yVai tro chu the cua nong dan qua trinh phat trien Le Cao Doan Vo Thi Kim T h u * Tdm tat: Ducri sir thuc day ciia qua trinh thi trucmg hoa, cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, thj hoa va toan clu hoa, phuang thiic san xuat va kit cdu kinh te - xa hoi da thay doi can ban Den Iuat minh dilu lam thay dli va cdu true lai he thing chu the cua nen kinh te - xa hoi, thay doi vai tro va trach nhi?m ciia cac chu thl qua trinh phat trien Bai viet xem xet sir thay doi cua chu thl nong dan qua trinh phat trien, dgc bi?t, xem xet vai tro va trach nhi?m ciia chu the nong dan chuong trinh xay dung nong thon moi Tu khda: Vai tro chu the nong dan; phat triln; nong dan; xa hpi cong dan; kinh tl ho nong dan Dan n h a p Duai su thlic day, tac dpng ciia qua trinh thi truong hoa, cong nghiep hoa hien dai hoa, va hpi nhgp, kinh te dupc tu hoa, xa hpi ducrc dan chu hoa, va nen kinh te ducrc dat vao qua trinh phat trien Trong qua trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hpi, nong dan la nguai san xuat nong nghiep, song bang nghe nong va a nong thon co mpt su thay doi can ban Cung chinh qua trinh phat trien, vai tro chii the va trach nhiem xa hpi cua nong dan co su thay doi thich ung De hieu ro vai tro chu the ciia ngucri nong dan dupc xac lap va phat trien nhu the nao, truac het can hieu vai tro chu the la gi? mpt nhan to quyet dinh No thong qua thl che va lugt phap xac dinh cac quyen cong dan va nghia vu cua hp doi voi xa hpi, dong thai nha nuac phap quyen bao ve quyen cong dan va phat trien quyen tu do, tu chu cua cong dan cua xa hpi dan chu Nhu vgy, cac cong dan tu do, tu chu voi cac quyen thich ling phap luat quy dinh la chu the cua xa hpi cong dan Nhung dilu he trpng la viec cong dan dong duac vai tro chu the va thitc hien dupc quyen dan chii nhu the nao Dan khi, dan tri, dan sinh va dan chii la nhiing yeu to cau vai tro chu the va ndng luc thuc hien quyen dan chii ciia cong dan Sir phat trien duac quyet djnh bcri qua Thtr nhdt, mpt xa hoi dan chu, nguoi dan d3 dupc giai phong khoi cac quan he le thupc phong kien va tra cac ca nhan tu va lam chu ban than hp Hp tra cong dan cua mpt xa hpi dan chii day xa hpi tra xa hoi cong dan Trong xa h^i cong dan, luat p h ^ la t6i thupng, boi vgy, nha nuoc phap quyen la ' ' Ph6 giao su, tien sT, Vien Kinh te Vi?t Nam DT: 0983708840 Email: iecaodoan@yahoo.com Bai vilt khuon kh6 dt tki "Nghien cuu di xudt gidi phdp ndng cao trdch nhiim xd hgi vd vai trd chu thi cda ndng ddn xay dipjg nong Ihdn mdi" Chuong trinh Khoa hpc va Cong nghe phuc vy xay dung nfing thdn moi giai do^n 2011 - 2015 tdi trg '"' Hpc vi?n Chinh Ui khu vuc Tgp chi Khoa hoc xa hdi Viet Nam, sd 6(91) - 2015 trinh thi truang hoa, cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, thi hoa va toan cau hoa Chinh cac qua trinh tao xa hpi dan chu va ban than cac chu thl xa hpi vai nhftng nang luc thuc hien quyen lam chii mpt each thich ling Con nguoi la trung tam cua xa hpi, la hat nhan ciia xa hpi Trong qua trinh phat triln, nguoi tra tiianh nguoi tu chu va cong dan hien dgi Ci mot y nghia nhdt dinh, phat trien nguoi la lam cho nguoi dong dupc vai tro lam chu ca nhan cua minh, thuc hien dupc vai tro chu thl cua minh, do, gift dupc vi tri la trung tam cua xa hpi, cua sir phat trien Thu hai, sau Cach mang thang Tam va mpt logt nhiing bien doi xa hpi khac nhau, xa hpi Viet Nam da dupc giai phong khoi cac quan he le thupc va tra mpt quoc gia dpc lap, tu chu va xa hpi xa hoi dan chu, nguoi dan tra nguai cong dan tu chii Nhung sir phat trien dien su can tra cua chien tranh, nhat la m6 hinh Xo viet khong thich hop, nen cong cua su phat trien rat han chl Toi truoc doi mai (1986) thu nhgp quoc dan tren ddu nguai dgt duoi 200 USD, san xudt chua dii tieu dimg, nen kinh te chua tao tich luy can thiet cho su phat trien, nen kinh te vln nam khung ngheo, kem phat trign Mac dii dan khi, dan tri da tang nhung dan sinh kho khan, nguoi nong dan vdn c6n la nguoi nong dan tieu nong ngheo Van de co ban ciia dan chii la vdn dl dan sinh Thuc chat cua van de dan sinh la vdn de phat trien kinh te voi hai npi dung quylt dinh: i) thi truong hoa, cong nghiep hoa, dua nin kinh tl vupt qua hai lan song phat trien (lan song nong nghiep va lan song cong nghiep) dl chuyen nuac phat trien hien dgi, ii) Men dai hoa xa hpi, thj hoa nong thon, bien dai bp phan dan cu cua xa hdi thi dan Trong qua trinh nay, nang lire tu chii ciia nguoi dan, hay nang luc chil the cua cong dan dupc hinh va phat trien thi'ch iing Ci mpt y nghia nhat dinh, nang cao v^ phat triSn nang luc tu chu, chii th6 cua cong dan la vdn d l dai han, gan lien vai su cong cua sir phat trien Nhung truoc mat va ngan han, viec nang cao vai tro chu the va trach nhiem xa hpi cua nong dan, tang lop dong diic nhdt va lgc hgu, yeu kem nhdt xa Hpi la can thiet Nang cao nang lire chu thl cua nong dan la nhftng khia canh khac ciia qua trinh phat trien Co thS noi, giai quyet van de nong dan bang each chuyin hoa hp nhiing cong dan hien dai la mpt npi dung co ban cua su phat triSn kinhte ~ xahpi Thu ba, dl hilu dupc su thay doi cua nong dan vai tinh each la mpt cong dan va vice nang cao, phat trien nang luc cong d3n cua nguoi nong dan can: i) dat nong dan kinh te hp nong dan Boi vi hp khong chi la don vi xa hpi, ma la dan vi kinh te dpc lap tu chii cua n6ng dan Chinh sir bien doi kinh te hp gia dinh din den thay doi ban chat, tinh chat ciia nguoi nong dan, tu dan den thay doi nmig lire cong dan cua nguoi nong dan va vai tro chu thl cua nong dan ii) dat kinh t l hp nong dan vao qua trinh phat triln kinh tl, do dgt kinh tl h6 nong dan vao qua trinh thi trucmg hoa, cong nghiep hoa, hien dgi hoa, d6 thi hoa va hpi nhap Thuc chdt day la su thay doi can ban triet de phuang thiic SMI xuat cua kinh t l hp nong dan; dilu ddn din thay doi ban than nguai nong din iii) dgt n6ng dan vao qua trinh thi hoa nong thon Day la su thay doi can ban xa hpi nong thon; dieu lam thay doi tinh chdt xa hpi cua nong dan va thay doi vai tro c h i the cua hp Vai trd chu thi ciia ndng ddn Kinh te h6 ndng dan qua trinh thi tnr&ng hoa, cong nghiep hda, hiSn d^i hoa, thi hoa va h$i nhap vol su- xac l^p v^ phat trien nang lu-c chu the cua ngiroi nong dan xa hpi cong dan 2.1 Hg tieu nong vd nong ddn tieu nong De hieu su bien doi cua kinh te hp nong din, can quay ve diem xuat phat ciia kinh te n6ng hp: kinh tl tiiu nong Kinh tl tiiu nong la phuang thiic san xuit dac thu cua lan song nong nghiep chua phat triln No CO nhiing dac diem sau: i) Phuang thiic sin xudt tiiu nong tiln hanh voi cong cu cim tay va kinh nghiem c6 truyen Ky thuit thu cong la nin tang ciia phuang thiic sdn xudt thu cong ii) Thich ling voi ky thuat thii cong la lao dpng ca the Lao dpng ca thl la dgc trung ve mgt to chiic ciia phuang thiic san xuit tieu nong iii) Ham san xuit dac trung cua phuong thlic san xuat tibi ndng la f(x) = y (R.L), R la rufing ddt, L la lao dpng Tit h ^ san xuat ta thay, ky thugt san xuat va tu lieu sin xuit nguai tgo chua tro nhin to dang ke qua trinh sin xuat, lao dpng chu yeu li lao dpng ci the, sue san xuat xa hpi cua lao dpng chua hinh thanh, siic san xuat co ban cua phuang thlic sin xuit chinh la sire lao dpng Trong kinh te tieu nong, tu li€u san xuat nguoi tgo chua tra yeu to qua trinh san xuat, vi vgy, rupng dat la yeu to quylt djnh ciia san xuat Den lupt minh, dilu quylt dinh lao dpng n6i rieng va kinh tl tiiu nong noi chung dupc dit quan hS le thupc vdi ru6ng dat iv) Kinh te tieu nong dupc to chiic hinh thlic bien la hp gia dinh - nong hp Tft bin dac trung tren, kinh te tieu nong c6 nhiing tinh chat sau: 1) Siic san xudt nho be, yhx ot, nang suit lao dpng thdp, nim vgch tat ylu Kinh tl mang tinh chdt sinh ton 2) Do chua co thing du, cho nen nen san xuat chua co tich luy hay tich luy chua trcr tdt yeu Sin xudt dien chu trinh tii sin xuat giin doa Tang tnrong bang 0, kinh tl a trang thai tri he, ngung dpng 3) Do sue san xuat nho be, nang suat thap, de sinh ton, cho nen nen kinh te bupc phai tip trung mpi ngu6n luc cho nong nghiep, ma chu yeu cho s ^ xuit nong phdm de tri su sinh ton Dieu cung tuc la, nen san xudt xa hpi chua hinh thinh CO sa de diln cuoc dai phin cong lao dpng gifta cong nghiep va nong nghiep, boi vgy, nen san xuat xa hpi la nen nong nghiep, phi co cau, nong nghiep la nen tang va bao trum Cac nganh phi nong nghiep di phat sinh song chua co co so de phat trien Chiing la nhiing nganh san xuit phu va phu thupc vao nong nghiep, vi hogt dpng theo phuang thirc san xuat tieu nong 4) Do phan cong lao d6ng kem phit trien, nen chua co ca so de diln qua trinh phan ly gia tri trao doi khoi gid tri sft dung Noi khac di, sin xuit hang hoa chua co ca sa npi tgi de phat trien nen nen kinh te la kinh te hi?n vgt, kinh te tu nhien, kinh te tu cung tu cip "Moi gia dinh nong dan gan nhu tu cap, t\i tiic hoan toin, sin xuat dai bp phgn cai minh tieu dung va do tu kiem nhung tu lieu sinh hoat cho minh bing each trao doi voi thien nhien nhieu hem la giao tiep vcri xa hpi"*'* Do tinh chdt quy dinh, hp nong dan li m6t don vj kinh te tu sin xuat - t\r tieu dung, chu trinh kinh tl cua hp nong dan khep kin hp gia dinh 5) Tft ham san xuat va tinh chdt cua kinh tl tieu nong, ta thay, kinh tl tiiu nong phu thupc vao rupng ddt, phu thupc vao tu nhien Su thing tien kinh te ndm su khong che ciia dit dai vi hoan cinh tu nhien "* CMdc vk Ph.Angghen (1981), Tuyin tap, t.2, Nxb Sg th^t, Hd N^i, tr.515 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam, sd 6(91) - 2015 rdng, ban toi vai tro chii the cua nong dan la ban tai su giai phong nfing din khoi su le thupc va qua trinh xac lap vai tro chu thl cua xa hpi hien dai, mpt nhan tfi then chfit cua sir phat trien 2) Phuong thuc san xudt tiiu nfing va xa hpi dua tren phuang thiic san xudt tiiu nong khfing chiia dung nhftng ca scr cho sir phat triln kinh tl Them vao chinh sach cua nha nuoc phong kien la iic cong, uc thuong Dilu kim him va chfing lgi qua trinh thi trucmg hoa, cong nghiep hoa; dat xa hpi vao su bl tdc vi khiing hoang Nhu vay, ban toi giii phong nong dan khoi xa hpi le thupc se dan din cho ban toi qua trinh thi trucmg hoa, cong nghiSp hoa, hien dgi hoa, dfi thi hoa va hpi nhgp Vgy, sir phat trien chinh la giii phong xa hfii, ma trpng tim la giai phong nfing dan khoi cac quan he le thufic xa hpi, bien hp cac ca nhan tu do, tu chii, cac chil the xi hpi Den lupt minh, dieu khien cho viec thay dfii phuong thuc san xuit tieu nfing bang mpt phuong thuc san xuat thi truang - cong nghi?p, giai phong sue san xuat, dat nen san xuat xa hpi vao qua trinh phat trien mot tat yeu Chinh phuang thiic san xudt dat nen kinh te va toan xa hpi vao qua trinh phat trien dong thai giai phong nong dan khoi cac quan he 1? thupc va cii bien hp Tft su phan tich ve kinh te tieu nong ta nhflng cong din ciia xa hfii hiSn dgi thay, phuong thftc san xudt tiiu nong co hai 2.2 Sff bien ddi cda kinh te ndng hd diem cin nhin manh: qud trtnh thi trudng hda, cdng 1) Xa hpi chi phoi bai phuang thuc san nghiep hda, hien dgi hda, thi hda vd su xuat tieu nong, la xa hpi nong nghiep, xi thay doi cda nguoi nong ddn tiiu ndng hpi nfing dan tieu nfing, xa hfii cua su le thdnh ngudi cdng ddn cua xd hpi hi$n dai thupc: xa hpi nguoi din chua tra i Thi trudng hda, cdng nghiep hoa, hien cac ca nhan tu chu, chua cfing dgi hda vd hgi nhgp v&i sg: thay ddi dan, chua chu the cua xi hfii, va phucmg thuc sdn xudt vd cdu true kinh ti vay xa hpi la xa hfii quan chu (^ diy, nguai Su phat trien kinh tl dupc thuc iii?n bai din chua tro cac ca nhan tu chii, cuoc each mang phuong thuc san xuat thinh chii the xa hpi Dieu c6 nghta mpt mgt la qua trinh chuyin sang kinh tl thi 6) Kinh tS tiSu nong ducrc dgt quan he le thupc; le thupc cong xa - 1^ thufic phong kien Co the noi, le thufic li ban chat kinh te cua lan song nong nghiep kem phat trien Din lupt minh, dilu lam cho nguai dan noi chung va nong dan noi rieng cua xa hpi lan song nong nghiep chua cac ca nhan tu do, tu chii, hay noi khac di, chua tu xac lgp chu the ciia xa hfii Tinh chat Ie thufic ciia kinh te tieu nong vao rupng dat, c6 su chuyen hoa hinh thai kinh te le thupc ciia nguoi nong dan vao hinh thai chiem hftu rupng dat: chiem hiiu rufing cfing va chiem hftu ciia dia chii Den lucrt minh, hai hinh thai chiem hiiu c6 cac quan he kinh tl thich ftng: i) quan he kinh te binh quin, gan lien vdi s\r le thupc cfing xa, viec tri sir sinh ton ciia nin kinh tl tiiu nfing, trgng thai din so tang, dit dai khong ting; ii) quan he chiem hiiu san pham thang du tieu nong san xuat ra, of day thang du nfing din san xuat da bi chuyen quy tieu dimg cua tang lop chii scr hun rupng dit Hai quan he thuc sir dgt kinh tl tieu nong cang liin sau vao kinh te sinh ton, kinh te ngheo, roi vao biy ngheo Kinh tl khong co th^g du vi khong co co chl chuyin th^g du tich luy, vi viy tii san xudt chi la tai san xuat gian dan, rot cufic hinh vong xoay luan quan, ngheo de ngheo 10 Vai trd chu thi eUa ndng ddn truong, xac lgp he thfing kinh tl thi truomg cho sir phat trien, mat khac li cuoc each mang luc Iupng sin xudt, hay npi dung vat chdt ciia nin san xudt xa hpi, \h each mang cfing nghiep, thuc hien cong nghiep hoa nin san xudt xa hpi Vai hai cufic each mang phuang thftc san xi^t thi trucmg - cfing nghiep dupc xac lap Den lupt minh phucmg thuc sin xudt thi truong - cfing nghifip cau tnic toan nen kinh tl va xa hpi nin kinh tl thi trucmg cong nghiep va dgt nen kinh tl vao qui trinh phat triln Diy ding th6i Id sir thay doi can ban cau tnic kinh tl: cfing nghiep, diing la dai cong nghiep tror nfin tang cua nfin kinh tl va cfing nghiep cdu tnic nen sin xudt xa hfii he thong cong nghiep, cdc nganh, cac ITnh vy:c kinh te, ke ca nong nghiep tro cac nganh cong nghiep dac thu, cac linh vuc kinh doanh nham tgo gii tri gia tang Ve mat xa hpi, qua trinh thj trucmg hoa vi cfing nghiep hoa, dfing thai la qua trinh dfi thi hoa, qui trinh chuyen tir xa hpi nfing thon truyen thong xa hpi thi, chuyen dai bp phin din cu ciia xi hpi tu din cu nfing nghipp, nong thfin dan cu thj O cac nu6c phat trien hien dai, dan cu nong thon chi 10 - 20%, nhung dan cu nong thon cung la dan cu hien dgi, tuc khfing phai dan cu nfing nghi?p thuan phac, vi nong nghiep ciing da tror mfit nganh cong nghiep die thu, mpt linh vuc ddu tu kinh doanh, thinh mpt nganh sin xudt gii tri gia tang cac ca nhin tu do, qua trinh niy dupc the hien li qui trinh chu the hoa, xic Igp nguoi dan cic cong dan tu chu day cac cfing din dpc lip tu chu la chu the ciia xi hpi Rot cufic, xa hpi quan chu vai cic thdn din tra xa hpi dan chu Thie hai, qua trinh xic lap nha nuac cpng hoa, li nha nuac cua dan, dan, vi dan, O diy nha nuac \k nguoi quan ly, quan tri xa hpi tfaeo luat phap: luat phap la thuang ton va nha nuac la nhi nuac phap quyen, dung phap quyen de xac lap va tri quyen lam chii cua nguoi ddn Nhu viy, vai tro chu thl, hay vai tro lam chu ciia nguoi dan la san pham ciia su phat trien Chinh sir phat trien da dat nguoi din vao vi tri va co vai tro chu the, dfing thai cung chinh su phat trien xac lap nhung ca so vi dieu kien de nguoi dan thuc hien quyen Iam chu cua minh Noi khic di, s\f phat trien each mgng phucmg thuc san xuit va ket ciu kinh te da tgo nguoi cong din ciia minh vi chinh cfing din quyet ^nh su phit trien Ngay cic khoa hpc nhu: kinh te hpc, xi hpi hpc, van hoa hpc va Iich sft hpc khang dinh rang trung tim phit trifin la nguoi, nhung nguoi khong phai la nguoi trim tuong, ma nguai cua sir phat trien, la cac cong dan hi?n dgi cua xa hpi thi trucmg cong nghiep hi?n dgi Nhung se mo ho neu khong dgt van de sir phit trien chinh la su phat trien nguoi cfing din do: su phat trien nang lire lam chu ciia nguoi cfing din qua trinh Sir thay doi can ban phucmg thiic phit trien sin xuat va ket ciu kinh te xac lap // Tdc dgng ciia suphdt triin chung din phuong thuc sin xuat thi trudng - cfing ban chdt kinh te tieu ndng vd ngudi ndng nghipp, va ket cau kinh te cong nghi?p la ddn trtryen thdng mpt qui trinh xa hpi co hai mit: Chu de cua de tai nang cao trach nhiem Thie nhdt, qua trinh t\r hoa, giai phong xa hpi va vai tro chii the cua nguoi nong xa hpi khoi cac quan hp le thupc, 1? thuflc dan, chinh la tra Icri ciu hoi nang cao nSng vao tu nhifin va lp thupc vao xa hpi, hinh Iuc ciia nguoi dan nong thon, cu thl cua U Tgp chi Khoa hoc xa hgi Vijt Nam, sd 6(91) - 2015 nguoi nong dan la the nao va nhu thfi nao qua trinh phat trifin, tuc qua trinh chuyin nin kinh te tir kinh te tieu nong thinh kinh tl cfing nghiep hien dgi Su phat trifin trfin cho ta thdy, cdn lam ro qua trinh thi truong va cong n^fip cdu tnic lgi nfin kinh te vi xa hfii nfing thon de xa hpi thi truang cong nghiep, nguoi kinh te, nguoi xa hpi cua xa hpi nfing thon (nfing din tieu nfing) dupc cau tnic lai nhu the nao Trong bp Tu ban, C.Mac di chi ra: "trong ITnh vuc nfing nghiep, dgi cong nghipp tic dpng cich mgng hon ca theo nghTa no thu tieu tri xa hpi cu la "nguoi nong dan" va thay the nguoi nong dan bdng nguai lao dpng lam thue"'^\ Ta bifit rang qua trinh thi truang hoa, cong nghiep hoa la cupe each mang phuang thuc sin xuit vi kit cdu kinh tl da dem lgi su chuyen bien chinh thl kinh te nhu sau: a) Tach lao dpng khoi tu lieu san xudt, ma cy the la nguoi nong din tiiu nong tach khoi rupng dat va bien sftc lao dpng vi nhftng dieu kien vit chat cua qua trinh san xuat (tu li?u sin xuat) nfing nghiep tifiu nfing (tu lieu sin xuat ca bin la rupng ddt) thdnh hang hoa - diy la qua trinh hinh cac thi trucmg dau vao ciia hoat dfing kinh doanh ciia nfin kinh tl thj truong CJ day qui trinh tach nguoi nong dan khoi rupng dat va bifin hp thinh hang hoa sue lao dpng thvc chdt la giai phong sue lao dpng khoi s\r 1? thufic vao tu nhien vd giai phong nguoi nong dan khoi cac quan he lfi thufic cong xi va phong kiln, do bifin hp cac cd nhan tu do, chu thl dpc lip, truoc het la chu the ngufin luc ca bin ciia hp la bdn than sue lao dpng cua ho Nhu vgy, thi trucmg hoa da thuc su mot mat chu the hfia nguoi nfing din, biln nguoi nfing dan thinh nguai cong dan, chu thl cua xi hpi cfing din hien dai Cimg voi viec xdc lip xa hpi cong dan, xa hpi din chu dien vific xac lap the che cpng boa voi nhi nudc phap quyfin, ca quan tri vd bao v$ quyln lam chu hay chu thfi cfing dan b) Qua trmh thi tnrong hoa, cong nghifip hoa cdu tnic nong nghiep mpt nganh cong nghiep dgc thu cua nfin kinh te cfing nghiep, va bien mot ITnh vuc kinh doanh nhdm vio viec sin xuat gii trj gia tang Day la sir thay doi triet dfi phuang thftc sdn xuat va kfit ciu kinh tfi tieu nfing Qui trinh co nhiing ket qui thich ftng: mdt la, nong nghiep khfing gift vi tri nin tang cua nen kinh tfi, vj tri da chuyen sang cong nghiep va djch vu, gio day sir thang tifin, phdt trifin ciia cong nghiep, dich vu tro nhan to quyet dinh sir phat trien cfta nen kinh te, va la cai chinh the cua tien trinh phat trien; hai Id, ty trpng nong nghiep ca ciu kinh tl cang giam (it cic nuac phit trien hifin dai, nfing nghiep chi chiem I - 2% GDP), nhifin sftc sin xuat va hieu qui ciia nfing nghiep Iai tang len va cao khic diuong Mac dft nong nghifip chilm 1% GDP cua nfin kinh te My, song la nin nong nghiep khong 16, vi GDP cua no dgt tren 150 ty USD, tucmg duong vcri GDP cua nin kinh tfi Viet Nam, ning suat nfing nghiep dat toi mftc, nguoi lao dfing nfing n ^ e p co thl nufii dupe 160 ngufii Su phit trifin cua nfing nghifip phu thufic vao phucmg thftc sin xudt, chft khfing phu thuflc vao vj tri ciia no nin kinh tl; ba Id, nong nghiep chuyin chuoi san phdm va dupc to chftc boi hf thing cac nong trai vd doanh nghiep dich vu thuc hifin Nfiu nin nong nghipp tiiu nong, nong nghiep Id tdng lap lac hgu nhdt la nguoi tieu nong thuc hien, thi xa h$i hien dgi, no dupc th\rc hien boi cdc cong "' C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (2002), Todn tgp, t.23 Nxb Sv that, HdN0i,tr.713 Vai trd chit thi cda nong ddn dan hien dai: chu doanh nghifip, nong trgi, cac chuyen gia, k^ su cac Iogi vi nguoi lao dpng lam thue voi chuyen mon thich ung mpt so nuoc nhu Ha Lan, nong trai nho, mang hinh thftc nong trai gia dinh, nhung nhan khiu gia dinh tham gia nong trai chi I - nguai, toan bp qua trinh sin xuit, kinh doanh la hfi thfing djch vu xa hpi thuc hien Ciing nhan thdy ring, ham sdn xuat a day da co su thay dfii can ban Neu ham sin xuat tiiu nfing, rupng ddt vd lao dpng li nhan to co ban, chu yfiu, thi ham sin xuit a diy, vfin va cong nghfi la nhan to quyet djnh Mpt nong trgi Ha Lan, difin tich chi I - ha, song vfin diu tu khoang - trifiu USD (khoang 20 - 40 ty VND) Dac biet he thfing thj trucmg (he thfing thi truang dau vao va ddu ra) la nfin tang cua hoat dpng kinh doanh That su, voi nen nong nghiep hifin dai, trinh hien ciia thfi gicri, tifin trinh phdt trien hien dgi da giai quyet xong van de "thanh tri cua xi hpi cu", ngucri nong dan tieu nong da bien mat nua the ky khoi cac nuoc phat trien hien dai 2.3 Qud trinh thi hoa Qua trinh thi trucmg hoa va cong nghipp hoa, chuyin xa hpi xa hpi thj truang cong nghiep, dong thoi lim thay doi ca bin ban chat va cau tnic xi hfii: chuyen xa hfii tft xa hfii nong thon sang xa hpi thj Qua trinh dfi thj hoa co npi dung: I) chuyfin dgi bp phin din cu tft nong thon sang dfi thi Co thl noi cong nghiep hoa la cufic each mgng co ban va siu sac kinh tfi O mpt y nghta nhat djnh, la cupe dgi phan cong lao dpng, lam thay dfii cdu true kinh tl, thay doi nghe nghipp cua dan cu xi hpi, va thay doi khong gian song ciia xa hpi Do la cupe di dan can bin, chuyfin dan cu khu vuc nong thon vao cac thj: ly nong, ly huong Neu lan song nfing nghipp, 80 - 90% dan cu song nfing thfin, thi a cac nu6c cong nghipp hipn dgi, 75 - 90% dan cu tgp trung cac thj Day co thfi xem li qui trinh thay xa hpi nong thon bang xa hpi thj 2) hinh loi song, vin hoa thi, thj din Cdc thi la cac trung tam kinh tfi cfing nghiep, djch vu va hinh chinh, li noi quan cu cua sfi dfing dan cu vdi nghfi nghiep phi nong nghifip - cfing nghiep, djch vu va cong chftc, gpp lai li thj dan - dan thj Loi song ciia thj dan dfi thj la dua tren: i) quan he thj truong, ii) co sa vi difiu kien vgt chat, tien nghi, cfing nghe; iii) theo cac djnh che ciia xi hpi phap quyfin, xa hpi din sir Co the noi thj ddn chinh la cong din dich thuc, dac thft cua xa hpi cong dan, xa hoi hifin dgi Q diy mot mat, neu theo loi sfing thi mfit phin lon nguoi din sfing a nfing thfin da la thj dan Hp la ngucri cong dan hien dai song a nong thon Mat khic, nhftng nguoi goc gac nfing thfin, nhung phuong thuc san xuat thay doi, nghe nghiep thay doi ya loi song thay dfii, nen hp ciing khong la nhung nguoi nong dan tieu nong, ve ban chat hp la cac cong dan hien dgi, va la chu the cua xi hpi hien dgi Duong nhien, vio vj tri, chftc nang cua timg cfing din cac djnh chfi thupc cac ITnh vuc khac ma moi cong din co nhimg vai tro khic Nhu vay, dan cu va chu thfi nfing thon khong dcm thuan la nong dan, ma gom nhieu chu the khac nhau, co trinh dp phat trien vi nang lire khac 2.4 Sur xdc lap nhd nu&c phdp quyin va stf hinh thdnh, phdt triin xa hgi cdng dan vd chu the cua xd hgi Neu ba yeu to tren li npi dung kinh te xa hpi thi yeu tfi thft tu chinh la khung kho chinh tri va moi truang the chfi phap luit cho xa hfii cfing din hogt dpng vi phit trifin Dfin luat minh, day chinh la mpt nhin to ca bin quyet djnh de chu the cua xa hpi dupc xac lip vi vai tro chu thfi cua cong dan xa hpi xac djnh va duac thuc hien Tgp chi Khoa hgc xa hdi Viit Nam, sd 6(91) - 2015 Ta bifit ring, thi truang hoa, cfing nghifip hoa, thj hoa la cic qui trinh tit ylu, khdch quan, co quy luat npi tai qui trinh phat triln Trong nin kinh tl thi truong, cac quan he, ca chfi va quy luit kinh tfi thj trucmg (tftc la cac quyln tir nhifin) tdc dfing rdt mgnh mfi den su phdt triln Nhung hoat dpng cua cac ci nhan, hay cac chu thfi xi hpi, theo duoi cac Ipi ich cd nhin tfii da, khong can tro cac lpi tch ciia ca nhan khdc, ciing nhu lpi ich chung cua xa hpi, cdc quyfin xa hpi cilng phdi duoc xdc lap vd phdt trifin thich ftng, vi chi nhu viy cdc tat yfiu cua sir phdt trifin, cac Ipi ich xa hpi moi tuong thich, viy tu ca nhin va quyen chu thfi moi dupc thuc su xac lap va dupc thy:c thi No giup xi hpi xic lip mpt he thong voi mpt trat t\i va mpt chfi dp thich ung Co thl noi, nha nuoc phip quyfin vd the che, phip luat he thfing ve cac quyfin cua cong din dua dfin hinh trit tu, chl dp xi hfii theo khung kho phap quyfin, chinh la khung kho vi nfin mong chinh tri ciia su phat triln Chi mfit trat tu vdi mpt chl dp thich ftng, cac chu thfi xa hpi (cac cfing dan Vg chil) moi th\rc sy duoc xdc lap vd vai tro chu the mtii co co so hpp phdp dl phdt huy tie dung Vdy tu ciia xa hfii thj truong la tu dupc hinh thinh va dupc bdo vfi boi mpt trit tu, mpt chfi dp chinh trj thich ung voi cic quy lugt cua kmh tl thj trucmg - quy luat cua s\r phat triln The che va toan bp luat phdp cua xi hpi cfing dan chinh la xiy dung va quyfit djnh cac quyen cfta cong din va trich nhiem cua cfing dan dfii voi xi hfii Vai tro chu thl va trich nhiem ciia cac chu thfi cua xa hpi (tuc nguoi cong din) dupc the hi|n a cac quyln vd trdch nhifm dupc nhd nuoc phdp quyln xac lip, dupc thong qua vd chdp nhan boi chinh toan thfi cac chu thfi xd hpi Nhu vdy, mpt mat chinh cufic each mang chuyin xa hfii thdnh xa hpi thj truang 14 cfing nghipp - thj Id qua trinh chuyin nguoi nfing din tieu nfing, nong dan le thuoc cac chii thfi dpc lap, thanfa cac cong din hifin dai Mat khac, su thay doi ban chit kinh te - xa hpi dua din thay dli the che xa h^i, thfi chfi cpng hfia va xic 1^ nha nuoc phap quyen; tft nguoi nfing din tieu nong tror cong dan hifin dgi Sijr xac lap vai tro chu the cua nguM nong dan va nhimg ctf sff, di^u kien tang cirong vai tro chu the va trach nhiem cua hp qui trinh phat trien + Tren day chung ta da xet cac qui trinh CO bin lim thay doi ban chat cua ngucri nong din, cung nhu lp trinh bifin ngucri nfing dan tifiu nong ngucri cfing dan hifin dai Nhung day la ci mpt lich sft lau dii Cufic cich mang xoa bo trit ty chl dp quin chft co the xay nhung khoanh khac ljch su, va vific thiet lip nha nuoc phdp quyen va hinh thinh the chfi, phap luat cung khfing phdi li mpt giai doan liu dai Nhung cii biln xa hpi tft xa hpi tifiu nflng xa hpi cfing nghifip phat trifin hien dai va xa hpi cfing dan voi cic chu the dpc ldp tu chu la mpt qua trinh liu ddi - mpt qua trinh thich ftng vcri qua trinh cdch mgng phucmg thftc sin xudt, kit cau kinh te, qua trinh thj hoa, dl rfit cuoc xac lap mpt xa hpi cong din hipn dai Day la qui trinh liu dai, phftc tgp, kho khan S\r liu dai, phftc tgp, kho khan vi, la sy thay dfii cua mpt thai dai Trong ljch sft phat trifin, cuoc each mgng phuang thuc sdn xudt va kfit cdu kinh te dl xic lgp phuang thftc sin xudt thj trudng - eong nghiep da dien khoing 200 - 250 nam thoi dgi phdt triln hifin dai, voi each mgng khoa hpc - cong n ^ e , kinh te tri thuc va mang sdn xuat dich vu toan cau, phuong thftc phat trifin difin bdng cich hifin dai hoa mang tinh nhiy vpt, riit ngan Qud trinh ciing cdn phii niia thl ky Do la doi vdi mot s6 it nuac di thyc Vai trd chu the cua ndng ddn hien duoc mot sir phit trifin "thdn ky" Dfii vai cac nuac phat trifin binh thuang, thai gian thuc hifin chua the xac djnh dupc va mpt sfi khong it nude da bj rcri vao bay thu nhip trung binh, thuc chdt la thdt bgi Thyc su, vific chuyfin dupc khfii lupng khong 16 din cu tft la nfing dan tieu nong thinh efing dan hien d^ la cfing vific Ijch sft thuc sy kho khan Vific xac lap mfit nha nuac phap quyen quan hfi xac lap mpt he thfing the chfi, phap luit thich ung vd xiy dung mpt bp may co nang luc thich ftng dfi quan 1^, quin tri xa hpi va qua tiinh phat triln cung khong phai la de dang Su thdt bgi cfta nhieu nuoc da xac nhan dilu niy Trong tfing thl ciia sy phdt triln, thi vific xdc lap va phat trifin mpt nha nuac phdp quyln thich ftng vai yeu cau cua su phdt trifin la nhin tfi quyet dinh + Vai tro chu the vi trich nhiem chu thl ciia cong din, duomg nhifin khong phai la vdn de hinh thftc, ma cr nang luc thyc hipn dupc vai tro va trach nhipm xi hfii cua hp Ma nang lyc niy la qua trinh tich liiy phy thupc vao qui trinh phat trien cfta kinh te xi hpi vi vific tham gia true tifip ctia hp boat dpng xi hpi Chinh qua trinh phdt triln kinh te thj truang - cong nghipp va vific thuc hipn cdc quyen phit trien kinh tl, chinh sy giau cfi bifiu hien ning luc kinh tfi, nang luc tao thu nhgp dan den vifc xic lap vi tri, vai tro chu the thuc su cua cong din: vai tro gop phan lam giau cho nfin kinh tl vi cua tiing ca nhan chu the vd thfing qua sy phit trifin kinh tfi, hp thyc hifn tfit trich nhifm xa hpi cua minh Den lupt minh, dan sinh da cuong thjnh, thi dan tri dupc chdn hung, din tri duoc phit triln, thi ngucri cong dan hifin dgi dupc xac lgp hoan toan Hp cung li nguoi thuc hien tfit vai tro chu the va trach nhifim x3 hpi + Cupe each mang vin hoa vcri nen giao dye va hpc van hipn dgi dupc cap va dupc chu trpng phat trien cung nhu cac hogt dpng van hoa vcri nhftng hinh thftc, vi cac gia trj thich ftng duac day mgnh, phat trien tren ca sor bio tfin cac gid tri truyen thong va bat kip thai dai phit trien hifn dgi, tit yfiu din tri dupe ehan hung, dan tri dupc phat trien Phit trien giio due, khoa hpc, cong nghe vi van hoa la mpt npi dung tdt yeu cua qua trinh phat trifin, ciing nhu phat trifin nguoi, rfit cufic din den nang cao vai tro chu thfi vi trich nhiem xi hpi ciia cong dan Trfin diy chung ta di noi tcri vai tro, y nghia cfta viec xic lap, phit trien nha nucrc phap quyfin la nhan tfi quyfit dinh cua su phit trien noi chung, cua vific xdc lap, phat trifin mpt xa hpi cong dan hifn dgi CJ day can nhdn manh tinh than phap lugt, van hoa phap luat, la cot cich cfta mpt xa hpi hifn dgi Boi vgy vifc hinh va phat trien mpt hf hifin phap, phap luat thich ung va vgn hanh tot hf thoi^ luat phap chinh la xac lgp mpt khung kho phap lugt can thifit de vai tro chii the cua cic cfing din cua xa hpi cfing din dupc thyc hifn Tai lieu tham khao CMac va Ph Angghen (1981), Tuyin tgp, L2, Nxb Sy thdt, HdNpi C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1987), Bdn vi xd hgi tiin tu tidn, Nxb Khoa hgc xd h6i, Hd Npi Truimg Chinh va V5 Nguyen Gidp (1959), vdn de ddn cgy, Nxb Sy didt, Hd N^i P.Gourou (2003), Ngudi ndng ddn chdu thd Sdng Hdng, Nxb Tre, Ha Noi Nguyen Xuan Thdng, Biii Quang Dung (2013), 'Trdch nhiem xd h^i va vai tro chii the cua nong dan phdt trien nong nghi€p vd xay dyng ndng th6n mm", T^ip chi Khoa hgc Xdhgi VietNam s6 5(66) Bui Huy Ddp, Nguyen Difin (1996), Ndng nghiep Viit Nam, Tit coi ngudn den ddi mdi, Nxb Chinh Ui qudc gia Ha Ndi Amartya Sen (2002), Phdt triin Id qt^en cua tu do, Nxb Thing kfi, Hd N6i Nhifiu tdc gia (2008), Ndng thdn vd ndng ngfii^p: Nhirng vdn di dang dgt ra, Nxb Tri thOic, Hd Noi 15 ... chii cua nguoi ddn Nhu viy, vai tro chu thl, hay vai tro lam chu ciia nguoi dan la san pham ciia su phat trien Chinh sir phat trien da dat nguoi din vao vi tri va co vai tro chu the, dfing thai... xac nhan dilu niy Trong tfing thl ciia sy phdt triln, thi vific xdc lap va phat trifin mpt nha nuac phdp quyln thich ftng vai yeu cau cua su phdt trifin la nhin tfi quyet dinh + Vai tro chu the... tu chu, chii th6 cua cong dan la vdn d l dai han, gan lien vai su cong cua sir phat trien Nhung truoc mat va ngan han, viec nang cao vai tro chu the va trach nhiem xa hpi cua nong dan, tang lop