HBHltH Cliu CHlNH TRI-XA HOI TUTLY THUYET XA HQI HOC VE CONG DONG DEN PHAN TICH TiNH CONG DONG TRONG HOAT DONG SAN XUAT, KINH DOANH CUA NGUOI DAN NONG THON VIET NAM TRAN THI XUAN LAN • L y thuyet xa hpi hpc v l cdng dong hon vj the dat dupc eac thdnh vien pha'n dau Vdi tdc pham 'Cdng ding va xa hpi", F, ma cd Trai lai, xa hpi hiep hdi tinh, tinh ca Tonnies nhd xd hdi hpc ngudi Ddc da thuc hien nhan dupc de cao, cac quan he xa hpi cung nghidn cffu chuydn bidt dau tidn ve cpng dong mang tinh nhay cam va su thda thuan giffa cac (nam 1887) Ong Id ngudi dffa khai niem cpng vien tren co sfl ve quyen Ipl va nghia vu ding eda xd hdi hpc Ong da quy mpi quan he xa Tinh hpp ly va tinh loan da thay cho tinh tinh cam, hdi v l hidn tupng gle eda ehd nghia nhj nguyen, Vj the dat dupc cua cac vien dupc de cao v i y chi ban ttil (Urpng dng vfli hanh dpng ttt Tonnies rat de cao xa hpl cpng dong tinh, la ddng CP bdn trong) vd "y ehi Iffa chpn" (tuong dng mpt tinh dupc xet tren nhffng quan niem cfla gia vdi hanh ddng muc tieu dat tu ben ngoai) tri luan, ia gla trj tdt dep quan he giffa ngircri cda ngffdi'" Ong da phdn chia xa hpl vdl ngudl Ngupc lai, ong lo ngai qua trinh hai loai la xa hfli d n g ding tinh (tieng Ddc la CNH,HOH va thi hoa mang iai nhieu lpi ich Gemeinschaft) vd xd hdi hiep hdi tinh (tieng Dffe song cung lam mat di nhffng gia tri tdt dep cua Id Gassellschall) cpng ddng va pha vfl moi trffdng thuan ipi cho cac Xa hdi edng ding tinh dac trffng cho tinh vien cpng tac vfli nhau, Cac dac trung cua nguydn ttifly - d c cdng ding tmyen thdng thupc xa hpi cpng ddng la: Chuyen mon hoa han che xa hfli ndng ttifln, ndng nghidp, tien cong nghiep; phan cong lao dpng, tri tinh cpng dong xa hpi hidp hpi tinh dae frung cho tinh hien dai - tren co sfl md'i lien he tuong trp true tie'p gISa cac d c cdng ddng thupc xa hpi cdng nghiep, thi ca nhan, dieu chinh cac quan he bang chuan Trang thdi trdt tu ndy dupe kilm soat bdi tap tuc muc dao ddc don gian, anh hudng quyet dinh cGa vd fruyin ttidng F Tonnies da chi nhung dac cac gia tri, tin nguflng va ton giao, su thfl'ng tri cua tnmg cda xa hdi cdng ding fi'nh la mang tinh than thiet che than tpc tinh, d kit tt; nhien, bin vffng Trong xa hpl cpng ding tinh d ba kilu gan bd - theo huyet thing (hp hdng, ddng hp), theo fi'nh cam (tinh ban, tinh ding chl) vd ttieo dja phudng (Idng, xa); d nhdn hanh ddng vl moi lien he cua quan he Chung Vj t h l xd hdi d Tupng tu Tonnies, E, Durkhelm de cap den khai niem doan k i t xa hpi co hpc (may moc) va doan k i t xa hpi huu cp Doan k i t xa hpi may moc, dd la kilu doan kel dua tren sir gidng nhau, sir thuan nhat, sir don san (gan cho) cua cac dieu, su thdng nha't cua cac gla tri, niem fin, tin thdnh vidn frong cdng ding duoc danh gia cao nguflng, phong tuc tap quan Cac ca nhan gan bo vfli chu ye'u tren co sd cung chia se nhffng • Tiih si Hoc Vlin Chlnh tn Khu vui I - Endruweit G vd TrommsdaiffG Tit diin Xd hoi hot Nxh Thigidi.H.2002.tr 99 14 gia trj, nhffng y niem thieng lieng ddng nha't (tuong tu cpng dong tinh) Sffe manh cua y thflc TAP CHi GIAO DUG LY LUAN - SO 238 (12/2015) NBHItN CUU CHiNH TBI-XAHOI tap the d kha nang chi phli, dilu chinh suy nghT, i tlnh d m vd hdnh dflng cda d nhan Trong doan ' kit may mdc, quyln tu d nhdn, tinh ttian tt; chd vd tinh ddc lap cda ede d nhdn rat ttiap Su khac bidt vd tinh ddc dao eda d nhdn khdng I quan trpng Xd hdi gan kit kilu mdy mic thuflng ' d quy mfl nho nhung y thdc epng I l n g eao, d c chuan muc chat che, luat phdp mang tinh cuflng chl Dodn kit xd hdi httu cfl la kilu doan kit xd hfli dua trdn su phong phd, da dang cda d e ehdc , nang, d c mil lidn hd, su tuflng tae gitta d c d ' nhdn va d c bd phan d u ndn xa hdi Trong ' xd hdi httu co, mdc dfl vd tinh chat chuydn mdn hda chde nang dng cao thi d e bfl phanfrongxd ' hpi edng phuttiudc,dng gan bfl va doan kit chat ' ehd vfli Kieu loan kit xa hfli ndy d trang xa hdi van minh dua trdn su phdn dng (tuong fi; I hidp hdi tinh), d quy md Ifln, y thdc cdng ding d I the ylu nhung tinh ddc lap tu chd d nhdn dupe d l eao, dupc tdn trpng phdt trien VI vay, Durkhelm chp rang, sir doan kit httu efl mfli Id nin ting ttiuc su cda xa hfli hidn dai'" Vfli J Fichter, nghien cdu v l cflng ding, flng cho rang, khdi nidm edng ding bao glm ylu t l : (1) Tuong quan cd nhdn mat thilt v(S nhttng ngufll khdc, tuflng quan ndy doi dupe gpi Id tuong quan dd nhat dang, tudng quan mat ddi mat tUdng quan thdn mat; (2) Cfl su lien he v l tinh cam vd d m xdc noi d nhan trang nhttng nhidm vu va dng tae xa hpi eda tap ttil (3) Cd su hiln ddng finh than hoac dan thdn dli vfli nhiing gia fii dUdc tap thl coi Id eao d vd cd y nghia; (4) Mdt y thdc loan kit vdl nhttng ngudi tap t h l " J Fichter da phdn tich y nghTa cda cpng ddng theo ba ITnh vuc: Dodn kit xa hdi, tuong tdc xa hfli va cfl d u xa hfli Khdng chidUng lai dvidc phdn tieh, md ta khdi nidm cdng ding, ndu rd y nghia d a nhttng ylu td doan kit xd hdi, tuflng tdc xd hpi va cfl d u xd hfli, J.FIchter d n ly giai ba ylu t l (hay ba ly do) hinh ttianh ndn cdng ding la yeu t l kinh t l hay nghi nghidp, ylu td sac tdc vd ton gido Tuy nhidn, cdng ding d n g d n dupe phdn ti'ch trdn mdt ehieu canh khde v l phan tao lap ndn d l Id yeu to dia vuc va ylu t l van hfla Cuong vuc va lanh ttid la diem dau fidn khu bidt mpt eflng ddng Nfli din cdng ding Id noi den mpt tap thl ngufli dinh cufrenmpt vung l i t dai Khi nhan bilt mpt cpng ding cung d n phai luu tam din yeu t l van hoa, dac bidt la hd gid trj vd chuan muc vdi tu dch Id d c djnh chl xd hdi quy djnh nhdn thdc vd hdnh vi cda d e ttianh vien frong cdng ding Chinh d e chud'n mue va khufln mau da lap nen frdt ti; xa hfli vd bao dam cho su thing nhat va doan kit cflng ding'"' Td nhdng phdn fi'ch frdn ddy, chdng ta Uiay d c cdng ding ndng ttidn ttuyln ttiing d nudc ta vdn d n d dd dacfi'nhcua nhttng epng ding xa hdi nflng nghiep trayen thong dien hinh Nghidn cdu filp can cdng ding gidp ehdng ta d l dang hon di vdo phanfi'chd u frdc va mli quan hd eda ngufll nflng dan bong d u fide cfla cdng ding Cdch tiep can xa hfli hpc v l cdng ding gpi ed sd ly luan cho vide xem xdt su phdt triln eflng ding vfli tu d c h la mflt qua trlnh xa hdi, qua trinh biln ddi d u tnJc vd biln dli chdc nang cua cdng ddng xa hdi d ndng thfln Vidt Nam Su phat triln cdng ding d ndng thdn Vidt Nam dang diln bli dnh dll mdi kinh t l - xa hdi, phdt triln kinh t l thi tnidng djnh hudng XHCN frong bli d n h todn d u hod, hdi nhdp kinh t l thl gidi, dfl vai ttfl eda ngufli ddn ndng thdn phdt triln cdng dong d n dupc xem xdt bli dnh rpng Idn cua su phdt triln dd't nuflc Dilu dac biet quan frpng Id hp dang dupc coi la nhdn vat ding vai frfl chd thl frong dli mfli va phdt ttiln eflng ding -To Duy Hop Luong Hdng Quang Phdt tnen cdng ddng Ly thuyel vd vdn dung Nxb Vdn hda Thdng tin H 2000 tr - Joeph H Fichter Xd hdt hot Nxb Hien dai Sai Gon, 1973 ir- 80 TAP CHi GIAO DUC IY tUAN - SO 238 (12/2015) -Td Duy Hop Lucmg Hdng Quang, Phdt men cdng dong Ly thuyet vd vdn dung N.vb Vdn hda Tiidng tin H 2000 Ir 27.32 15 HBHltH Cliu CHlNH TRI • XAHOI Tinh cpng dong cda ngddl ndng dan Viet Nam hoat dpng san xua't, kinh doanh Sau doi mfli co c h l quan ly kinh t l , nha't la tff anh em ruflt thit Sau "anh chi em rupf, thi 'ban be" la dau mS quan trpng tie'p theo ma ngufll dan chpn lira Je Bd Chinh trj (khda VI) Nghj quyd't 10 ve 'ddi lien ke't san xuat, kinh doanh (53.4%), mfli quan ly kinh t l ndng nghidp' vfli su khang "Hang xom lang gieng" vSi nhting "ngut* cung ^nh vai trfl d a kinh t l hp gia dinh ndng dan, coi lang" dupc ngudi dan lua chpn chie'm vi tri thfl trpng chdc nang kinh t l h d cda gia dinh nflng dan vfli ty Id tinh chung d phdt triln nflng nghidp vd ndng thdn mdi fla 51,1%, Nhffng "ngufli hp" dupc ngufli dan & nam gifli va nu gifli la khdi phue lai vj trf kinh t l hd gia dinh vd quan he dia ban khao sat chpn d vi tri uu tidn thff (vi tn xd hfli cung phuc hll ttieo su ddi mfli kinh te gan tha'p nha't) hpp tac lam an Chi co Trong san xuat kinh doanh, ngufli ddn nflng thfln 30,6% nam gifli va 35,5% phu nff cho rang hp co dd khflng hoat dflng theo kilu "ddn nha lien ke't lam an vfli 'ngfffli hp" rang" ntta ma da d su fidn kit, hpp tae, hfl trp cung phdt ttiln fi^n finh than cdng ding Dilu fra xd hdi hpc v l dli tupng md ngucn nflng ddn dd uu tidn lidn klL hpp tdc trang eflng dong d l san x u l t kinh doanh d huydn Thaeh That va Thudng Tin thude dja ban Hd Ndi nam 2008 the hidn qua bilu d l i : Bieu 1: Doi tUtfng ma nong dan lien ke't san xuat, kinh doanii Chflng tdi nhan thay cfl su tffong ddng va khac biet ve thff tu uu tien lua chpn do'l tupng hpp tac lam an nghien cffu ve "Vai tro dong hp dpi sdng cpng dong lang xa hien nay' (Nghien cffu trffflng hpp lang Quynh Ddi, xa Quynh 961, huyen Quynh Luu, tinh Nghe An thoi k} do'i m(!ri) cua Nguyen Tuan Anh Nghien dru cua Nguyen Tuan Anh cilng chi rang: Trong lam an kinh t l , ddi vdi ngufll ddn nong thon Quynh Doi vung Bac Trung B6, quan he uu tidn nha't van la quan he hp hang can huyet, tid'p de'n la quan he ban be tin cay, roi de'n quan he vdi ngufli biet lam an va tiep flen la hpp tac vfli nhung ngufli hp Sau mdl ia quan he vdi bat ky bill lam an (50,3%) va cudi cung la quan he vfli ngirffl lang" (tac gia nha'n manh)'" Tff nhffng nghien cffu phan tich d hai dja ban thupc khu vuc Bac Bp va Bac Trung Bp tren day CO the thay, dac trung cua nong thon Viet Nam Kit qua dilu tra cho thiy, frong san xua't, kinh van mang nang dac trung cua xa hpi cpng dong doanh hidn ngufli ndng ddn I d phal lien kd't linh nhu F Tonnies mo ta Du da budc vao then ky vfli rat nhidu dli tupng khdc D I u mfli lien CNH.HDH dat nuflc nhung iien k i t lam an kit, hpp tde san xuat kinh doanh dupc ngudi nflng dan v i n theo ba kieu gan bo truyen nhilu ngufli ddn tim din nhat ehinh Id anh em thdng - theo huyet thdng (hp hang, dong hp), theo rapt thjt tdc la lidn kit lam an vfli nhttng ngufli co tinh cam (ban be) va theo dia phuflng (hang d n g quan hd huylt thing Trong d l , cfl tfli gan xom) Tinh cd ke't cpng dong lang xa theo kieu co 60% y kiln cda nam gifli vd phu ntt ehpn phuong k i t tit nhien, dira vao huyet thdng va tinh than dn Idm an vfli anh em radt Xem xet din sd the he van la chu yeu gia dinh nhttng ngufli tra Ifli cho tha'y, cdc gia dinh cdng nhilu ttil hd d n g cfl xu huflng muln hpp tdc, lidn kit san xuat, kinh doanh vdi 16 - Nguyin Tudn Anh Vai trd ddng ho trang ddl sd'ng cdn, ddng long mhiin Ludn vdn ihuc siXd hdi hoi 2004 TAP CHI G I A O DUC LY LUAN - SO 238 (12/2015) HBHltH CUU CHiNH TIH-XAHOI Tuy nhidn, nlu nhu d Idng Quynh Ddi (Nghd An), quan hd lidn kit lam an vdi nhttng ngufli hdng xim Idng gieng, nhttng ngufli dng Idng ddng vj ttt eudi cdng trang lua chpn cda nhttng ngufli ndng ddn ttii ftong nghidn cdu cda chdng tdl (d ding bang Bae Bd), lidn k i t hpp tdc vfli hdng xdm, vfli nhttng ngudi cdng lang lai ehilm tJ Id hdn mflt nda (51,1%), dupc xip tren d lua chpn lien kit vdi nhttng ngudi ttdng dflng hp Dilu ndy d nghTa, nhttng ngufli ttong ddng hp khdng dupe ngudi ndng dan Bac Bfl eoi trong hpp tdc Idm an so vdi nhttng ngufli Idng xflm, Idng giing C l str chuyin dfl'i xd hfli cua Vidt Nam td dodn kit xd hdi may mdc (cfl hpc) sang dpdn kit xd hfli httu ed eho dd ehua ttidl ro net Quan he cflng ding v l mat kinh t l khflng chl dua vdo quan hd gia flinh md d n dua fren quan hd edng vide, quan hd ddc nang ndi ttieo Duri