Tổng tích hợp lý thuyết kinh tế học và xã hội học trong nghiên cứu phân tầng xã hội

Tong tich hgp ly thuyet kinh te hoc va xa hoi hoc nghien cihi phan tang xa hoi Le Ngoc Hung'*' T d m t i t : Phdn tdng xd hgi dien tren nhieu chieu cgnh kinh te - xd hgi khac Do vgy, cdn van dung cdch tii'p can tdng tich hop cdc ly thuyet khac nghien cdu phan tdng xd hgi Trong ndi bat Id cdch tiep can tdng tich hop ly thuyet kinh ti' hgc - xd hdi hpe vd xa hdi hpe - kinh ti' hgc vdi mgt sdly thuyet kinh dien vd hiin dgi vi ngudn gdc cua sUgidu cd, ly thuyet vi tdng trUdng vd phdt trien dUa trin cdc yiu to'ky thugt, quyin tii do, thiet che vd cdc logi vdn ngUdi, vdn sdng tgo vd cdc logi von phi vgt the khde TU gdc tdng tich hop ly thuyit co the xem xet phdn tdng xd hgi vi tien lUOng ciia nhiing ngUdi ldm cdng dn lUang d Viet Nam nhu Id mgt trUdng hOp nghien cdu cu the Diiu ndy gOi cdc hUdng nghien cUu tiep theo ve viec van dung tong tich hap cdc ly thuyet vi vdn ngUdi, vi thi'trong cau trdc cua he thdng sdn xudt kinh doanh, chdc ndng nghi nghiep de cd the ndm bdt duac cdc chiiu cgnh vd cdc xu hUdng cua phdn tdng xd hgi d Viit Nam hien Tfl k h o a : Td'ng tich hpp, Ly thuyet kinh t l h p c , Ly thuyet xa hpi hoc, Pban tang xa hdi, Vdn ngUdi, Quyen tu do, Ngheo ddi Tang trUdng Tifng tich hop ly thuyet kinli te hoc - xa hdl hoc Mdt bieu bien ro nha't cua tdng tich bdp each tidp can kinh te hoc - xa bdi hpe la kinh te' bpc cang quan tam nghien cflu cac va'n de xa hdi va cbi cac nguyen nhan, cac cd c b l va cac be qua xa bdi cua cac hien tUdng kinh td', qua trinh kinh te Theo each tiep can ly thuyet kinh te bpc, sii phan tang v l kinh td', vi du phan tang ve thu nhap, cbi tieu, tai san, quyet dinh sii phan t i n g xa bdi Tuy nhien, xem xet ky cd '*' GSTS Vidn Xa hoi hoc, Hoc vien Chinh tri Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh thd tha'y cac ly thuyd't kinh td' hoc khac lai chi cac ngudn gdc khac cua su giau cd va vay chi ngudn gdc khac n h a u cua su pban t i n g xa bpi Nam 1776, dng td cua nganh kinh te hoc hien dai la Adam Smith da dat cau hdi ve ngudn goe cua su giau cd cua cac quoc gia Cau t r a ldi cua dng la sU pban cdng lao dpng hdp ly, "tidn tie'n" xa hdi the hidn qua vide hinh cac nganh n g h i vdi tinh chuydn mdn hda, chuyen nghiep hda cao gifla cac ca nhan xa bpi va sU phan cdng bdp ly gifla nha nUdc va thi trudng la ngudn gdc cua sii giau cd cua quoc gia Tfl gdc dp kinh T^ng Hch hop 1^ thuyet kinh t& h o c te hoc ve su phan cdng lao ddng xa hpi, dng cho r i n g toan bp san lUdng b i n g nam cua da't dai va lao ddng cua mdi nudc, tflc la toan bp gia t i l n cua san lUdng hang nam cua mdi nUdc, ta't nhien, tu p h a n hda ba loai la tiln cdng lao dpng, t i l n tbud dat va ldi nhuan cua t i l n vdn, va tUdng flng tao t h a n h t i l n thu nbap cua ta't ca mpi ngfldi thudc ba tang Idp xa hdi khac l l n lUdt tfl t i n g tba'p d i n t i n g cao la: nhflng ngUdi sd'ng bang t i l n cdng lao ddng, nhflng ngUdi sd'ng b i n g t i l n cho thue da't dai va nhflng ngfldi sd'ng b i n g ldi nhuan Trong he thd'ng phan tang xa hdi nay, Adam Smith canh bao sii can thiep vi ddng cd ldi n h u a n cua tang Idp chdp bu, t a n g Idp t r e n cung va vay c i n phai canh giac vdi thai dp va h a n h vi, ldi ndi va viec lam cua t i n g Idp moi ho dUa mdt quydt dinh ddl vdi va'n d l cua toan xa hdi V l dilu nay, Adam Smith vid't vao nam 1776 nhU sau: "Ba't ky mpt dao luat mdi nao, hay luat le nao t i n g Idp d l xUdng, c i n phai dUdc nghe ngdng ra't than trpng va chi dUdc thdng qua sau da nghien cflu, xem xet mot each ky ludng nha't, vdi sU tap trung nha't Dao luat dd xua't phat tfl mdt tang Idp ma ldi ich cua hp khdng bao gid ddng nha't vdi ldi ich chung cua dan chung, mdt t i n g Idp ma muc dich chinh la Ifla ddl va ap bflc q u i n chung de thu cho dUpc ldi nhuan tdi da" (Adam Smith, 1997, tr.384) Hoc thuyet kinh td' bpc chinh tri cua Karl Marx nha'n manh tdi cac nguyen nhan kinh t l cua sU phan chia giai d p va sU phan t i n g xa hdi Theo Marx, sii phan t i n g xa bdi la k i t qua cua sii pban chia giai d p va sU hinh ca'u true xa bdi dd giai ca'p n i m gifl tfl lieu san xua't cd ban cua xa hdi la giai ca'p 19 thdng tri va chiem gifl vi tri d t i n g Idp tren, t i n g chdp bu va giai ca'p khdng cd tu lieu san xua't la giai ca'p bi tri bi d l y xudng tang dudi, tham chi t i n g day cua ca'u t n i c phan t i n g xa hpi Hoc thuyet Marx chi ro, cd sd cua ca'u trflc xa hpi va sU pban t i n g xa bpi la phUdng thflc san xua't va phUdng thflc trao dd'i gifla ngUdi vdi ngudi Dilu ngu y r i n g , cflng vdi yeu td kinh t l ddng vai trd quyet dinh, nhUng khdng phai la nha't, cac yeu to nhu cac tbiet chd' chinh tri, van hda, xa hpi cung ddng nhflng vai trd ra't quan trpng ddl vdi sU van dpng, bid'n dd'i ca'u true xa hpi, phan t i n g xa hdi Marx da chi xu hudng chung la su phan t i n g xa hpi bid'n dd'i tfl trang t h i i ba't cdng, ba't binh dang xa hpi sang trang thai cdng b i n g , binh d i n g xa hdi Marx cung chi nguyen nhan va dudng bidn ddi cd tinh each mang cua su phan t i n g xa hpi va sU bien dd'i dd la mdt qua trinh each mang ra't lau dai cd sd t i n g kinh td', ky t h u a t va thUdng t i n g kidn trflc, tinh t h i n , y thflc xa hdi Khi van dung bpc t h u y i t Marx vao danh gia thuc trang va vach xu hfldng bien ddi sU pban tang xa hdi, c i n chu y tdi nhflng yeu to' phi kinh td' nhU xu hudng hanh ddng cua cac giai ca'p, cac tang Idp xa hpi vdi trinb dp nhan thflc, tinh tU giac va sU tidn bd khoa bpc, cdng nghe Cac nha kinh t l hoc nd'i tieng nhu Theodore W Schultz, Athur Lewis, Gary Becker ra't quan tam nghien cflu va'n d l ngheo ddi va da phat trien nhflng chuydn nganh quan trpng nhU "Kinh te bpc phat trien" va "Kinh t l bpc v l ngheo ddi" Theodore Schultz da md d i u bai phat bilu nhan Giai thudng Nobel v l kinh td' bpc cua minh nam 1979 b i n g mdt cau ndi nd'i tieng, hoan toan cd the ap dung cho xa hpi bpc kinh Tong tich hop ly thuyet kinh te hoc va xa hoi hoc nghien cmi phan tang xa hoi Ld Ngoc H u n g ' " ' Torn t a t : Phan tdng xd hdi diin tren nhieu chieu cgnh kinh te - xd hdi khac Do vgy, cdn van dung cdch tiep can tdng tick hop cdc ly thuyet khde nghien cUu phdn tdng xd hpi Trong ndi bat Id cdch tiep can tdng tich hop ly thuyit kinh te'hgc - xd hgi hgc vd xd hgi hgc • kinh tehpc vdi mgt sdly thuyet kinh dien vd hiin dgi vi ngudn gdc cua sU gidu co, ly thuyet vi tdng trUdng vd phdt trien dUa tren cdc yeu to'ky thugt, quyin tii do, thiet chi' vd cdc logi vdn ngtidi, von sdng tgo vd cdc logi vdn phi vgt the khac TU gdc dp tdng tich hap ly thuyet cd the xem xet phdn tdng xd hdi vi tiin lUang cua nhiing ngUdi ldm cdng dn lUdng b Viet Nam nhu la mpt trUdng hop nghiin cdu cu thi Diiu ndy gOi cdc hUdng nghiin cUu tiep theo vi viic van dung tdng tich hOp cdc ly thuyet vi vdn ngUdi, vi the cdu true cua he thd'ng sdn xudt kinh doanh, chUc ndng nghi nghiep de co the ndm bdt dugc cdc chieu cgnh vd cdc xu hUdng cua phdn tdng xd hgi d Viit Nam hien Tfl k h d a : Td'ng tich hdp, Ly thuyet kinh t l hpe, Ly thuyet xa hpi bpc, Phan t i n g xa hdi, Vd'n ngudi, Quyen tU do, Ngheo ddi Tang trUdng Tdng tich hop IV thuydt kinh t^hoc - xa hdl hoc Mpt bieu hien ro nha't cua td'ng tich hdp each tiep can kinh te bpc - xa hpi bpc la kinh te' bpc cang quan tam nghien cflu cac va'n de xa hpi va chi cac nguyen nhan, cac cd che' va cac he qua xa hdi cua cac hien tUdng kinh te, qua trinh kinh te Theo each tilp can ly thuyd't kinh td' hoc, su phan tang v l kinh te', vi du phan t i n g v l thu nhap, chi tieu, tai san, quyet dinh sii phan t i n g xa hpi Tuy nhien, xem xdt ky cd '•' GS.TS., Vien Xa hoi hoc Hoc vien Chinh tri Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh the tha'y cac ly thuyd't kinh te hpe khac lai chi cac ngudn gdc k h l c cua sU giau cd va vay cbi ngudn gd'c khac cua sii phan t i n g xa hdi Nam 1776, dng to cua nganh kinh td'hpc hien dai la Adam Smith da dat cau hdi v l ngudn gdc cua sU giau cd cua cac qud'c gia Cau t r a ldi cua dng la sU phan cdng lao dpng hdp ly, "tien tidn" xa hdi the bidn qua vide hinh cac nganh n g b l vdi tinh chuyen mdn hda, chuydn nghiep hda cao gifla cac ca nhan xa hdi va sU phan cdng hdp ly gifla nha nUdc va thi trUdng la ngudn goe cua sii giau cd cua qudc gia Tfl gdc dp kinh Tdng Hch hap ly muyef kinh te hpe te hoc v l sii phan cdng lao ddng xa hpi, dng cho r i n g toan bd san lUdng hang nam cua da't dai va lao ddng cua mdi nudc, tflc la toan bd gia tien cua san lUdng hang nam cua mdi nUdc, ta't nhien, t u p h a n hda t h a n h ba loai la t i l n cdng lao dpng, tien thud da't va ldi nhuan cua tien vd'n, va tUdng flng tao t i l n thu nh^p cua ta't ca mpi ngUdi thudc ba t i n g Idp xa hdi khac l l n lupt tfl tang tba'p dd'n t i n g cao la: nhflng ngUdi sd'ng b i n g t i l n cdng lao ddng, nhflng ngUdi sd'ng b i n g t i l n cho thue da't dai va nhflng ngudi sd'ng b i n g ldi nhuan Trong he thd'ng phan t i n g xa bdi nay, Adam Smith canh bao sii can thiep vi ddng cd ldi n h u a n cua t i n g Idp chdp bu, tang Idp tren cung va vay c i n phai canh giac vdi thai dp va hanh vi, ldi ndi va viec lam ciia t i n g Idp mdi ho dua r a mpt quyet dinh ddl vdi va'n de cua toan xa hdi V l dilu nay, Adam Smith vid't vao nam 1776 nhu sau: "Ba't ky mot dao luat mdi nao, hay Iuat le nao tang Idp d l xUdng, c i n phai dUdc nghe ngdng ra't than trpng va chi dUpc thdng qua sau da nghidn cflu, xem xet mdt each ky lUdng nha't, vdi sU t a p trung nhat Dao luat dd xua't phat tfl mpt t i n g Idp ma ldi ich cua ho khdng bao gid ddng nha't vdi ldi ich chung cua dan chung, mot t i n g Idp ma muc dich chinh la Ifla ddl va ap bflc quan chung de thu cho dUdc ldi nhuan tdi da" (Adam Smith, 1997, tr.384) Hoc thuyet kinh te' hpe chinh tri cua Karl Marx nha'n manh tdi cac nguyen nhan kinh te ciia sii phan chia giai ca'p va sU phan t i n g xa hdi Theo Marx, sii phan t i n g xa hdi la kd't qua cua sU phan chia giai ca'p va sfl hinh ca'u tnic xa hdi dd giai ca'p n i m gifl tU lieu san xua't cd ban cua xa hdi la giai ca'p 19 thd'ng tri va chiem gifl vi tri d t i n g Idp tren, tang chdp bu va giai ca'p kbdng cd t u lieu san xua't la giai ca'p bi tri hi d l y xud'ng t i n g dUdi, t h a m chi t i n g day cua ca'u trflc p h a n t i n g xa hdi Hoc thuyet Marx chi ro, cd sd cua ca'u true xa hpi va sii phan tang xa bdi la phUdng thflc san xua't va phUdng thflc trao dd'i gifla ngUdi vdi ngudi Dilu ngu y r i n g , cflng vdi yeu td kinh te ddng vai trd quyet dinh, nhflng khdng phai la nha't, cac yeu td' nhu cac thiet che chinh tri, van hda, xa hdi cung ddng nhflng vai trd ra't quan trpng ddl vdi sU van ddng, bid'n dd'i ca'u trflc xa hdi, phan t i n g xa hpi Marx da chi xu hudng chung la sU phan t i n g xa hdi bien ddi tfl trang thai ba't cdng, ba't binh dang xa bdi sang trang thai cdng bang, binh dang xa bdi Marx cflng chi nguyen nhan va dUdng bien ddi cd tinh each mang cua sU phan t i n g xa hpi va su bid'n dd'i dd la mot qua trinh each mang rat lau dai cd sd t i n g kinh te, ky t h u a t va thUdng t i n g kid'n true, tinh t h i n , y thflc xa hpi Khi van dung bpc thuyet Marx vao danh gia thlic trang va vach xu hudng bien ddi sii phan t i n g xa hpi, c i n chu f tdi nhflng yeu td' phi kinh te' nhfl xu budng hanh ddng cua cac giai ca'p, cac t i n g Idp xa hdi vdi trinh dp nhan thflc, tinh tii giac va su tien bp khoa bpc, cdng nghd Cac nha kinh te' bpc nd'i tilng nhU Theodore W Schultz, Athur Lewis, Gary Becker ra't quan tam nghidn cflu va'n d l ngheo ddi va da phat trien nhflng chuyen nganh quan trpng nhU "Kinh te' hpe phat trien" va "Kinh te bpc v l ngheo ddi" Theodore Schultz da md d i u bai phat bieu nhan Giai thudng Nobel v l kinh te hoc cua minh nam 1979 b i n g mpt cau ndi noi tieng, hoan toan cd the ap dung cho xa hdi bpc kinh 20 td': " H l u bet mpi ngudi tren the gidi la nghdo, vay neu chflng ta hieu kinh te' hpe ve nghdo ddi, thi chung ta cd the bieu biet v l mot bd phan Idn cua kinh te bpc" (Theodore W Schultz, 2000, tr.575593) Cflng cd the ndi tUdng tU nhU vay ddl vdi each t i l p can kinh te bpc v l sU phan t i n g xa hdi: neu hieu rd sU phan bda giau nghdo, phan hda xa hdi thi chung ta cd the hieu rd ban cha't va nguyen nhan cua sU phan t i n g xa hdi NhUng tai lai ngheo khd? Su phan hda giau ngheo la dau? Cac tUu kinh te' hpe dang lam giau thdm hilu biit xa hdi hoc v l cac nguydn nhan kinh t l (vi du can can thUdng mai nudc va qud'c td) va nguyen nhan phi kinh te' (vi du hpe va'n tba'p, tay n g h i kem va sU cd lap) cua sU nghdo khd, phan hda xa bdi, phan t i n g xa hpi va ba't binh d i n g xa hpi tren cac ca'p dd tfl vi md gdm ngudi nghdo, hp nghdo d i n vi md la vflng nghdo, quoc gia ngheo, khu VUc nghdo Ket qua cua sU pban bda giau nghdo la ngUdi nghdo bi rdi xudng t i n g day cua thang bac phan t i n g xa hdi va ngudi giau ndi len t i n g tren, n i m gifl p h l n Idn quyln lUc, uy tin va cua cai cua toan xa hpi Trong qua trinh nay, ra't cd the mot so' ngudi bi ma't tai san trd nen nghdo ddi, nhung nhflng ngUdi dd khdng nha't tbiet hi rdi xudng t i n g day cua xa hdi bdi vi tinh trang dd cd the cbi mang tinh tam thdi Ngudi ngheo kinh nidn cd the may m i n cd tai san, vi du trung so ddc die, nhung v i n cd t b I bi ngheo khong biet sfl dung sd tiln kiem dUdc nha't thdi dd Nhflng ngudi cd uy tin xa bdi hoac ngudi n i m gifl quyen Iuc deu cd the trd nen giau cd, nhUng nhflng ngudi giau chUa chic da cd uy tin va vi the' cao be rnong tin Khoa hoc xa hdi s6 9.2015 thd'ng phan t i n g xa hdi Dilu cho th^y tinb phflc tap va tinh linh boat, nang ddng ciia cac qua trinb di ddng xa hpi, cd ddng xa hoi cua sii phan hda giau ngheo va pban t i n g xa hdi Mdi quan he gifla kinh t l va xa hpi dUdc bdc Id rd qua cac nghien cflu v l mdi tfldng quan gifla tang trfldng kinh t l va ba't binh dang xa hpi Cac nha nghien cflu khdng diing lai d nhan dinh ring kinh td' la n h a n td' quyet dinh ddl vdi sii ba't binh d i n g xa hpi ma di sau tim bieu mdi tUdng tae qua lai gifla hai hidn tUdng Khai nidm tang trudng kinh td' dUdc dflng de chi sfl tang Idn bin vflng cua ca kha nang cung ca'p hang hda kinh te' va kha nang doi mdi cong nghd va dilu chinh mpt each phfl hdp cac thidt che kinh td', vSn hda, xa bpi Quan niem nbU vay da ham chfla vai trd quan trpng cua hai ydu to' phi kinh te' - cdng nghe va thiet chd' xa hpi doi v6i tang trudng kinh t l Simon Kuznets dinh nghia: tang trudng kinh te' la "sii tang len dai ban cua kba nang cung ca'p cac hang hda kinh t l cang da dang cua n h a n dan, kha nang lien tue phat trien diia trdn cd sd cdng nghe tien tien, nhflng dilu chmh ve thd chd' va be tfl tudng ma nd ddi hdi" (Simon Kuznets, 1980, tr.l44)'*' Nhflng nUdc nghdo cd dac diem chung, vi du nhu Kuznets da chi ra, la nang sua't lao dpng tba'p, kinh te dUa vao ndng nghidp va nganh khai tbac, quy md san xuat nhd, quy md dan so' Idn Su tang trUdng kinh t l ddi hdi cac nhan to' kinh te (vi du tang vd'n d i u tU, chuyen ddi cd ca'u kinh te, ky t h u a t cdng nghe tien tien) va '*' Simon Kuznets (1901-1985) dildc Giai thitdng Nobel vl khoa hoc kinh te nam 1971 c6 cong dem lai "mot each nhin mdi - sau s^c d^i vdi cSiu tnic kinh te' - xa hgi va qua trinh phat triln" Tdng tich hop Iy thuyet kinh te hpe • mdt khudn khd chinh tri va xa hdi dn dinh n h u n g iinh boat, du kha nang chap n h a n su thay ddi ve ca'u true va giai quydt cac xung dot ma nd tao ra" (Simon Kuznets, 1980, tr.l58) Cdng t r i n h nghien cflu nd'i tieng cua Arthur Lewis v l sU ngheo ddi va tang trudng kinh te' da dUa hai mo hinb giai thich mdi quan hd tren hai ca'p dp: ngheo ddi d mdt nudc cham phat trien va sU ba't binh d i n g gifla nUdc cham phat trien va nUdc phat trien (Sir Arthur Lewis, 2000,.tr.601-618)*'' Theo Lewis, mdt nudc cham p h a t t r i l n cd da so' dan cu sd'ng b i n g kinh td' ndng nghidp "tu cung tU cap" va mot bp phan sd'ng b i n g kinh td' cdng nghidp - dich vu Men dai, Su tang trUdng n h a n h chdng dinh hudng vao thi trUdng cua khu vuc kinh td' hien dai la dupc d i u tu manh me va ddi dao tfl cac ngudn luc, dd cd ngudn n h a n cdng re cua khu vuc ndng thdn K i t qua la kinh t l hidn dai d khu vUc tap t r u n g it dan cU (vi du cbi chiem khoang 20 - 30%) phat t r i l n vUdt trpi so vdi kinh te d khu vUc ndng thdn ddng dan cU (vi du chiem 70 - 80%) Dilu dd cd nghia la tang trUdng kinh te d nhflng nUdc cham phat tridn gan Uln vdi sU nghdo ddi tap trung d ndng thdn va sU ba't binb d i n g xa bpi gia tang gifla t h a n h thi va ndng thdn, gifla cac nganh cdng nghiep - dich vu hien dai vdi nganh ndng nghiep truyen thd'ng Md hinh ba't binh d i n g ndi dia cua Lewis boan toan cd the ap dung d l giai thich sU ba't binb d i n g gifla cac nUdc '•' Sir Arthur Lewis (sinh nam 1915) ciing vdi TheodoisW Schultz (sinh nSm 1902) ditOc nhSn chung Ciiai ihuSng Nobel ve khoa hoc kinh te nam 1979 vi nhiing nghiSn cifu tien phong ve phat trien kinh te, ngh^o doi va ba't binh ding nUdcchftm phat t r i l n 21 cdng nghidp phat trien va cac nUdc ndng nghiep cham phat trien trdn thd' gidi c a c nudc ngheo xua't k h I u cac san p h i m ndng nghiep va nguyen lieu cac nUdc giau xua't khau san pham cdng nghidp va pham dUdc che bien sau Nang su^t lao ddng ndng nghidp tha'p so vdi nang sua't lao ddng cdng nghiep va can can thUdng mai qud'c t l phu thudc vao nUdc giau la nhflng nguydn nhan cua sii phan tang xa hdi de'n mflc ba't binh d i n g gifla bai nhdm nudc Cach giai thich mdi quan he gifla tang trudng kinh te va ba't binh d i n g xa hdi cua Lewis gdi hudng nghien cflu nguyen nhan phi kinh te: vai trd cua sU d i u t u giao due, cua vd'n ngUdi ddl vdi phat trien kinh t l Schultz vk Becker da ra't t h a n h cdng vide phat trien hudng nghien cflu Schultz da chi Uu thd' ldi sua't cao hdn h l n cua vdn ngudi d cac nUdc giau so vdi nudc nghdo va tfl dd di den giai thich tai cac nUdc giau d i u t u nhilu va nhanh vao giao due bdn b i n so vdi cac linh vflc khac Ong rut kd't luan cd tinh td'ng tich hdp r a t cao each tiep can kinh t l bpc va tidp can xa hdi hoc v l mdi quan he bidn chflng gifla cai kinh td' va cai xa bpi Schultz vid't: "diu tu vao cai thien cha't lUdng dan cU cd the tang cudng dang ke trien vpng kinh te va phflc ldi cho ngUdi nghdo" (Sir Arthur Lewis, 2000, tr.580) Nha kinh td' hoc Gary Becker nd'i tidng vdi each tiep can "vd'n ngudi" (human capital) (Gary S Becker, 2000, tr.70-104) da nhaji manh vai trd cua vide d i u t u vao giao due va dao tao d l nang cao vd'n ngudi n h i m ldi ich k^ vpng lau dai Dilu quan trpng' la k i t luan dung ca vdi trfldng hdp 22 quyet dinh cua cac cha me va nha doanh nghiep thupc ca'p vi md va cua cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach cua bd, nganh va qudc gia thudc ca'p vi md hp ludn phai tinh toan, so sanh chi phi trUdc m i t vdi ldi ich cd the dat dUdc tUdng lai Tam nhin xa day dUdc bieu la ky vpng ve ldi ich tUdng lai Mpt bp pban ngUdi ngheo cd t i m nhin xa quyet dinh cho bpc len dai hoc b i n g mpi each ban than va gia dinh hp phai chi phi ra't Idn cho viec thuc hidn quyet dinh dd: bp cd t b I phai giam bdt nhflng muc cbi tieu kbdng true tiep lien quan tdi vide bpc tap cua cai, ddng thdi phai tim each them thu nhap de bfl d i p cho nhflng chi phi bpc tap ma theo each tidp can cua Becker la d i u tu vd'n ngudi cho ky vpng nghe nghiep dUdc tra cdng cao Nhflng bac cha me ngheo da cd t i m nhin xa v l gia tri cua vd'n ngUdi ddi vdi kha nang tim dUdc vide lam dn dinh vdi thu nhap cao cua cai bp Tren tbUc te', nhflng quyet dinh d i u tU cho bpc tap cua cac bac cha me da dUdc den dap: cupc ddi ngheo ddi cua cha me da kbdng di t r u y i n lai cho thd' be cua hp, ma trai lai, nhflng ngUdi cua hp nhd k i t qua hpe tap nha't la nhd hoc va td't nghidp cac trudng dai bpc ndn cd the da dd'i ddi, dd'i cudc ddi ngheo la'y cupc ddi kha gia, t h a m chi la giau cd Ndi each khac, thdng qua d i u tU vao vd'n ngUdi, cac ca nhan, gia dinh cd the di dpng tfl tang Idp t h i p Idn t i n g Idp cao bdn thupc giai t i n g trung luu, tham chi la giai t i n g tbudng luu ciia bd thd'ng phan t i n g xa hdi Bat d i u tfl cdng trinh nghien cflu n i y cua Gary Becker, da xua't hidn cac loai md hinh ly thuyd't nham phat hidn chia khda de md canh efla tang Thfing tin Khoa hoc xa hdi sd 9.S015 trudng kinh te va phat t r i l n xa hdi Cac nd lUc nghien ciiu tdng tich hdp kinh te bpc va xa hdi bpc hfla hen dem Iai nhilu kd't qua mong mudn bdi vi ludn tinb den cac nhan to' kinh te' va phi kinh te' cua sU tang trudng kinh td' va phat trien xa hdi Trong s l dd can ke tdi hudng nghien cflu td'ng tich hdp kinh te hpe xa hdi hoc v l xda ddi, giam ngheo, v l quyln ngUdi phat trien va ve nang lUc ngUdi cac qua trinh xa hpi cua sii phat trien b i n vflng Mdt sd nha nghien cflu v l sU tang trudng kinh td' d nhflng nUdc cham phat trien va nhflng nudc dang phat trid'n nfla cudi t h i ky XX da tap trung vao va'n d l nghdo ddi va tang trudng kinh t l Mpt nhflng ket luan cd tinb phUdng phap luan ddl vdi cac qua trinb phat tridn kinh t l - xa bpi d nhflng nUdc la: hay b i t d i u tfl nhflng ngfldi ngheo kho (Robert Chambers, 1991) Theo quan diem nay, tang trudng kinh te b i t d i u khdng phai tfl vide vay vd'n tai chinh hay ddi mdi ky thuat ddn t h u i n ma tfl viec tim hieu nhflng khd khan, nhflng mdi quan tam va van hda cua ngudi nghdo va tim each giup ngudi ngheo phat trien tri thflc, nang lUc, ky nang va thay ddi thai dp, hanh vi dd hp t u xda ddi, giam ngheo Cach tiep can da dUdc Robert Chambers, Amartya Sen va cac ddng sU ap dung va tdng ket vid't sach xua't ban vao nhflng nam 1980 Su nghdo khd bieu hidn la sU thieu thdn cac phUdng tien vat cha't de san xua't va sinh hoat hang cua ca nhan va gia dinh Nhung tha't hpe, dm dau bdnh tat, su cd lap, hoac bao luc gia dinh cung cd the gay tba't nghiep va giam thu nbap dan de'n sii ngheo ddi Cac tae gia da phac hpa dUdc cac yeu to' cd ban cua Tdng tich hop 1^ thuyet hinh te hoc vdng l u i n quan cua ngheo ddi va gpi nd la "biy nghdo khd'" ma ba't ky mdt ngUdi hay mpt gia dinh t h a m chi ca mdt cdng ddng xa bpi cd the m i c phai Giai phap phdng t r a n h va thao gd khdi bay nghdo khd la nghien cflu p h a t hidn cac m i t xich cua b i y nghdo khd de kip thdi ta'n cong vao nhflng m i t xich cd ban, quan trpng nha't, xung ydu nha't Trong so' dd cd yeu td' trinh dp bpc va'n, trinh dp chuyen mdn ky t h u a t va quyln nang Amartya Sen - n h a kinh t l bpc ngudi An Dp dUdc Giai thudng Nobel v l kinh te nam 1999 da dua thuyet "Phat trien la md rdng quyen liia chpn" thay cho thuyet "Phat trien la tang trudng kinb te" (Amartya Sen, 2002) Tang trudng kinh te' (thu nhap) la cUc k$ quan trpng nhung d6 kbdng phai la muc dich tU than Gid'ng nhU cau chuyen cd An Dp v l y nghia cua cupc sd'ng va sU giau cd Cau bdi cd xUa la: cua cai cd lam cho ngUdi ba't tfl khdng? Cau t r a ldi la: kbdng Bdi vi ngudi giau v i n chet Vay tbi giau cd de lam gi?! Nha hien triet Hy Lap cd dai la Aristotle cung tflng ndi r i n g , cua cai rd rang khdng phai la thfl chflng ta tim kilm, bdi vi cua cai chi ddn gian la cd ich ldi va de dflng cbo mdt thfl khac Tflc la cua cai hay su giau cd cbi la cdng cu, la phudng tien de dat muc dich la hanh phuc va phat trien Do vay, sU phat t r i l n b i n vflng bao bam sU phat trien van hda, giao due, sflc khoe, la sU md rpng quyln t h a m gia quan ly xa hdi, quyen lua chpn cac cd hdi, la nang cao nang luc thuc hien cac quyen va thiic hidn cac quyet dinh da lua chpn cho mpi ngUdi Amartya Sen cho r i n g , ddi ngheo chi xay ddl vdi nhflng ngudi dan khdng cd cd hdi, khdng cd kha nang lUa chon, khdng cd 23 tieng ndi ddl vdi ai, nha't la ddl vdi bd may lanh dao, quan ly d cdng ddng xa bdi ndi hp sinh sd'ng Chinh phu va gidi lanh dao, quan ly se ra't it quan t a m tdi "xda ddi giam ngheo" chflng nao ma hp khdng cd thdng tin ve chflng, kbdng chiu sflc ep cua dU luan xa bdi ddi boi hp pbai chiu trach nhidm v l nan ngheo ddi Mdt ly ra't ddn gian cua sU thd d vdi ngheo ddi la ban t h a n bp chUa bao gid bi ngheo ddi hoac ddn gian la ho da quen sii ngheo ddi ma chinh hp da trai qua Do dd, ngUdi nghdo c i n phai len tieng v l sU ngheo khd va cac n h a nghien cflu c i n thdng tin chinh xle va d l y du ve tinh t r a n g phan hda giau ngheo va xu hUdng bid'n ddi phan t i n g xa hdi de cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach dieu chinh, doi mdi cac chUdng trinh h a n h ddng cbo phfl hdp Cd t h i ndi, Amartya Sen la ngudi cd cong md trao luu xem xet va'n d l b i t binb d i n g xa bpi va tang trUdng kinh te tfl gdc dp tdng tich hdp khoa bpc kinh te hoc vdi xa hdi bpc va chinh tri bpc d cudi the" ky XX Bdi vi, dng da nha'n manh tdi quyen cua ngUdi, tdi vai trd cua vide md rdng quyln va nang cao nang liic thlic bien cac quyln tU kinh doanh, bpc tap, cham sdc sflc khoe va tham gia vao cac qua trinh chinh tri-xa hpi xda ddi giam ngheo, tang tnidng kinh te va phat trien xa hpi Mdt sd' nha kinh te' bpc ndi tieng khac, vi du nhu Joseph Stiglitz, da phat t r i l n budng tiep can dua t h u y i t phat trien tokn didn, dd nha'n manh vai trd cua thdng tin va sU tham gia cua ngudi dan cac qua trinh cua xa hdi Khdng chl ngUdi nghdo ma ta't ca cac t i n g Idp xa hpi d i u can dUdc t h a m gia vao cac qua trinb quan ly xa hpi de thiic hidn cac muc tidu phat trien xa hdi Tudng tu 24 nhu vide phat trien nang lUc ngUdi la muc tidu cua sU phat trien, ban than sU tham gia xa bpi ciing trd muc tidu cua sU phat trien xa hpi Tinh cd dpng va su di ddng xa hpi se tang len va cac cd hdi phat trien se md nhieu hdn vdi sii tham gia chu dpng va tich cUc cua cac ca nhan, gia dinh, td chflc, tang Idp, giai t i n g xa bdi Do dd, vide tdn trpng cac quyln ngudi qua trinh phat tridn xa hpi va nha't la vide nang cao nang liic thUc hien cac quyen tu cua ngudi da dupc phap luat quy dinh, vide tbUc hien dan chu hda, viec md rdng cac cd hdi tham gia vao qua trinh xa hpi la nhflng yiu td mdi gdp p h l n xda ddi, giam ngheo va cai thidn ddi sd'ng cua cac giai ting xa hdi TlJng tich hop ly thuyet xa hOI hgc - kinh t^ hoc Max Weber la nha xa hpi hoc dong thdi la nha nhan bpc van bda xa bpi ngudi Dflc da dUa each tiep can ly thuyd't ndi tidng nha'n manh tae ddng thuc dly cua yd'u td' tdn giao, cu the la cudc Cai each Tin lanh (Protestan Reformation) ddl vdi sii phat trien kinh te TBCN hidn dai d phUdng Tay Weber chi ring, su k i t hdp tai tinh gifla "dao dflc Tin lanh" vdi "tinh t h i n cua chu nghla tu ban" lich sfl phUdng Tay da tao nen ddng lUc va ngudn liic lam cho ngudi hanh ddng theo kieu ly - cdng cu, phUdng tien vdi ngbia la ludn tinh toan de hanh dpng dat dudc hieu qua cao nha't (Max Weber, 2008; Xem thdm: Le Ngoc Hflng, 2011) Tfl dd xuat hien su pban t i n g xa hdi dUa trdn sii phan hda v l hanh ddng xa hdi, theo dd nhflng ngudi cham chi, chiu khd, t i l t kidm, iam vide khdng ngdi nghi mot each trung thUc, cdi md, lao ddng nhu mpt thidn chflc, nhu mdt sfl mdnh thi Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa hdi sd 9.2015 dUdc vinh danh, dUdc Idn thien dang; cdn nhflng ke ludi bieng, lang phi, gian ddi tbi hi trflng phat, bi day xud'ng dia nguc Cach giai thfch kieu nhan hpe van hda, cu the la vide de cao yeu to' dao dflc tdn giao va tinh t h i n cua CNTB, nhu chinh Weber nha'n manh cd y nghia bd sung ma khdng thay the cho each giai thich nha'n m a n h cac d i l u kidn kinh t l nhu Marx da chi ddl vdi sU phan t i n g xa hdi Weber vSn ke thfla each tiep can kinh te bpc nhUng chi ro cac yeu td' kinh te va ca yd'u to' chinh tri cung vdi yeu to van hda, yd'u to xa bpi d i u tUdng tae, tdng tich hdp vdi n h a u de tao cac can cfl cua su pban hda giau ngheo va phan t i n g xa hdi Tuy nhidn, v i n cd mdt so' nha nghidn cflu danh gia mdt each may m6c ve each tiep can mang tinh td'ng tich bdp xa bpi bpc - kinb t l hoc cua Weber v l phan t i n g xa hdi Do khdng chu y de'n dilu nen mpt sd' nha nghidn cflu dUdng dai, vi du Acemoglu va Robinson, da vien d i n sfl tang trudng kinb te, phat trien xa hdi cua Nhat Ban, Singapore, Han Qud'c va ca Trung Qudc de' pban bidn each tiep can nha'n manh yeu td' van hda, tdn giao cua Weber (Daron Acemoglu va J a m e s A Robinson, 2014, tr.86-94) Hai tae gia cho r i n g , cac y i u to nhan hoc, tdn giao va niem tin, thai dp van hda thay ddi ra't cham chap va.khdng cd kha nang giai thich ddl vdi su tang trudng kinh tl, phat trien xa hpi va phan t i n g xa hdi thudng d i i n n h a n h chdng Tuy nhidn, cac nghien cflu khac vi du nhu nghien ciiu cua Richard Florida, Peter Murphy, Eduardo de la Fuente va cac ddng sii phat hien su sang tao va ddng cd my vdi tinh each la tinh t h i n mdi, ddng lUc mdi cua sU tang trudng, phat triln ... khde nghien cUu phdn tdng xd hpi Trong ndi bat Id cdch tiep can tdng tich hop ly thuyit kinh te'hgc - xd hgi hgc vd xd hgi hgc • kinh tehpc vdi mgt sdly thuyet kinh dien vd hiin dgi vi ngudn gdc... cac cd che' va cac he qua xa hdi cua cac hien tUdng kinh te, qua trinh kinh te Theo each tilp can ly thuyd't kinh td' hoc, su phan tang v l kinh te', vi du phan t i n g v l thu nhap, chi tieu,... to' phi kinh te' - cdng nghe va thiet chd' xa hpi doi v6i tang trudng kinh t l Simon Kuznets dinh nghia: tang trudng kinh te' la "sii tang len dai ban cua kba nang cung ca'p cac hang hda kinh t