Ly thuyet xa hoi hoc nghien cii-u ton giao Pham Minh Anh* hoJd^ «'-.Xa hgi hge tta gita sir dyng cta cdng cu va phuong phip xa hdi hg de nghien ctru nhtag tta dgng qua lai giiia tdn gita vi xa hdi Mdt nhung cong eu rat qum trgng li xiy dung vi sir dung Iy thuylt chg hoa, ddng nghien cmi Ba, viet gidi thita Iy thuylt xa hgi hgc v i viec vta dung cic if thuyet nghito cfa ten gifc hito nay, bao gdm; thuylt ciu'tr^c chfa nmg thuyet ram thufa, Uiuyet ttao ddi, Iy Uluylt phfa tt'ch vm hda vi l g van hoa, thuyet toong tie bito trung * Tir khoa: Tdn giig; ly thuylt; xa hgi hgc Mddau thdng; (2) mdi yiu to cua he thong, din lugt Ton giao li ragt hito tugng xi hdi dugc nd, diu cd thl la mdt h? Ihdng (tilu h? nhieu khoa hgc qum tam nghita cfa, thdng) va dirdi tilu he thong lfi cd Uil cd dd cd xi hgi hgc Mic dit li mgt khga hgc nhtag h? thing nhd hon niia va (3) ragi h? mdi rae nhung xa hgi hgc da kl thfa, thdng diu cd qum hg raat tiiilt vdi moi tao lap vi phit triln ragt he Uidng ly thuylt trutog canh qum xung quanh chtog Cic dd sg dl nghien cfa cic hifa tugng xi tic gia cua thuylt chfa nfag diu nhin hgi, trgng dd cd hito tugng tdn giio Mdi Iy mmh tinh lito kit chat che ciia cic bg phto thuyei cd radt ctah tilp cfa khfc dl ciu Ihanh nen mgt chinh thl ma ttag bg xem xet, giai thich, khim pha vl hito tugng phin cd chfa nfag nhit djnh, gdp phin dim tdn giag bao sy tdn tai cua chinh thl dd vdi tu cich li mdt ciu tnic toong dli dn djnh, bin Ly Ihuyet cau trilc - chtre nang vtag Sy biln ddi chfc nfag cua cic bg Ly thuyll ciu tnic - chfa nfag gin liln phan s6 keo Uieo sy biln ddi ciu tnic cua ca vdl tta tudi ctia cic nha xa hdi hgc ndi lilng chinh thl xa hgi Thuyll can tnic - chfc nhu A.Ccrate (1798 1857), H.Spencer ntag khdng chi ly giii va dua each giii (1820-1903), E,Durkheim (1858 - 1917) quyet cic chfa ntog ti'ch cyc mi ci cic mil TParsens (1902 - 1979), R.Merton (1910 tito cue ciia nd Ngoii nd cdn tap tnmg 2003), P.Blm (1918-2002) Ho coi xi hdi vao sy Cfa bing giua cic chfa nfag va phi nhu ragt smh the hfa co die biet vdi he chfc nfag cung nhu nhin mfah vai ttd cita thdng gdm eta phin cd nhtag chfa trfag thii cto bing dgng sy biln doi ntag nhit djnh tao ciu triic dn dinh can tnic xi hgi Ly thuyet ciu tnic - chfa nfag cho ring- (1) mgt hg thgng diu bao gdm cfc yiu td cd qufa he chit che vdi va mfag ludi cfc ''ã' '^!f"^':X'^?^ 'ã" ""'ã"ô "f" Chlnh tri quic moi qufa he dd lao ciu tnic ctia he gia Ho Chl Minh DT: 0903228412, Email: phamminhanh@gmail.com 112 Pham Minh Anh Van dung quan dilra ly Uiuylt nay, cac nhu tiiinh phto xa hdi, g,ai cip, dto tdc nha nghita cfa cho ring sy ton tai cua tdn dugc tip hop, lito kit vdi dua trto giao ttong xa hdi chtag td no cd vai ttd vi nen tfag niera tin vi thye hinh niim lin tdn chfc nfag nhit djnh VI dy nhu tdn giao gita, dttgc vto hanh Uinng qua cta Uiilt chl gdp phto tti sy Uilng nhit dao dfa cua nd, giua cta yiu td niy cung tao thtah ttong xa hdi, tag sy dom kit xa hdi giua mgt can ttuc cd qum he vdi radi trutag ci nhto dya ttto nin tfag niim tin vi Uiyc xung quanh Theo cito tilp cto mot hanh niem tin tdn giio, cfag cd nilra lin va mat se diay duge tofa bg he thing tdn gian ttag cutag gm bd, quyli tttoi cita cfc ci raat khfc, ttgng tong tdn giao cu thl se thiy nhm ttong xi hdi Mgi tdn gita xet cho dugc cta bd phta, chi tilt, cung nhu su cung cung li sfa pham cua lich sit xa hgi toong tic gifta chtog ttgng mdi giat doan cua radi tuong tic vi boat ddng cdng ddng' hch su cu Uie Ching hm nhu dao Cdng Nhung nghi le tdn gifc gdp phin ctag cd giao li mgt ton giio cd he thing td chfc sy dom ket gifta cfc thinh vito ragt chat che, Uidng nhit trto pham vi toan ciu, xa hgi; chtog chl cho cfc thinh vito thiy CO he lhdng phira trit duge phto tbi rang tit ci hg li phin tit ciia ctog mdt xi bta trto dudi rd rtog cd tinh Uiin quyin hgi, ctag cd Chung nhtag quy tic co bfa vl cao He thdng gdra ba eip hinh chinh dao due, mong dgi va trfch nhiem Chuc dag chi'nh thfc, eao nhil li Tda Thinh ntog dito Uiyc cua ten giio li gin kit ea Vatiem Giio hoang dfag diu lanh dao nhta vi nhdm xa hdi - dofa kit cdng ddng he thdng Cdng giio tofa ciu, tilp din Ii dua tren nto tmg niim tin tdn giio, lira cho gtao phfa bay giio hgi dja phuong giim hg boat dtag mgt cfch ty tin vi giup chg ho myc dugc giao hofag bd nhiera cai quan song theo qum nigra cua ho Nhd cd tdn giao hdi CO sd li giao xir linh muc chinh gita vdi lu cfch la radt thl thing nhit bag xu dugc giira myc bd nhiera coi sdc Ci gom cta niem tin va cic thyc hanh nghi ll Vtet Nam, tiong mdi giio xit thutag phto tao mdt cgng diing dao due ritag goi giio hg hay hg tag dm ling vig eic la "g.ta hgi" Cta ci nhfa theo tdn giag dd thdn xdra, Ifag xi Cdng gifc Nggii ra, mdi cam thay cd sfc manh vi lira each vuot qua xu, hg dao cdn cd he thing bgi doin ril da nhtag khd khfa cua cudc stag, cho dii dmg, phong phli Vdi he thdng iy, Cdng nhieu each thfc banh dgng cua hg chi gita da thinh mdt raang ludi xi hdi bin giot han ttong phara vi tinh Uiin, y Uiuc chit vdi nhtag tiiilt chl luong tag cua nd Nhd ton giao rai hg cd dfc tin, cd niim tin Moi Uiinh td he Uilng iy (ho dao xii vio mdt sfc mmh vd hinh, sieu ty nhito dao, hot doto ) cd chfa nfag ritag theo gmo luit quy dinh, chung tac ddng, chi phli Nghien cfa tdn giao dudi cfch tilp cin lan vi tfc ddng din cfc thilt chl xa cua ly thuyet eau ttuc - chfa nfag se thiy rd hdi khac ton gtao li mdt tieu he tiling ttong he thing xi hgi, bao gdm cta thinh phin bto ngoii Ly tiiuylt mau thuin (Uiuylt xung ddt) cua ldn giio nhu loai hinh tdn giio he Ten todi Ita nhit ciia ttutag phai ly Ihdng ton gita, cta tdn gita (cdi tdn gido) va Uiinh phfa bto cua mdi tdn giio Uiuyet niy chi'nh li K.Marx (1818 - 1883) ViF.Engels (1820- 1895) Ly thuyl, ram 113 Tap chl Khga hgc xi hdi Vie, Nam, so 6(103) - 2016 thuta nhin ramh sy man Uiuin, xung dgt vi bito ddi xi hdi Luto dilm gdc cua thuyet la; sy khm hilm ngudn lyc, bit binh dtog ttong phto bd nguon lyc, quyin lyc vi su phin cdng lao ddng nto qum he gifta cic ci nhfa, nhdm xa hdi ludn ttona trang thai miu thuan, canh tranh, xung ddt lta Theo K.Marx va F.Engels, lota bg su phit triln xi hdi tir budi diu vfa minh dto diin ttong sy miu thuin Ihutag xuyto vi chi'nh sy may tiiuin, diu trmh Ii ngtion goe, dgng luc cua sy biln dgi, phal ttien xa hdi Tdn giio nhu la ragt hito tugng xi hdi phuc tap, da dang, gin lien vdi nhtag ITnh vyc khic cua ddi sdng xi hgi Bto chit cua tdn giao cd tinh chil hai mat, vfa la bilu hito cua thl gidi hign thuc vita li sy phin khfag chdng Iai the gidi Ong vilt "Sy ngheo nfa cua ton giig vfa li bieu hito cua sy ngheo nto hien thyc, vua li sy phm khfag chdng Iai sy ngheg nta hita thyc iy" [ I, tr.570] nhdra x i hdi - ton giio khic Man tiium Ii mgt hita tucmg khdng thl tt^mh khdi ttong ddi sdng xa hgi, li thugc tinh vdn cd cua qui ttinh phat triln Nim dugc quy Iuat, giai quyit, giii tda va qufa Iy xung dgt xa hdi - tdn giao theo xu hutag phit triln khich qum thi mau thuin, xung dgt xi hdi - tdn giio khdng sinh nhfag diem ndng tdn giao hoae dilm ndng chlnh trj, xa hgi - tdn giio Cd nhieu loai raau Uiuin xl hgi, cd miu Uiuan ddi khmg vi raau thuin khdng dli khtog Tuy cac nhi xa hgi hgc chua dua khai niem mau thuin xa hgi - tdn giio, nhimg dya vao ly Uiuylt miu thuan, cd thi khang djnh mau thuan xi hgi - tdn giio la mdl dmg raiu Uiuin xa hdi Song, diy la mgt lgai hinh mau thuin tdng hgp, phfa tap vdi nhfag loai hinh nhu; mau thuin gifta tdn giio vdi ton giio (day la Ioai miu thuan phfc tiip nhat, bdi nd lita qum din dfa tin ton giio); miu thuan giua tdn giao vdi cic Sau K.Marx vi F.Engels, cac nhi xB hdi the che chinh tri (thudc Ioai man thuan y hgc cung dua nhfag chilu kich khac thfa be);jniu thuin ,rong ndi bg ,gn giao vl raiu thuin, xung ddt, Trong tic (miu ihuin lgi ich); miu thuin giua tdn phara "Cdc chic ndng cua xung ddi xd giao vdi vfa hda va mau thuin giua tdn hdi", L.Coser di phfa lich, ly giii ngudn giio vdi xl hgi (phgng hda, phong tyc, dao gdc, nguyto nhto phat sinh xung dot xa hgi dfc, ldi sdng) Hai lgai hinh sau thutag xay til cfc trang Uiai efag thing gifta cta ci gan viec tmyln giio dan din viec chuyin nhto R.Dtarendorf "Mg hinh xung dag, ddi dao, dot xd hdi" dua md hinh vi sy cin thilt qufa ly, giii tda xung dot xa hdi Ong cho Man thuan tdn giio d day dugc nhin rang miu ihuin, xung ddt xi hdi cd chfc theo ci chilu cmh tich cyc va tieu cyc ntog tang cutag tinh thich tag cua Id chfc Tito cyc la chdng lai nhung gii tri khac nd xa hgi, big dam linh lito tyc cua xa hdi de xta lap gia tri ciia nd, nghTa Ii phu nhin Xung dot xa hdi cd thl dem Iai nhtag su sach Iron Ihay ddi lien bd cho xa hdi, Ly thuylt trao doi xa hoi Ly thuyet miu thuan nhin nlita xa hdi Nhtog nhi ly Uiuylt tito bilu ciia thuylt ton^gita 1-1 CO bfa ludn cd su chia rS, miu trao ddi nhu Adam Smith (1723 - 1790) Ihufa vi xung dot giua cic ci nhin hota David Ricardo (1772 - 1823), John Stuart' Phfai Minh Anh Mill (1806 - 1873), Jaraes George Frazer (1854 i94i)_ Bronistaw Malinowski (1884 - 1942), Claude Levi Strauss (1908 2009) cho ring ngudi cd tlnh Iy tira cich ill da bda lgi ich ciia hg to nhtag giao djch hay ttao ddi vdi ngudi khta nin kinh tl thj tmtag ty vi csnh tranh Ly thuylt trao ddi dya trto mdt so gii djnh cht'nh nhu sy tt'nh loan cua chu the hinh dgng vl moi qum he giua Igi lch vi ehi phi thyc hito hanh dgng Cta chu the ludn cd ging dl cd dugc lgi ich nhilu nhat vdi chi phi nhd nhit hanh ddng Sy trao ddi khdng chi bao gdm cac ngudn lyc v4t chat mi cdn ca cac yiu td cam xfc, tinh Ulta, bito trtmg Ly thuylt trao ddi niy da dugc nhilu nhi nghita cfa tdn giio van dung nghien cfa cic hien tugng tdn giao Diu lien, Jaraes George Frazer di nhfa Ihiy cd sy trao ddi nghi ll thd ctog cic vi Uiin Ihuc vat vi ndng nghigp trin thl gidi Ngudi ta di thyc hito vigc hiln tl mdt vit hoic mdt vat gi dd bilu tnmg cho cta vj Ihfa vi tin ring nhd dd cic vj thin se phil hg raua ratag cua hg dugc mua thuto gig hda J i e p theg Frazer, Malingwski nhm thiy mgi lien he giua nhtag Irao doi vat chit vi nhtag trao doi lugng tmng nghito cfa can trta he thong trao ddi lim co sd cho ddi sdng kinh tl ctia nhtag ngudi dto d dio Trobrifad - dd li Kulg King Kula king von la mgt he Uiong trao ddi vdng trdn vl nhtag dd vat nhu vdng tay va vdng cl Theo Malinowski, Kula li mgt he thing lien kit ragi ngudi vdi nhau, dd li ragt hinh thfa trao ddi xa hdi - tdn giio [6, tt,125] Phit trito vi vfa dyng ly thuylt niy Claude Levi Sttauss eho ring "tdn giao chiera radt vi tri cto bfa ttong cic qui trinh niy (ttao ddi x i hdi) vi nn gdp phin Uiieng htog hda nhtog chii dinh dag dfc - luin ly cua nhtog trao doi xi hgi va lam cho chtog frd Uiinh hiln nhito" [6, tt 126], Cac nha xa hgi hgc nhu Rgdney Stark (sinh 1934) va William Siras Bainbridge (stnh 1940) van dyng Iy thuylt trag ddi vio nghieii cfa tdn giio da cho ring tdn giio li nhim Uida rain nhfag udc raudn, hay chtag dua nhfag phin thutag bio dim Cic phin thutag cd thl la cac sy vat cy the nhung cung cd thl khdng tdn tai Hai nha xa hgi hgc nhto thiy ring trgng cugc sdng cd nhtag sy tuoc doat hoic cd nhfag cii ngudi ao udc rai khdng thl thda mfa bing cic phuong tito trin tyc Do do, ton giao li mgt nd luc dl dim bao cho cae phto Ihutag cua ngudi them phin thda man Tdn giio giii thich cho ngudi ve cie phin thudng, ly vi cich thfa ed dugc phin thutag cung nhu chi phi phii bd dl dat dugc phin thutag dd Stark vi Bainbridge da chi ring tdn giio dem lai cho ngudi mgt sy din bit Bdi cd nhtag phin thutag va ragng ude ciia cgn ngudi la khdng thl cd dugc hoic thtai chi khdng tin tai, tmdng hop dd ton giio giii thi'ch ring ngudi cd the dat dugc dieu dd mgt tuong lai xa hota mgt bdi cinh nio khdng giai thich dugc Nhfag sy din bii thutag li nhung hua hen rat chung vi lito qum tdi nhftng cil s,ta ty nhita Tdn gita da dem Iai cho ngudi mdt tap hgp cfc niim tin vi each if dugc nhfag phin thutag chung nhi, cung nhtt tap hgp sy din bi, cho cic Tap chl Khoa hgc x i hdi Viet NanT_^d_6(lnr) ntag hay cie phin Ihutag chua Uil dat dugc Stark vi Bainbridge xem cic chuyen gia tdn giio v i cic td chuc tdn giao nhu cic phto thutag trao doi, nhtog each giai thi'ch vi cic nhan td din bit vdi ngudi khac Cae chuyen gia tdn gian nhu eic Uiiy tu, Ii trung gian gifta thugng dl va ngudi, trayto dat vdi ngudi cii m i thugng dl mudn d hg va phin Ihutag hay nhtag sy dto bi raa thugng dl se hota Iai eho ngudi Theo cich dd, cic fliiy tu vi cic tl chfc ten giio cd mgt quyin lyc dang kl xl hdi vi cd inh hutag tdi cac chuin myc vi tito chuin cita hanh vi [6, tt.l27) Nhin chung, each tilp cm cua Iy tiiuylt trao ddi nghita cfa vl tdn giio cho rang ngudi tham gia vio ldn giio tfa li thara gia vio mdt qui trinh ttao doi Tuy nhito, sy trao dli niy khdng bin li su trao dot vit chat mi li mdl sy trao dli cd tinh "tugng trung" Khi tham gia vta qui trinh trao ddi nay, chi phi ctia ngudi cd thl la huu hinh, nhmig phin thutag thutag iai vd hmh nhu sy dtog vien, nilra tin, cim giic thta sm tham gia cfc nghi II hay hnat dgng tdn giao Ly thuylt phan tt'ch van hda va vung van hoa B»i dita tieu bilu cho tmtag phai ly thuyet niy li nha xl hdi bgc ngudi Dfc Max Weber (1864-1920) Pham tri, quan trgng nhit cua xl hdi hgc M.Weber la hanh dgng xl hgi", dugc hilu li nhtog hanh dgng mi y nghia chu qum cua nd cd tmh den hinh dtog cfta ngud, khfc qua kbu, hito tai vi toong lai; y nghia chu quan _dinh hutag hfah dgng Htoh ddng xa hoi dta dto biln ddi Xl hdi Hanh ddng •\a hoi cua mdi ci nhto, nhdm khdng chi bi 116 ifnf; chi phdi bdi cic dilu kito kinh tl, chinh tii, mdi hirtag mmg tinh khich qum tti bto ngoii, ma cdn chju sy chi phdi cua cac dtog CO vm hda mmg tt'nh chu qum til bto ttong, nhu tri thfc, Unh cam, phong tyc, tip qum, tdn giio, nhtag qum nigra vl dfag sai, thito Nhu viy, raudn nghien cfa hinh ddng xa hdi tat yiu phii tim hilu cic ddng co vin hda tir bto frong cua ca nhm hay nhdm dl l3> giai cho hanh dgng dd Ngugc lai, cfa eft vio cic ket qua cita hinh dgng xa hdi ngudi ta cung cd till hilu dugc cac dgng co vin hda dl cbi phdi chfag Ndi cfch khta, phan tich vm hda la dl tim each thfa mi eta nto vto hda chi phdi hinh vi cua ngud,, cd nhtag hinh vi tic ddng den xl hdi vi tdn gita, Vitc ly giai xl hgi dya fren to ,udng dd cua M.Weber dugc ggi li quan dilm phan iich van hda Vfa dyng ly thuylt niy nghito cfa tta giio, cta nhi nghito cfa hilu ring, hmh ddng xl hgi ctta ngudi chiu su chi phdl cua cta dgng co van hda mmg'linh chu qum tu bto trong, nhu tri thfc, tlnh cim, phong tyc, tap quin, ton giio, nhtag quan mem ve dung - sai, thito - ac, v,v Vi vay, nghito cfa cic hanh vi tdn giio phii tim hieu cic dgng co van hda to bta trgng cia ci nhan hay nhdm Cin luu y ring, mli xi hdi khong chl cd ragt, mi eg nhilu vin hda Ndi cfch khfc, bta canh nin vfa hda chung ciia qudc g.a - dan lgc, mdi xa hdi diu cd su khfc biet ve vfa hda cua cic viing miln cta giai tang vi cfc nhdra xl hgi khta nhm' Tdng hgp nhftng dfc irmig ritog cua mli vung m.to, giai ting hay nhdm xS hdi nhu the duge ggi li radt tilu vttng vin hda Cg Pham Minh Anh the liy cic yiu td ciu Uiinh xl hdi - tdn giio Viet Nam lim tin dy; niu xet vl mat ton giio, tito vfa hda Phit giio khta tilu cfc vta hda Cdng gita, Tm Linh gifc, Hdi giao, dao Cao Dai, dfa Hda Hio Ngay ttong ctag mdt tdn giao ctag cd su khfc gifta nhtag tin dd nhu tiii dfa, tti Uiuc vdi tin dd ndng dfa, tm dd ngudi Kinh va ngudi dta tdc Uiilu sd v.v Ly thuylt tu-ong tac bilu trung ^ Tmtag phii toong tic bilu ttimg gin lito vdi tto todi cua nhi xi hgi hgc Hga Ky, George Herbert Mead (1863 - 1931) vi Herbert Blumer (1900 - 1987) H Bluraer ke tyc nhtog qum dilm cua Mead vl lim ly hoc xl hdi va chi'nh Blumer Ii ngudi di Iim cho cta qum dilm ctia Mead mmg tinh x8 hgi hgc hon, da dem ehiing khdi Nhu viy, mil radt giai ting hay radt ttuyta Uidng trilt hgc vi biln chfag thinh nhdm xa hdi deu cd mdt tilu vm hda cua mgt xu hutag chu dao eua xa hdi hgc ritog minh Chlnh sy da dfag cto cta tilu Thuat ngii "toong tic bilu tnmg" chinh vto hda giup chtog ta hilu vi cit nghia vl H.BIuraer dat vao nim 1937 Blumer su khta biet ttong qua trinh biln dli ciia nhta mmh; Thi nhdt, ngudi ddi xd vdi cfc tdn gita khie Qum dilra phto sy vit ttto CO sd nhtog y nghia mi su vit tich vta hda khdng chi hutag chtog ta tdi dem lai Lufa dilm niy nhin manh vai vai trd lo lta cua vta hda,raacdn emg cip tro tten quyet cita viec giai nghia hay nira cta khai nigra (nhu khii niem tilu vfa hda, bat y nghia cia sy vat ddi vdi hinh dtog dtog CO vta hda.,.), ggi y cfc gii Uiuylt, dl cua ngudi Viec giii nghia su vat duoc CO the di sau qufa sit, md ti, phfa tich, Iy hieu Ii viec tfch sy vat dd khdi radi tmtag cua nd, gin cho nd ragt y ngbia nhit giii sy vfa ddng, biln ddi cua tdn gita dinh vl dya vta sy giai nghia ma chii thl nhat li nhtog co ehl tfc ddng tilm in cua' quyet djnh hinh ddng Thi hgi, y nghia vta hda ddi vdi su vto ddng, biln ddi dd ciia sy vit sinh to mdi tuong tfc xa hdi Ap dyng ly tiiuylt phfa tich vfa hda va gifa cta ei nhta Lufa dilra niy nhin vtog Vto hda nghito cfa tdn gita d mmh ngudn gdc xa hgi cua y nghia, iing Vigt Nara s5 Uiiy dugc viec tmyln gita bfa thfa sy vat vdn khdng cd y nghia rai phit ttito dag, dfc biet vigc trayin gita, chmh ngudi qui trinh tuong lie phit trito dag Kitd (Cdng gita vi Tin linh) vdi dl gfa cho radi sy vat radl y ngbia vao vtag dto lgc thilu sd da vi dfag tag nhit djnh Nhu viy y nghia cua su vit la nta ragt Ifa sdng chuyin ddi dfa tin dien mgt sfa phara xl hgi, sta phim cua hinh mmh me vdi viec radt bd phfa khdng dgng va toong tta ci nhfa, Thu ba, y nghia nhd ddng bio dfa tgc dl tu bd due tin, tdn cua sy vat dugc nim bit vi duoc dilu ehinh giio ttuyin Uiong cua rainh smg theo dao qua CO che ly giii nia ca nhto sudung Tin Linh hay Cong giio Dilu iy ctog cd •lep cta sy vat Luan dilm niy nhin manh nghia li dmg hlnh Uiinh nhtag edng ddng vai tto qum trgng cua qui trinh to ly giii g tdn giio - tdc ngudi mdi vdi nhtog net smh boat vto hda, ldi stag dao mcri nghia ddi vdi htah dtag cua „gu« Do vay ttong qui ttinh toong tta bilu ttung cta Tap ehi Khoa hgc xi hdi Viet Nam, sd 6(103) - 2016 ci nhin khnng nhtag giii nghta hanh vi cua ma cdn ty dit minh vio vi tri cua ngudi khic dl hilu dugc y nghia hanh dgng cua [8, tr.337] ddi stag xa hdi Tren thyc tl, cdn nhteu trutag pbai Iy tiiuylt, vdi cac cip dg phat trito khac d i dugc cic nha xl hgi hgc vto dyng nghito cfa tdn giio Tuy nhito, dg gidl hfa cua khudn khd bii vilt nta chi cd nim ttirtag phii ly thuylt, cung nhu rat it cic ly thuylt gia tito bilu neu trta dugc de cap va gidi Uiito De nhan thfa rd vl hito togng xl hgi Cic nhi xa hgi hgc bto cmh cic phuong phap nghito cfa die thii ctag di vfa dung, phit ttiln nhilu ly thuylt khac dl cd thl tilp cm gin hon, hilu Tai lieu tham khao rd hon ngudn goe, die tlnh, quy luat vfa ddng, y nghia, chfa nfag vi vai ttd cua ton [1] C Mac-Ph.Angghen, (1995) Todn tap, giao Tu gdc dg trutag phii tuong tie bilu 1.1 Nxb Cbinb tti quic gia Ha Ngi ttung, vin de tdn giao dugc xem xet phta [2] Vu Dung (1998), Tdm ly hgc tgn gido, tich d nhtag khia canh nhu; kliia canh vi Nxb Khoa hoc xa hgi Hi Npi md ciia mdi qum he gifta tdn giio va xi hgi; vai trd va y nghia cua tdn giio [3] Emile Durkheim, (2006) Ton giao nhu la mgt bilu ttung tap thl, Hgi Khoa hgc Ljch ddi sdng hfag ngiy vi nhtag each su Viet Nam, Nhung vdn di nhdn hgc vi ngudi giii thich vl tdn giio; cac nilra lin vi Idn gida Nxb Da Ning thyc hinh tdn giao khdng phai li cii thieng nto bin thto chtog ta khong qum niera [4] Marguerite - Marie Thiollier (2001) Tit Chung li cii thitog, cd y nghia thitog; diin lgn gtdo Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi Ha Ngi quan nicm niim tin vi thyc hanh li cai thieng, chiing cd y nghia die biet vi cung [5] Olivier Bgbineau, Stjbastien Tank-Strorpe (2012), Xd hgi hgc tdn gidg, Nxb The gidi, cip y nghia cho cugc song cita chimg ta; nghito cfa nhtag each thfa ngudi [6] Hgc vien Chinh trj quic gia Hi Chi Minh (2014), Chuviig trinh ddo tgo Thgc si Xa toong tfc vdi niem lin va tuong tic vdi hgi hgc khdng gian tdn giio; giai thich nhu the nio va lai niim tin vi thue hinh [7] Dl Minh Hgp (Chii bien) (2006), Tdn gido hgc nhdp mdn Nxb Ton giio Ha Ngi tan gita cd tic dtag tich cyc vdi trang thii tmh thto va thl chit cua ngudi Ap [8] Le Nggc Hung (2008) Lich si vd ly Ihuyil dtog lji thuylt tuong lta bilu tmng vao Xd hgi hgc Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi Ha Ngi nghien cfa tdn giio d Viet Nara dl thiy ro [9] Hoang Thu Huong (2011), "Ton giao va va trd ciia ton giao ddi vdi xi hdi, to dd tim nhftng hinh thitc ton giio ddi song cfc giai phip dl phit huy ngudn luc xi hien dai tit each tilp can xi hgi hgc", Tjp hgi to ldn phit triln dit nudc cbi Xd hgi hgc, si a [10] Dang Nghiem Van (2001), Ly ludn vi Idn Kit luan gidg vd linh hinh tdn gido a Vift Nam, Nxb Chinh In quic gia Ha Noi _ Nhu viy, vi tinh da phfa ciia ton giio nen cm eo nhito ctah tilp cfa khic [11] Vien Nghito cfa ton giao (1994), Vi tdn gido t.l, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hpi Ha Ngi ' ' ... cung dua nhfag chilu kich khac thfa be);jniu thuin ,rong ndi bg ,gn giao vl raiu thuin, xung ddt, Trong tic (miu ihuin lgi ich); miu thuin giua tdn phara "Cdc chic ndng cua xung ddi xd giao vdi... ring, hmh ddng xl hgi ctta ngudi chiu su chi phdl cua cta dgng co van hda mmg'linh chu qum tu bto trong, nhu tri thfc, tlnh cim, phong tyc, tap quin, ton giio, nhtag quan mem ve dung - sai, thito