng md thirc (paradigm) va ly thuyet (theory), chimg tdi lai thay chiing hoan todn khdc Tiep budc Ritzer (1975), chiing tdi diing md thirc de chi "hinh anil CO bdn ciia de tdi"' ' ciia mdt ITnh virc, di trudc cac quan diem cii the hon Ngirgc lai, Buttel (1978) cd ve xem cdc nio thirc ddng ngliTa vdi ly thuyet, vd dd tiep tuc cho rdng bdt chdp tdm quan trgng ciia nd, NEP vdn khdng dii ddc thii de sir dung cho dien dich cdc gid thuyet hay cdc tuyen bo (proposition) cd the kiem chirng Tuy nhien, Cation vd tdi chua bao gid cho rang, cdc gid thuyet cd the kiem chirng cd the dugc lay tir nidt loat cdc gid dinh nen tang rdng nhu cdc gid dinh dd cdu thdnh NEP 90 RILEY E DUNLAP - CAC MO THUC, LY THUYET VA XA HQI Dung hon Id, chung tdi cho rang NEP mang lai each nhin mdi ve cdc xa hdi cdng nghiep hien dai, bang cdch keu ggi chii y den sir phu thudc vao he sinh thdi ciia chung Khdng nhu HEP khien cdc nhd xd hdi hgc bd qua chieu kich sinh thai hgc ciia cac xa hdi hien dai, NEP giup cdc hgc gid nhay cdm vdi thuc te rang: Cdc xd hgi dd khdng chi le thudc vao co sd sinh thai, ma cdn cd khd ndng gdy sir hiiy hoai nghiem trgng cho nd thdng qua vd sd cdp sir dung tdi nguyen va gay d nhiem mdi trudng Ndi cdch khde, bdng cdch ddn ddt cdc nhd xa hdi hgc "nhin" the gidi theo each mdi (nhin mdt each sinh thdi), NEP de nghi can phdi cd cae cau hdi va nghien ciru mdi Cdc nhd xa hdi hgc se thuc hien cdc nghien ciru dd vd ddt cae loai cdu hdi nhu the ndo, dT nhien khdng tlie trdnh khdi, se chiu dnh hudng bdi dinh hudng ly thujet cu the ban ciia hg Vi du, hg theo djnh hudng cdp vi md hay vT md, hg theo hgc thuyet Marx hay thuyet cdu tnic-chirc ndng, v.v Cd the de dang nhdn dieu ndy, chdng ban Moi va Sonnenfied (2000) hay dp dung ly thuyet hien dai hda sinh thdi hgc (ecological modernization theory) vd Goldfrank, Goodman, vd Szasz (1999) dp diing ly thuyet he thdng the gidi (worldsystem theory) de so sdnh cdc phan tich ve mdi tuong quan giua cdc van de sinh thai va chu ngliTa tu bdn todn cdu (global capitalism) Bat chap viec giai thich rd rang ndy, vd minh hga sau dd ciia chinh Buttel ve linh hiiu dung ciia sir phan biet HEP-NEP cimg vdi sir phdn biet ly thuyet thdng thudng khdc de hieu cdc dinh hirdng khdc ddi vdi nghien ciru xa hdi hgc ve cdc vdn de mdi trudng (Humphrey vd Buttel, 1982 tr 102), NEP van bj cdo budc Id khdng dii dac thii de phuc vu nhu mdt sir thay the cho cdc dinh hudng ly thuyet viec hirdng ddn cdc nghien cim thuc nghiem (Buttel, 1986, tr 346; Tindall, 1995) Catton vd tdi khdng phdn ddi, nhung chung tdi chua bao gid cd y dinh de NEP phuc vu muc dich Quan diem ciia chiing tdi Id, trir cdc nhd xd hgi hgc thdo bd "tdm che mat" tao sir trung vdi HEP, hg se khdng nhin tam quan trgng ciia - va nhu cdu can phdi cd cac cdng trinh xa hdi hgc ve - cdc van de mdi trudng NEP da va se Id mdt the gidi quan rdng Idn, dan ddt ngudi ta nhin nhdn nhu cdu nghien ciru xa hdi hgc ve cdc van de mdi trudng Id hien nhien Cdn viec ngudi ta thuc hien cac nghien ciiu dd sao, dT nhien, la se bi anh hudng bdi cdc quan diem ly thuyet cu the hon md ngudi dd sir dung Khi nhin lai, tdi thdy rang sir tranh cai ciia chiing tdi vdi Buttel khdng chi xudt phdt tir cdc dinh nghTa khdc ve mdt md thirc, ma cdn tir su mo hd ve cdi tao nen mdt su thay ddi md thirc, nhu tir HEP sang NEP chdng ban Trong cdc ngdnh khoa hgc tu nhien, mdt md thirc mdi thudng dugc nhin nhdn Id "khdng the so sdnh" vdi cdi trudc dd, vd Sayer (1984, tr 67-74) cho rdng dieu ndy cd xu hudng bi phdng dai Nd cung ed ve rdt diing cdc ngdnh khoa hgc xa hdi Cu the la, ndi ve cae md thirc dang canh tranh nhau, Sayer (1984, ir 68) viet: "Su phdng dai ve tinh khdng the so sdnh thudng dugc tao bdng cdch bien sir md td ve cdc he tu ludng canh tranh (competing systems of thought) thdnh cdc gidi ban dac thii rieng biet ciia chimg: bo qua sir ddi dao eiia cdc khdi niem chung hon ma chiing ciing chia se cdi ma tir dd cd the gidi quyet dugc cdc bat ddng" Vi du, thdp nien 1960 the gidi chirng kien RILEY E DUNLAP - CAC MO THL/C, LY THUYET VA XA H O I SU suy yeu ciia thuyet chirc ndng ciing vdi hinh anh ddng thuan ve xa hdi ciia nd (ils consensual image of society), mdi so sdnh vdi nhieu dang thirc ciia ly thuyet xung dot (various forms of conflict theory), dang nhdn manh den sir hien bii'u khdp noi eua xung dot xa hdi Tuy nhien, cdc md thiic "ddng thudn" vd "xung dot" khdng he loai trir hay khdng the so sdnh dugc, dii rdng sir nhdn manh ciia chiing Id khac Chiing cd the nhdn manh nhieu hon vao ddng thudn hoac xung dot, thi cd hai deu dimg cdc khdi niem co ban nhu: Dia vi va quyen lire, cdc tien trinh xa hdi co bdn nhu sir hdi nhdp hay phdn biet; vd chi it Id cae xa hdi dugc khdi niem hda rd rdng nhu cdc he thdng xa hdi (vi du, Dahrendorf 1958) Tdi ngd rdng, quan diem ciia Sayer dac biel CO lien quan den cdc nd luc md td su khdc biel giira mdt md thirc mdi vdi mdt md thirc dang bj thdch thirc That sir vi Catton va loi rd rang dang cd gang Idm ndi bat cac khdc biet giua cdi ma chiing tdi xem nhu mdt md thirc sinh thdi mdi ndi (NEP) vd md thirc mien trir (HEP) truyen thdng da Idm nin tdng cho xa hdi hgc giua the ky XX Se khdng ngac nhien cluing tdi nhdn manh cdc khdc biet ciia chiing va lam gidm di tdm quan trgng ciia viec cac quan diim ly thuylt xdy dung tren cdc md thirc ndy se khdng loai trir hay hodn loan khdng till so sdnh vdi Ban chat ciia viec phdc hga mdt md thirc mdi Id nhdn manh tdi sir khdc biel bd qua su lirong ddng ciia nd vdi cdi dang bi thdch thirc Tdi tin rdng diiu ndy da gdp phdn lao nen thdt bai ciia chiing tdi vice luu y mdt sir that da rd rang Id cdc quan diem ly thuyet xay dung tren NEP se tilp tuc sir dung cdc khai nic-m NU qua trinh co ban cua xa hdi 91 hgc Vi vdy, chiing ciing se hodn toan cd the tuong thich vdi cdc quan diem ly thuyet theo dinh hudng HEP Vi ly nay, ldi cd luu tam den mgt sd nd lire gdn da\' de phdt trien cdc phien bdn mdi ciia cdc ly thuyet xd hdi hgc da tdn lai tir Idu nhu Id bang chirng cho sir ndi len ciia NEP, bdt chap thuc te rang cdc ly thuyet nhu vdy cd nhieu diem chung vdi cac ly thuyet mang tinh HEP trudc dd Tuy vdy, khdng kho hieu tai Buttel da cd ky vgng cao ban doi vdi NEP, dua tren trinh bay ban ddu eiia chiing tdi, va khdng dugc thda man, dd nhan manh rdng cdc ly thuyet xa hdi hgc truyen thdng vdn tiep tiic quan trgng vdi xd hdi hgc mdi trudng 4.2 HEP-NEP vd ly thuylt xa hgi hgc cd dien Tranh cai ban ddu vdi Buttel chii yeu xoay quanh moi quan he giua su phdn biet HEPNEP va ly thii\'et xa hgi hgc dircrng dgi (vao thdi diem chiing ldi viet) nhirng ly Ic mang tinh mo thirc (paradigmatic argument) ciia chimg ldi cudi ciing da cham den ly thuylt xd hdi hgc cd dien Nhirng nd lire dang ngudng md ciia Buttel (1986; 1996; 2000) dl thi hien rdng ly thuyet xa hdi hgc chinh thdng (mainstream sociological theory) \an tiep luc quan trgng ddi vdi xa hdi hgc mdi trudng, da quay ve vdi cdc tdc phdm kinh diln ciia Durkheim, Weber, vd Marx Khdng may la, Buttel dd \'6 tinh bop meo ly le ciia chimg tdi mdt cdch ddng ke, cd gdng the hien lam quan trgng ciia cac lac phdm kinh dien vdi xa hgi hgc nidi trudng Sir bdp meo thi hien rd rang trich dan sau day Buttel bdt ddu no luc "lam sdng day" Durkheim, Weber, vd Marx bang each till hien rdng moi ngirdi Irong hg dcii mang 92 RILEY E DUNLAP - CAC MO THL/C, LY THUYET VA XA HOI den nhung "gdc re" ("roots") cd ich cho xd hgi hgc mdi trudng: "Dd cd su ddng thuan giira cac nhd xa hdi hgc mdi trudng rang truyen thdng xa hdi hgc cd dien khdng phii hgp vdi viec khuyen khich cdc ly thuyet \ a nghien ciru xa hdi hgc theo hudng cd lien quan den sinh thai Da phdn cdc cdo budc dua vdo cdc di sdn ciia thuyet ngirdi la trung tdm ciia cdc nhd ly ludn cd dien - cu the, timg nhd ly ludn cd dien da nhdn manh su cdn thiet ciia xa hdi hgc viec gidi thich cdc hien tugng xd hdi vd bd qua cdc bien sd sinh thdi cdc phdn lich dd Vi vdy, vdn cdn quan diem cho rdng ly thuyet xa hdi bgc duong dai da phdt trien vdi mgt cam ky ngdm, Id khdng dua cdc bien sd sinh thdi vdo cdc phdn tich ciia hg" (Buttel, 1986 tr 338) Sau ddy, tdi se xem xet tirng cdu ba cau trich ddn tren mdt each chi tiet vd luu y cdc diem ddng y vd khdng ddng y Thir nhdl, bd qua vdn de lieu thuc le cd "sir ddng thudn chung" nhu de cap cau mdt tdi mudn nhdn manh rang: Catton va tdi da khdng de cap lieu "truyen thdng xd hgi hgc cd dien" tu nd cd phii hgp vdi viec khuyen khich cdc ly thuyet vd nghien ciiu xa hdi hgc theo hudng cd lien quan den sinh thdi hay khdng That sir ra, don gidn Id chiing tdi khdng xem xet rieng ly ihiiyel cd dien Bai bdo ban ddu ciia chiing tdi da khdng trich ddn bdt ki' nhd ly luan cd dien nao Khi mieu td ldm the ndo mgt vai nha xa hdi hgc mdi trudng dang bdt ddu nghien ciru cdc tuong tdc xa hdi-mdi trudng, chimg tdi chi luu y rdng hg da nhan dugc: "De cat ngliTa the gidi, can phai can nhac lai lieu chudn Durkheim truyen thdng \ e su chu\'en biet ciia xd hgi hgc - dd Id, cdc sir that xa hgi chi cd ihc gidi thich bang cdch lien he chirng \di cac sir ihgl xd hgi khac" (Catton va Dunlap 1978a tr 44) Chimg tdi da dl cap den mdt khia canh cu the tac phdm ciia Durkheim, dd la each nhin mang tinh phuang phdp phan quy gidn luan (antireductionistic methodological posture) ciia dng - cdi md chiing tdi nhdn la yeu td quan trgng cdc giai doan hinh ngdnh xd hdi hgc ciia chiing la - vd ldm the ndo ma nd da lrd mdt "chuan mirc" (norm) ciia xa hdi hgc chinh thdng duong dgi Dieu neu tren day, chir khdng phdi Id todn bd cdng viec ciia Durkheim vd dT nhien cdng khdng phdi ciia ly thuyet co dien ndi chung, mdi la trgng lam phan lich ciia chimg ldi Thirc te Id, chiing tdi da trich ddn cdc nhd ly ludn cd dien nhu Parson, Bell, Hawley, vd Horowitz phe phan thai mien trir (exemptionalist posture) ciia xd hdi hgc chinh thdng Thdm chi sau dd, chiing tdi da ldm rd vd md rdng phdn tich ve viec lam cdc iriiyin thdng xa hdi bgc da dan ddt ngdnh bd qua cdc dieu kien mdi trudng, vien ddn lai cdc di sdn ciia Durkheim vd Weber, chiing tdi cung chi gidi ban chii y ciia minh den cdch nhin thudc ve phuang phdp luan ciia hg (Idn lugt Id phdn quy gidn ludn vd su thdng hieu - verstehen) chir khdng phdi todn bd cdng viec ciia hg (Catton va Dunlap, 1980, tr 18-22) Vi vdy, chiing tdi thuc sir lam dieu md Buttel chi cdu hai ciia trich dan tren chimg tdi nhan thdy rang "cdc di sdn ciia thuyet ngirdi la trung tdm" cd lien quan den sir chii y ciia xa hdi hgc ddi vdi cdc van de mdi Irudng Thic ba khd la quan trgng nhu tdi da nhan manh trudc dd, gidi thich ban ddu \a cdc giai thich dugc sua lai \e sir phan biet HEP-NEP ciia chiing tdi rd rdng da tap trung \'ao xd hgi hgc duang dgi Vi vdy tdi RILEY E DUNLAP - CAC MO THL/C, LY THUYET VA XA H(DI cung ddng y vdi cdu cudi ciing doan trich eiia Buttel, nhdn manh rdng chinh cdc trai nghiem ve su ddi dao tai nguyen (do khdm phd the gidi mdi), cdc tien bd khoa hgc ky thuat, tdng trudng kinh te, vd sir phdt trien ndi chung da gdp phdn vao khuynh hudng ciia xa hdi hgc giira the ky XX, la bd qua sir phu thudc ciia xa hdi cdng nghiep vdo he sinh thdi NghTa Id, khuynh hudng dd da tiep tue eiing cd "dieu cdm ky ngdm ddi vdi cdc bien sd thudc sinh thdi"' ' Trd treu thay, sau md td bdi cdnh md dd cae dng td ciia ngdnh da thuc hien cdng viec ciia hg, dac biet Id md td lam the nao hg da phdn irng lai cdc xu hudng quy gidn ludn sinh hgc (biological reductionism) dang tdn tai, Buttel (1986, tr 340) da rut ket luan hodn toan phii hgp vdi ly le ciia Catton vd tdi' ': "Cugc "lien hda" ciia ly thuyet xa hdi tir Marx den Durkheim vd Weber, vi vdy, dai dien cho sir 'tien bd' viec tdch tien trinh vd cdu tnic xd hdi khdi cdc tuong ddng sinh hgc Di sdn ciia ly thuyet xa hdi id rdng la cdi md nha xd hdi hgc mdi trudng duong dai thuong tiec, ly thuyet xa hdi da cd xu hudng bi lot bd khdi su xem xet cdc bien sd sinh thdi hodc sinh hgc" Tuy nhien, Buttel (1986, tr 340-343) sau dd tilp tuc luu y rdng, bdt chap thdi chdng lai nghien ciru sinh hgc (antibiologislic postures) ciia hg "cd thi tranh ludn rdng, mdt chuyen ngdnh xa hdi hgc mdi trudng theo nghTa eiia nd van cd thi dugc tao tir cdc tdc phdm ciia ba nha ly luan nay", vd dng tiep tuc truy tim nhung hilu bill ve mdi trudng tir cac tdc phdm ciia tirng ngudi Tdi ca nggi no lire ciia Buttel viec the hien rdng cdc nha sdng lap nganh ciia chung ta van tilp tuc ed su lien quan thdm chi din xa hdi hgc mdi tnrdng va dim vice 93 kich thich nhirng ngudi khdc tham gia vdo nd lire ndy Tuy nhien, tdi phdi tranh cdi vdi mdt phdt bieu sau dd ciia dng ve ddng gdp ciia Catton vd tdi ddi vdi xd hdi hgc mdi Irudng, xudt bdn sau bdi bdo ciia ong vl viec xem lai tdc phdm ciia Marx, Durkheim vd Weber Sau chi cdc khdc biet cd the nhdn thirc rd cdng viec cua ca nhan tdi vd ciia Catton, Buttel ndi rdng chung tdi, vdy, ciing cd chung "sir phdn bdc chii yeu ddi vdi truyen thong cd dien ciia xa hdi hgc" (BuUel, 1986, tr 344) Sir thuc thi Catton vd tdi khdng he de cap den truyen thdng chung, ngoai trir viec luu y rdng cdch nhin cd tinh phuong phdp ludn ciia Durkheim vd Weber dd ddng gdp vdo su tri Ire ciia xa hdi hgc duong dai viec nghien ciru cdc van de mdi Irudng nen cdo budc tren ciia dng qua Id gdy khd xir Cd Catton va ldi deu nhdn thirc rd bdn chdt da dang ldc phdm ciia nhirng nha ly ludn vd cac nhd ly ludn co dien khdc, va khdng ngac nhien co the tim thdy nhung hieu biel sinh thai Irong khdi lugng tdc phdm dd so ciia hg Tuy nhien, day khong phdi la mdi ban tdm ciia chimg ldi, vi chimg ldi chi cd gang chirng td tai xd hdi hgc duang dai lai chdm nhin nhdn y nghia xa hdi ciia cdc vdn de mdi Irudng, vd lai cdc nhd xa hgi hgc lai khien cudng thuc hien cdc nghien ciru vl mdi quan he xd hdi-mdi Irudng Tdi dd lap trung vdo cdi md tdi tin Id su bdp meo nghiem trgng, nhung khdng cd y, ciia Buttel ddi vdi quan diem ciia Catton vd tdi vl tdm quan trgng ciia ly thuyet xa hgi hgc cd dien ddi vdi xd hdi hgc moi trudng Cdng bdng md ndi, su hieu nhdm ciia Buttel vd thdt bai ciia chiing tdi tim kiem su ddng thudn vdi Buttel la cdi gid thdp phdi ira cho su ndi bat ma Biillel da mane dC-n 94 RILEY E DUNLAP - CAC MO THL/C, LY THUYET VA XA HOI cho cdng viec ciia Catton va tdi (vi du Buttel, 1986; 1987; 1996; 2000) Tuy nhien, tdi nhdn manh each nhin sai lam ve quan diem ciia chung tdi ddi vdi ly thuyet cd dien, bdi vi nd (quan diem cua chiing tdi) da dugc cdc nhd binh luan khdc chdp nhan mdt cdch de dang va khdng phe phdn Vi du, Lidskog (1996, tr 3) cho rang: "Cdc nha xa hdi hgc mdi trudng nhu William Catton vd Dunlap Riley da cho rang xa hdi hgc cd dien khdng cd khd ndng xir ly cdc vdn de mdi trudng" Tdi tin Id nhimg gi tdi da trinh bdy tren chi tai tdi lai ngac nhien va mdt tinh than dgc cdc phdt bieu nhu the ndy Thii vi thay, thdm chi cd mdt sd ngudi khdc dang tiep tuc cdng viec cua Buttel tim kiem cdc tri thirc hiru ich cho xd hdi hgc mdi trudng cdc tac phdm ciia cdc nha ly ludn cd dien, den ndi cdng viec nhu \'a\' da trd thdnh mdt "nghe thii cdng" (cottage industry) thuc sir (vi du Foster, 1999; Gross, 2000 \'a cdc tham klido khde ve cdc nd luc lam mdi ly thuyet xa hdi bgc dugc trich ddn cdc phan sau) Trong dd, mdt sd nha ly luan xa hdi vd mdt sd nha xd hgi hgc mdi trudng lai chi trich tinh huu dung cua xa hdi hgc cd dien viec xem xet cac van de mdi trudng Vi du, sau binh ludn cac hudng khdo cim ciia Durkheim, Weber, Marx ve tinh b.ien dai (modernity) Giddens (1990, tr 8) phat bieu rdng: "Nhirng mdi quan tam thudc ve sinh thdi khdng chap nhdn cdc tru>'en thdng (cd ngudn gdc tir ba nha sdng lap nay) dugc ket nap vdo xa hdi hgc, vd khdng ngac nhien cac nha xa hdi hgc cam thdy khd cd the phdt trien sir ddnh gid ve chimg mgt cdch he thdng" Tuong tu, tir Idu cdi nhin khdi quat xudt sdc ciia Goldblatt ve cdc khdo hudng ly thuyet duang dgi ddi vdi van de mdi trudng, Goldblatt (1996 tr 1) luu y rdng: "Di sdn ly thuyet ma ly thuyet xd hdi ed dien de lai cho chimg ta cd mdt sd gidi ban dang ke ddi vdi ca viec nghien cim mdi quan he xa hdi va mdi trudng eua chiing; va viec khdm pha cdc ngudn gdc cua khoa hgc chinh tri ve mdi trudng." Tdi danh viec danh gia ve can cir ciia cdc binli ludn cho ngudi khdc, va ket thiic bdng cdch lap lai rdng: nhu'ng ddnh gid nhu vdy chua bao gid la mdt phdn cac lap ludn eua Catton va tdi ve HEP dang thinli hanh cua xa hdi hgc duong dai 4.3 Ddnh gid NEP va xd hgi hgc moi trudng Nhu tdi dd luu y tir ban ddu, ve phia tdi sir quan tdm ban dau ddn den viec dua Idi keu ggi ve viec thay ddi md thirc la khd khiem tdn; bdi vi thuc tdi chi hy \gng cd the dinh ngliTa, he thdng hda vd chinh thdng hda ITnh vue xd hdi hgc mdi trudng Sir phdt trien cua viec phdn biet HEP-NEP la ket qud eiia qud trinh theo dudi cdc muc tieu tren Khi nhin lai, ve mat cd nhan vd chuyen mdn, tdi cam thdy nd lire ciia Catton vd tdi viec giiip lap ngdnh xa hdi hgc mdi trudng nhu mgt ITnh VUC nghien ciru dac thii la khd dn Chdng ban, Buttel (2000, tr 19) viet rdng: "Chac chdn la khdng cd mdt tdc phdm quan trgng ndo ciia xa hdi hgc mdi trudng lai khdng trich dan mdt vdi tac phdm ban ddu ciia Dunlap vd Catton, nhung tdc phdm da cung cdp khudn mau cho xd hdi hgc mdi trudng" Mac dii nhdn xet la mdt su phdng dai, nhung cdng viec ciia chiing tdi thuc te da kich thich nhieu su quan tdm \ a chii y ban tdi mong dgi Quan trgng ban Id, xd hdi hgc mdi trudng dd thuc sir trd thdnh mdt ITnh vue nghien ciru dirng vimg d Bac My da phdn chau Au mdt sd RILEY E DUNLAP - CAC MO THUC, LY THUYET VA XA H Q I viing chdu A, ddc biet Id d Nhdt Bdn (Dunlap va Catton, 1994) Rd rdng rdng: Cac su kien ciia hien thuc the gidi'^°' vd cdc nd lire cua sd lugng ngdy cdng nhieu cdc hgc gid khdc, ban Id cdng viec ciia chiing tdi mdi cd lien quan nhieu tdi sir phdt trien ciia chuyen ngdnh nay; nhung rd rdng Id that phdn khdi nhin thdy ITnh virc ndy phdt trien Vi vdy, muc tieu ban ddu ciia tdi Id Idm cho xa hdi hgc mdi trudng trd mdt ngdnh chuyen mdn ciia xa hdi hgc, da dat dugc Su keu ggi ciia Catton va tdi ve viec cdn thay the HEP bdng NEP thi khd cdng hon, mdt phdn bdi vi nd vdn dT khd mo hd va tham vgng ban Sir ddnh gid tiiy thudc vdo cdch hieu ciia mdi ngirdi ve su keu ggi thay ddi md thirc ciia chiing tdi, vi du cu the thi nhu da trinh bay d cdc phdn trudc vd bdi viet ciia Mehta vd Oueller (1995) v l CO bdn, cdch mdt ngirdi hieu ve ldi keu ggi ciia chimg tdi bi dnh hirdng ndng ne bdi quan diem ciia ngudi dd ve cac nid thirc \a su thay ddi md thirc; vd cho den nay, co it nhat ba quan diliii khde da dugc trinh bdy cdc tdi lieu xd hgi hgc nidi trudng Tdi ddt ten chiing Id cdc dien gidi "manh", "chimg muc" vd "yeu" ve ly le ciia chimg tdi - phdn dnh cdc cap mong dgi khdc vl tdc ddng ciia sir thay doi lir HEP sang NEP Cdch dien gidi mgnh, thudng cdc nha phe binh chimg tdi thuc hien hg xem cdc md thirc vl ban chdt Id ddng nghTa vdi ly thuylt vd dd chi trich sir phac hga cua chiing tdi vl NEP Id thilu dac thii de dua cdc gid thuylt cd thi kiem chirng (Buttel 1978; 1986; 1996; 2000; Tindall 1995) Theo tdi cdch hilu it nhdt ngdm gid djnh rdng: Cdc md thirc Id khdng the so 95 sdnh dugc, vd vi vay mdt ly thuyet dua tren NEP se vd ciing khdc vdi mgt ly thuyet dua tren HEP Phdn img ciia tdi, nhu dd de cap trudc ddy, la cac md thirc ciia chimg tdi ed HEP vd NEP, la dai dien cho cdc tap hgp ciia cdc gid dinh (hay the gidi quan) nen tang cd tinh rdng Idn, dnh hudng den cac loai vdn de dugc xem nhu la thich hgp cho nghien ciru xa hdi hgc Chua bao gid chung tdi nhdm HEP va NEP se lrd thdnh cdc tap hgp ciia cac quan diem co quan he \di mdt cdch logic ma tir dd cd the suy ludn cdc gid thuyet cd the kiem chirng (Catton vd Dunlap, 1980) Sau lam rd them quan diem ciia minh, chiing ldi dd chi rang chimg tdi khdng ky vgng la NEP se thay the cdc quan diem ly thuylt dang tdn tai (Cation \a Dunlap, 1980), ma NEF ddng vai trd kich thich su phdt trien ciia cdc phien bdn mdi, thdn thien hon vdi sinh thai de thay the chiing Tiep dd, chiing tdi rd rang dm chi rang, cdc ly thuylt theo djnh hudng NEP sc khong hodn loan khdng the so sdnh dugc \di cac Iy thuylt trudc do, ma don gidn chiing se dugc dat tren nen mdng Id cdc gid dinh thuc tl ban vl moi quan he giua cdc xd hdi hien dai va mdi trudng tu nhien ciia chiing Day chinh xac la diiu da \d dang dien irong thdp ky qua cdc hgc gia - nhung ngirdi tdn quan diem sinh thdi hgc - dd bdt ddu tao cdc phien ban mdi hon ciia cdc quan diim ly thuyet cd dien chdng ban nhu: nhung quan diem Idy tir Marx (Benton 1989; Foster 1999), lir Weber (Murphey 1994), va ly thuyet luong tdc biiu tugng (Weigert 1997); vd de xuat cdc quan diim hien dai hon, vi du: thuyet hien dai hda (Spaargaren vd Moi 1992) vd ly thuylt he thdng thi gidi (Roberts vd Grimes 1999) 96 RILEY E DUNLAP - CAC MO THL/C, LY THUYET VA XA HQI Nhieu nd lire dp dung cdc quan diem ciia chu nghTa Marx de ly giai cac van de mdi trudng Id dac biet thii vi Bdi vi, mgt mat, chiing bieu Id cd sir hap dan van dang tiep tuc ciia HEP ddi vdi mdt sd hgc gid (Grundmann, 1991); mat khac, chiing cung the hien su da dang eua cac tdi thiet lap (reformulations) mang djnh hudng NEP (vi du, Benton, 1989; Dickens, 1992; Foster, 1999; O'Connor, 1998) Cdi sau Id mdt minh hga tuyet vdi ciia cugc tranh cai ly thuyet sdi ndi khdng chi ngi bg NEP, ma cdn giiia cae hgc gid theo dinh hirdng NEP, nhung ngudi deu lam viec cimg mdt truyen thdng ly thuyet cd dien Vd nhu the, rd rang dieu ndy chi rang: Viec tiep thu mdt md thirc sinh thai hgc se khdng quyet dinh cdc chi tiet ciia quan diem ly thuyet cu the hon ciia mdt ngudi; nd ciing khdng ddi hdi tao mdt ly thuyet khdng the so sdnh vdi cdc ly thuyet trudc dd cimg mdt the loai ly thuyet (vi du, hgc thuyet Marx) Tuy nhien, so sdnh cdng viec ciia nhirng ngudi theo hgc thuyet Marxsinh thdi (eco-Marxists) md tdi vira trich dan vdi cdng viec cd nen tang HEP ciia Grundmann (1991) cung dii minh hga cho tam quan trgng dang tiep tuc ciia sir phdn biet hai md thirc HEP-NEP, va trudng hgp la phgm vi truyen thdng ly thuyet Marx Cdch hilu "manh" ve NEP khdng chi dan tdi cac ky vgng khdng thuc te ve kha ndng ciia NEP la thay the cdc quan diem ly thuyet cii the hon; nd cdn dan tdi cdc chi trich sai ldm rdng: Viec tiep thu NEP se lam chuyen hudng chii y tir ca cae quan diem ly thuyet duong dai Idn cd dien ciia xa hdi hgc (Buttel, 1986; 1996; 2000; Spaargaren vd Moi, 1992; Lidskog, 1996) Tuy nhien chiing tdi chua bao gid dir dinh NEP se thay the cac ly thuyet xa hdi hgc dang tdn tai, ma chiing tdi chi hy vgng NEP se khuyen khich sir phdt trien cdc nghien ciru va ly thuyet theo dinh hudng sinh thdi ban Mac dii Catton vd tdi chac chdn Id phe phdn xa hgi hgc chinh thdng duong dai vi djnh hudng ngoai le virng chac cua nd, chiing tdi van khdng cd y eho la nd vd dung hay khdng lien quan den cdc van de mdi trudng Tuong tu, bdy gid tdi thay rdng chdng hai chiing tdi cho rang: Cdc ly thuyet dua tren HEP se hoan todn khdng the so sdnh dugc vdi cdc ly thuyet dua tren NEP That sir each dien giai "yeu" ve lap luan ciia chiing tdi la, chiing tdi chi don gidn keu ggi xa hdi hgc thdo bd tdm che mat ma chiing tdi ggi Id HEP, de nhdn tdm quan trgng ciia cdc van de mdi trudng Dugc ddnh gid d mirc thi lap ludn eua chiing tdi dd rdt thdnh cdng rdi Thic nhdt, cdc ndm tiep theo, cdc hgc gid da di den ket ludn tuong tir ve mirc ma cdc truyen thdng xa hdi hgc the hien su quan tdm nghiem tuc ddi vdi vdn de mdi trudng (Giddens, 1990; Goldblatt, 1996; Redclift vd Woodgate, 1994) Thu hai, md td ciia chiing tdi ve dinh hudng ngoai le ciia xa hdi hgc cd ve nhu cgng hirdng dugc vdi mdt sd nghien ciru ciia cdc ddng nghiep da trich dan trudc dd, nhiing ngudi da nd luc cdi bien mdt vai quan diem ly thuyet theo hudng thue te sinh thdi hon Tuy nhien, quan trgng nhat la, vugt nggai chuyen ngdnh eiia chiing ta, mdi trudng dang ngdy cdng nlian dugc nliieu mdi quan tdm Rd rang, su chu y dd la mdt phdn irng ddi vdi sir gia tdng cac van de vd cdc cugc van ddng mdi trudng d cdc xa hdi khdc tren the gidi; chir khdng hdn ddi vdi nhimg gi ma cdc nlia xa hdi hgc mdi trircmg da viet Tuy vdy, su chii y ndy se tiep tuc thdch thiie RILEY E DUNLAP - CAC MO THL/C, LY THUYET VA XA HQI dinh hudng ngoai le ciia ngdnh chiing ta Chiing ta chi cdn so sdnh viec thiet lap cdc ly thuyet mdi ve hien dai hda' ', vdi cdc ly thuyet hien dai hda each ddy hai ba thap nien (xem Hannigan 1995, tr 9-10), de nhdn thdy su tin nhiem ddi vdi HEP nganh chiing ta ngdy cdng suy gidm Cdch hieu "chirng muc" ve ly le ciia chung tdi, va ciing Id cdch hieu phii hgp nhdt vdi muc tieu ban ddu eua tdi, nhdm chinh thdng hda xd bdi hgc mdi trudng thdnh mgt ITnh vue nghien ciru ddc thii, bdng each dat trgng tdm ciia nd vdo cdc bien sd mdi trudng, dd Id: Chimg tdi dang cd gang bien minh cho sir ket hgp cac bien sd mdi trudng hay cac sir that phi xa hdi (nonsocial facts) vdo cdc phdn tich xa hdi hgc - dieu ma cdc truyen thdng HEP ciia ngdnh chimg ta ngdn cam Gidng nhu Gramling vd Freudeiiburg (1996), tdi ngliT rdng dieu rd rang da dat dirge thdng qua cdc cugc diiu tra thue nghiem (empirical investigations) cdc nhd xa hdi hgc mdi trudng thuc hien Chdng ban, cdc nghien ciru vl trdi nghiem ciia cdng ddng ddi \di rac thai ddc hai ve sir tiep xiic ciia cdc nhdm ddn thilu sd vdi cdc hiem hga mdi trudng, cdc mau hinh tan phd rirng nhiet ddi, va ddng gdp ciia cdc qudc gia vao lugng thdi CO2 (xem, vi du cac chuang khdc Dunlap vd Michelson 2002) Cho din nay, chung ta khdng may khd khdn dl tim thay cac bai bdo tren cdc tap ^an xa hdi bgc cd sir dung cdc bien sd mdi trudng Diiu nay, khdng ehi Id mdt chi bdo tdt dl chirng td sire manh ciia cdc dieu cdm ky tniyin thdng ddi vdi nghien ciru xa hdi h'lc vl cdc hien tugng mdi irudng dang gidm si't; md cdn la mdt dieu kien tien quj'lt dl chuyen nganh xd hdi hgc mdi liudng "dirng nghTa" - theo nghTa ma tdi 97 cdm thdy Id can cd de chirng minh su lao mdt ITnh vue mdi nhu da luu y phan md dau - thuc su ddi Vi tat ed cac ly nay, bdt chdp sir mo hd vd cdc nhdm Idn sau dd xung quanh sir keu ggi cua Catton vd tdi ve viec thay the md thirc HEP bdng NEP, tdi hai ldng rdng: Nd lire eua chiing tdi nham dinh ngliTa ITnh vue xa hdi hgc mdi trudng dd ddn ddt chiing tdi dua ly le ve nhu cdu cua mdt sir thay ddi md thirc xa hdi hgc Tdi tin la sir thay ddi ndy dang xdy ra, nganh ciia chiing ta dang lir tir phdn irng vdi cdc bdt thudng, chdng ban nhu sir thay doi mdi trudng loan cdu ngudi gdy Cdc hien tugng nhu thiing tang d-zdn vd su nong len todn cdu, nbii'ng sir kien cd the gdy hdu qua nghiem trgng cho su thinh vugng tuong lai cua cdc xa hdi cdng nghiep hien dai, rd rdng dang thach thirc quan niem ve md thirc ngoai le (Dunlap va Cation, 1994) Vi ly ndy, tdi lac quan rang: Mdt quan diem vung vdng mang tinh sinh thdi hgc han se tilp tuc manh len ngdnh ciia chiing ta KETLUAN Tdm lai, mirc md mdt ngudi cho rang, djnh hudng ngoai le vung chac ciia nganh chiing ta bi thdch thirc sir ndi len ciia NEP, rd rang tiiy thudc vdo khdi niem ciia ngirdi dd vl md thirc va ky vgng ciia hg ve bdn chat ciia sir thay ddi md thirc Tuy nhien, tdi thdy rd rdng, xa hdi hgc ndi chung va ly thuylt xa hdi hgc noi rieng dang chii y nhiiu din mdi trudng ban so vdi thdp nien 1970 Cdc gid dinh cii xua cho rdng, cdc vdn dl mdi trudng la khdng quan trgng vd cdc xd hdi cdng nghiep hien dai khdng chiu cdc gidi ban sinh thdi, dang ngdy cdng lrd nen khdng the dirng virng, vd ngudi ta ciing khdng cdn tim thdy cac nhd 98 RILEY E DUNLAP - CAC MO THL/C LY THUYET VA XA HOI xa hdi hgc ndi bat ngudi My nao tiep tuc bad v$ cdc gia dinh nhu nhung nam 1970 Trong cae bien hd cho tu tudng ngoai le bj giam sut, sir chu y rnang tinh ly thuyet va thuc nghiem ddi vdi cac hien tugng mdi trudng lgi cang nhieu them Ddi vdi mgt nganh, vao dau thap nien 1970 hau nhu cdn riham mat lam ngo vdi mdi trudng tu nhien,, ma da thay doi dugc nhir ydy qua la mdt, thay, ddi vT dai Tuy nhien, dieu lieu cd dai di?n cho rndt sir |l)ay ddi md thirc thuc sir hay khdng, chac chan, se tiep tuc la de lai ti-an)i c^i Q , ^ mdt trdi cua cac phdt trien '^* Humans could manipulate and control that environment to suit their needs '*' Vd coi moi truang nhu la mpt van de ciia khoa hpc tu nhien va ky thudt-cong ngh? '" Emphasized the importance of understanding the ways in which people define their situations in order to understand Ihe.ir actipns "*" that the physical properties of the situation may be ignored - ' ' • •• " " V e ban chdt, mo thirc ngoai If Coii nguoi - HEP (Human Exceptionlism Paradigm)i va ino; thirc mrin trir nguai -,H.EP (Human, Exemptionalism Paradigm) la giong nen chiing ta C0|tlie diing chiingtirviet'tarHEP.' ' • ' ' - ' • ' : ' ' '-''• ••'-" •"-•' "^' N ^ o P da 'xdy dirng khai hifin mo thirc (pafddigm) theo ngina rgng-nhirla "nipt hinh anh'ca CHlJTHlCH " bdticira de tai"!(aftjnderrn^ntal Image of the ^ubjept ^natter) hay Id "mpt dap vj.rgng nhdt ciia sy dong '" Ngirai da cung vol tac gia viet inpt loat bai v6 xa thiidn" (the broadest unit of (:ghsens'us) trgng ngi bg hoi hod mdin-uang ma sau n^y duoc xem la tim filn m6f ngdnh, hay ggi Id pham trii - '' '' •-' tang cho chuyen riganh xa hoi hoc inoi ttu&ng ' " " Co xhk tham khdo^them Kuhn (i:%2)VdVa Cao ^~' Pniadigm la khai nifm Kuhn dua nSm 1962 DaiiT (2QQ2) M hieu them' thiiiat ngir nayi ban dgn va no dugc chuyen tai sang lieng Vi^t theo nhieu ten dugc dimg vai iighia.lhp nao.,, J, : ,.i ; , , goi kluic,nhau, chung toi ehpn each goi dp Vii Cap "'*' "[a] paradigm is a "gestalt," a, way pf seein,g the D.ip.i (2002, tr 33) dc xuat cuon Xa hoi HQC moi world, a representation, picture or narrative ot" the ir'ux'nig xiiat ban n.lm 2002 Mo thirc mh cSc tdc gia fundermantdl properties of reality" tin la •:\6p phaii ng2ii can su chu y cua xS hoi hoc clii.'ih thong den cac van de moi truong Mo thirc "^^' Ngtrgc lai, la nguai th6a thuydt quylt djnh luan dirpc tac gia Vii Cao Dam (2002) djch la mo thirc dia ly hay sinh ;hpcii(biological :or geographical determinists) khuyet nhan v5n (HEP), nhien chiing toi cho la nen dich "Human Exceptionalism Paradigm" la "mo '"" Physical (imits-tp growth thirc ngoai If nguoi" va "Human Exemptionalism " ' (Fundermantdl ima§e of subjec;t matter), tam Paradigm" la "m6 thirc mien trir ngudi" de dien dich nhirtrlh.'^' ''''•'' " ' ' ' " ' •' ' ' '' dat r6 hon '/a cu the hon y ciia tdc gia "*' "Implicit taboo against incoiporating ecological variables" ^ - '"^' Mo thiic ma cdc tac gia cho Id s§ tao thudn l^i cho viec pihat friSri s^r chu y cua xd hOi hpc din cdc vdn " " Xem phln trudc dMyc "cdc truyin thong ciia de moi truong, mo thirc sau dirge chirlh cdc tdc ngdnh" va ddc bijet bdi vicit ndm 1980 cua chung toi gid doi mo thirc "NEP" (mo thirc sinh thai (Catton va Dunlap, 1980, tr 16-22) moi- New Ecological Paradigm) Mpt so ngiroi dich ™* Tir sir xudt hifn lien tuc cua cac van de m6i td "mc> thirc tan sinh thdi", theo t6i kh6ng nSn diing truing mdi din sirtrSi day Ciia cdc phong trdo sinh tir "fftn" (Hdn Vi€t) ma nen dimg tir "mai", d6 thai "'•'' • •;.:•' NEP dich la "mo thirc sinh thdi moi" : '^"Tir ly thuylt hien dai hoa sinh thdi (ecological '•"Dieu cho rdng chimg xuat phat mgt phdn tir modernization) cho din hien dai h6a phdn thdrt thai tuan thii truySn thong, chdng han nhu dieu (reflexive,modernizati(>n)vad|nix3 hpi riii ro