JVai tro chu thl cua nguoi nong dan Hnh vyc kinh te Nguyin T r u n g Kien Biii Minh Tdm tSt: Tir Nghj quyet 26-NQ/TW, nong dan dupc xac djah la lyc lupng ddng vai tro chu thf ciia qua trinh phat trien nong nghiep, nong thon Ciing vdi Chuong trinh myc tieu qudc gia xay dung nong thon mdi dupc trien khai sau rpng tren toan quoc, ngudi nong dan cang duac ky vpng idn Tuy vay, chua cd nhieu nghien ciiu cung c ^ cac diJ Iifu thuc te de chung minh Heu ngudi nfing dan cd thfi ddng vai tro chu thf dupc hay khong? Hoac cd the ddng vai tro tdi mirc nao phat tridn nong nghifp, nong thon Vift Nam Nghien cihi cung cdp mpt sfi dii lifu djnh l u ^ g cho thay hinh anh ngudi nong dan dang loay hoay ranh gidi nong nghiep/phi nong nghifp, thieu su quyet doan va sang tao viec chuyen doi nghe nghifp Ben canh dd, bai viet cung nfu len sy khac bift giiia nfing ddn Mien Bac va Mien Nam boi canh nong nghiep Midn Nam phdn nao mang tinh chdt hang hda, nong nghifp Mien Bac bj can trd boi nong nghifp sinh ton Tir khda: Nong dan; vai tro chu thf; hogt dpng kinh te; nong nghifp MSt ddu Sau gdn 30 ndm Dfii mdi, nfin kinh tfi Vift Nam dd chuyen dan tii co chfi tap trung, bao cap sang co che thi trudng Mdc du da cd mpt budc tifin nhifiu mat, co cau kinh tfi Vift Nam van cdn nang ve nong nghifip, ty trpng vfi cflng nghifp, xdy dyng vd dich vy cdn nhd Vdi trfin 67% din so Vifit Nam tap trung d nflng thon, dd, da sfl hfl gia dinh nflng thfln van Idm nghfi nong, ldm nghifip va thliy sdn, su phit trifin cua nfing nghifp, nong thfln v i nflng din vdn ddng mpt vai trd cyc ky quan trpng qud trinh cfing nghiep hda, hifin dgi hda ddt nudc Day cung la co sd thuc tifin cua rhMr^n trir,!, ô,,.ô *ã i ã , Chuong trinh muc tieu quoc gia xay dung nong thon men dupc trifin khai tii nam 2009 (Nghj quyet 491/QD-TTg 2009), xem nflng nghifip, nong dan va nflng thfln okn hA r-1,5* ^Ks „x; • , gan bo chit ChS vo nhau, va nong dan 34 ddng vai trd chii thfi phat trifin (Nghj quyfit 26-NQ/TW, 2008) Tir trudc den nay, nflng dan la chii de dugc quan tam nghifin ciiu ciia gidi hpc thugt bdn den ITnh vyc nong nghifip hay nflng thfln Cac hpc gii dd chii y phan tich hinh anh ngudi nfing dan ddi sflng xa hpi duomg dgi Tuy viy, chua cd nhieu nghifin ciiu cung edp sfl lieu dfi nunh hga thfi nao l i 'Vai trd chii thfi" cua ngudi nong ddn linh vyc kinh tfi Bai vifit s£ tap trung mfl ta cdc kfit qud chinh hi cuOc khao sdt cua dfi tii "Nghifin cuu, dfi xuSt ''* Th^ic sT, Vifn Nghifn cdu vk hS trp phat trjln." DT: 0942489001 Email: kiennguyenxhh@gmail.coni Bai vi^ khuSn khd d^ tki "NghiifSm, dixuM gidi phdp ndng cao trdch nhi$mxd hdi vd vai ^ ^ ^l'^ cua ndng ddn xdy dgng ndng thdn m&i" ^ ^ ^ " ^ S trinh Khoa hpc vd Cong nghf phye vy xSy dimg n6ngdi6n mdi giai doan 2011-2015 tai trg '"> Pho gLsu.tiJnfi khoa hoc, Vi^nXahoiZc Vai trd chu thi cua ngtt&i ndng ddn giai phap nang cao trach nhifim xi hfii vd vai trd chu the cua nfing dan xay dyng oflng thon mdi" dfi lim ro "vai trd ehii thfi" cua ngudi nong din - cai dupc xem nhu kha odng chu dpng, tich cue, sang tgo cua hp Irong linh vue kinh tfi Trong chu yfiu tip Irung lam ro vai trd ciia ngudi nflng dan Irong viec iing xir doi vdi nghfi nflng Duy tri nghe nong nhirag n6 Ivc da dang hoa nghe nghidp Cuoc khio sit cua dfi taitifinhanh tai 10 xatiiupc5 tinh Id: Tuyfin Quang, Nam Dinh, Quang Nam, An Giang vd Dflng Nai Trong 1.479 bp tra ldi khao sdt, cd tdi gdn 2/3 (60,4%) so hp cd nghfi chinh la nflng/lam/ ngu nghifip, cac ngdnh nghfi khdc (bao gfim nghe Iim thufi, cflng nghifip, xay dung, V.V ) dling thli hai vdi 27,4%, cufli cung la thirong mai, dich vu vdi 12,2% Theo dia phuang khio sat, kfit, qua cho thiy ba thuc trgng chinh Nghfi nflng/Iim/ ngu nghiep van la nghfi chinh Thyc trgng thfi hifin rfi net d hai tinh Tuyfin Quang vi Quang Nam, vdi han 87% ngudi tra Idi d hai tinh cho bifit nghfi nflng la nghfi ehinh cua hp gia dinh hp; Sfl nguoi lya chgn nghfi thuang mgi/dich vu va cac nghfi khac nhu nghfi Iam thufi cd ty trpng rdt thip Dfli lip vdi thyc trgng ndy la thyc trgng Iam cac nghfi lam thufi, ldm cflng in luong difin d tinh Dflng Nai Q diy cd hon 61% sfl ngudi tra ldi cho bifit nghfi cong nghiep vd xiy dung la nghfi chinh cua hp, chi khoang gin 20% sfl hp cho bifit bp van sflng chii yeu bang nghe nfing, vi sfi niy xdp xi ty lfi hp cd sinh kfi ehinh la thuang mgi/dich vu Thuc trgng thii ba mang tmh can bdng Bing 1: Co ciu nghe nghifip chinh hon dien d cac tinh Nam Dinh va An Giang Q hai tinh nay, ty lfi hfl gia dinh cho S6 % bifit nghfi nflng la nghfi chinh chi khodng 50 don vi Dichvu 180 12,2 - 60% Cac hp sflng vdi smh kfi chinh Id nghfi khac ciing chiem tdi gdn 30% d cdc Cong nghiep va xay dyng 405 27,4 tinh nay, dd ty ifi hp cho bifit Nong, lam, ngu nghiep 894 60,4 thuang mgi/dich vu la nghfi chinh cilng T6ng 1479 100 chifim ty Ifi khong nhd Bang 2: Moi quan he giiia dia phuang vd nghfi nghifip chinh cua hfi gia dinh Tinh Tuyen Quang Quang Nam Nam Dinh An Giang E)6ngNai Nong/lam/ngu nghiep 87,6 87,2 57,5 50,3 19,8 Thuang mai & dichvu 4,4 3,8 15,1 18,7 18,8 Kfit qua mflt mat cho thdy cdc hg gia linh nong dan van phy thugc vao nghfi long, lam, ngu nghiep de sinh song, mat chac phan anh no luc da dang hda ngufln hu nhap ciia cac hp Dieu cting phu ipp vdi dil lieu ve nguon thu nhap chinh Cong nghiep va xay dung va nghe khac 8,1 9,0 27,4 31,0 61,4 Tong(%) 298 289 299 300 293 ciia hfl gia dinh Cd tdi 45,4% ho gia dinh cho rang "trong trgt, chin nufli va dinh bat", hay nong, Iam, ngu nghifip van la cac hogt dpng sinh kfi mang lgi thu nhip chu yfiu cho hp Ngufln thu tu "tifin luong" va "tifin cong (lam thufi)" ldn lupt chifim tdi 35 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hdi Vijt Nam, sd 6(91) - 2015 16,8% va 18,7% cdc ho gia dinh h^ ldi khao sdt Ngufln thu tir tifin luong, tifin cflng cho thdy vi mpt sfl khong nhd cac ho gia dinh dupc khdo sat lua chpn nghfi khac la nghfi chinh cua hp minh Cd thfi thdy, cac hfi gia dinh nong din khong chi sflng bdng nghfi nflng (thudn nflng) ma da bifit tim kiem thu nhgp cho hfl minh tir cdc ngufin khac Vice kfit hop cdc thu nhgp tir nghfi nflng nham trudc het cung cdp du luong thyc thifit yfiu cho ban than thdnh vifin hp vdi cac ngufin thu tir cac cfing viec lam tbue ban thdi gian/thdi vy dan xen giira cac miia vu nfing nghiep vdn la mfit hinh thiic kha phfi bien cac bp gia dinh nong thfln hifin Kfit qua ciing tuong dfii khdp vdi Difiu tra nfing din Viet Nam ndm 2009 Hon niia, sfl lifiu trfin cung phin anh sy phan cflng lao dflng hogt dpng sinh kfi giiia cic thdnh vifin ciia hp gia dinh Trong mpt hfl gia dinh, vira cd cdc thdnh vifin phu trach lam nghe nfing, vira cd cic thdnh vifin phu trach nghd lam cfing an luang ho^c di ldm thufi thdi vu Sy phan chia niy cd thfi giiip cac hp gia dinh vira tri dugc an ninh luong thuc cho hp (tir nong nghiep) cua minh, vira tri dupc nguon thu dfiu dan hon cho cdc nhu ciu cap thifit ciia hp (tir cdc nghfi lam thufi, lam cfing cd thfi cd ngufln thu ngay) Sif hihi dat dai va lira chon phi nong nghi|p Vific chuyfin dfii nfii tgi nginh nflng righif p gin lifin vdi vific sii dung difin tich ddt nong nghifip (bao gflm ddt rupng, dat rimg va cdc dien tich mat nudc nhu ao, hfl, V.V ) ciia cac hfl gia dinh nflng dan Dong Nai ya An Giang la hai trudng hop ddc bift nhdt so vdi cac tinh dupc khio sat hai dia phuang nay, ty le ho gia dinh sinh sflng bdng cac nghfi ldm thufi, lam cflng cao han cac dia phuang khac Mpt nhirng ly chinh la vific hp khflng cd hodc cd rdt it ddt hogc mgt nudc dfi sin xuit nflng, lim, ngu nghifip Troi^ toin mdu khao sat, chi cd 24,2% hfl gia dinh cho bifit hg khflng cd dit sin xuSt nflng, lim, ngu nghifip Theo dia phuong, Quang Nam, Tuyfin Quang vjl Nam Dinh, cd tdi ldn lupt 96%, 95,7% vA 92,3% hp gia dinh cho bifit hp cdn cd dit sin xuat nflng, ldm, ngu nghifip, thi d An Giang va Dflng Nai, sfl chi la 57% vd 38% Nfiu gpp hai tinh An Giang va Dong Nai vdi va so sinh vdi mgt nhdm gflm tinh cdn lai, chiing tfli thdy ring, 52% hfl nong d i n d An Giang va Dflng Nai khflng cd dat (trong tflng sfi 600 hfi khio sdt), so d tinh cdn lai Id 5,3% (trong tflng sfl 899 hfi khao sit) D i y la mflt sy chfinh leeh rat ldn giira hai tinh dflng bang sflng Ciiu Long (DBSCL) vd Dflng Nam Bp (DNB) so vdi cdc tinh thuflc dfing bdng sflng Hfing (DBSH), Bdc Trung Bfl (BTB) vd duyen hdi Mifin Trung (DHMT) vd trung du mien niii phia Bdc Chi sfi sd hiiu ddt cung phani anh rdng thi trudng mua ban ddt dai da hinh d An Giang va Dflng Nai, d Quang Nam, Nam Dinh va Tuyen Quang, ddt dai trd thinh hang hda vdn chua phfi bifin Vific khflng cd dit khifin cho ngudi nong din d Dflng Nai v i An Giang tim kifim cac ngufln sinh ke cho hp gia dinh minh d cac ITnh vuc khic Trong 187 ho gia dinh nong din d Dflng Nai khflng cd ddt nflng, lam, ngu nghifp dfi canh tic, nuoi trflng thi 96 tdi 96,3% (180 hfl) cho bifit hp khflng lira chpn nflng, lim, ngu nghifip dfi lam tiiue, Con sfl niy d tinh An Giang la 85,3% (trong sfl 129 bfl khflng cd ddt) Vific khong cd ddt canh tic cd thfi la nguyen nhan khiln cho cic hp gia dinh quyfit dinh tir bd hoan toan (hodc mpt phdn) vific canh tic tren minh dit nflng nghifip ciia gia dinh nhir truyen thfing va dflng tiidi tim kiem cic CO hpi vific lam khac Vai trd chu thi eUa nguai ndng ddn Mfli quan he giua vific cd ddt de trflng trgt, chin nufli va ddnh bdt cd lien he chat che vdi nghfi nghifip chinh cua hg gia dinh Bdng cho thay, cdc hp cd ddt sin xuat nong/lim/ngu thi cd tdi 77,9% hfl cho bifit nghfi chinh cua hp la nghfi nflng, ty If lam nghfi thuang mgi, dich vy va lim nghfi khdc (lim cflng an luong hogc ldm tiiufi chi la 22,1% 1118 sfl hfl ti-i ldi) Ngupc lgi, cdc ho khflng cd ddt thi cd tdi 68,1% hp cho bifit nghe cfing nghiep, xdy dyng vi lam thufi la nghfi chinh ciia hp, vi cd tdi 25,6% lya chpn nghfi thuang mai, dich vy Nhu vgy, khflng cd ddt xet trfin mpt nghia nio dd la dpng lyc dfi hfl gia ^nh tim kifim cac ngufln sinh kfi khic cho hfl Bang 3: Quan he giiia cd dit nfing ngbiep vi nghfi chinh Dat nong/lam/ngu nghiep Co Khong Nong-lam nghiep va thuy san (%) 77,9 6,4 Thuang mai va Cong nghiep va T6ng(%) dich vu (%) xay dung (%) 7,9 14,2 1118(100) 25,6 68,1 360 (100) Viec cd hogc khflng cd dat nflng nghifip mang lgi nhiing khic bifit vfi mat thu nhdp giiia cac hp gia dinh dupc khao sat Trong 1129 hfl cd dat nflng, lim, ngu nghifip, cd tdi 49,7% hp gia dinh cd thu nhgp binh quin ddu ngudi nam 2013 dudi I trieu dflng mflt thang, sfl d cic hfi gia dinh khflng cd dit nflng ngliiep chi li 26,3%, Igi la cic hfl cd tbu nhip binh quan dau ngudi trfin trifiu ddng/thang So sanh gii tri trung binh vfi thu nhgp binh qudn ddu ngudi cho thdy rdng trung binh mfit thing, thu nhip binh quin ddu ngudi d nhdm hfl cd ddt nfing nghiep li 1,385 trifiu dflng, sfl d nhdm hfl khong cd ddt la 2,063 trifiu dflng Sy khdc biet vfi thu nhap giita hai nhdm hp niy la ldn Chuyin ddi sang nghi phi nong nghiep Khao sat ciia chiing tfii cho thiy da phdn cac hfl vin lya chpn tifip tuc tri nghfi nfing (68%) so vdi 23% sfl hfl mufln chuyfin dfli n^fi Bang cho bifit, yong tinh dugc khio sat An Giang Ii tinh cd ty I? hfl chpn tifip tyc tri nghe nong cao nhat (chiem 83% so ngudi tra ldi d tinh nay) Trong dd Nam Dinh la tinh cd ty le hp tifip tiic tri nghfi nong thip^ nhit vi ciing ii tinh cd ty lfi hp chuyfin nghfi cao nhit, lan lugt la 52,9% va 39,8% Quing Nam va Tuyen Quang la hai tinh chi cd khoing 20% hp mufln chuyen nghe Trong dd, Dflng Nai la tinh cd ty le hfl chua biet nen chuyfin nghfi hay khong cao nhdt, vdi 19,3% Sy khdc bifit giiia Nam Dinh - DBSH vd An Giang - DBSCL dupc cho Ii su khic bi^t giii'a nong nghifip sinh ton va nong nghiep thuang phim Trong mfit nfin nfing nghiep sinh tfln, nflng din d Nam Dinh gdp nhifiu khd khan dfi cd thfi ton tgi dupc bang nghfi nflng (chi cd 17% hfi phdng vin d Nam Dinh cho biet thu nhip chinh Id nghfi nong, vd cd tdi 65% cho rang thu nhgp tir nghfi xiy dyng, lim thufi, v.v ) Nghfi nong dfii vdi hp chi li mfit phuang thiic dam bao an ninh luong thyc, chii khfing phii de lam giau Do dd, hp tim each thoat khdi nghfi nong dfi tim kifim thu nhdp cao ban tii cic ngdnh nghfi phi nfing nghiep khac Trong do, nflng nghipp d DBSCL (difin hinh li d An Giang) la nfing nghifip thuong pham, nfing sin nhdm muc dich ban thi trudng Ngudi nong dan d An Giang cd thfi xem nong nghiep la nghe chinh cua minh vi nd cd thfi mang lai thu nhgp quan trpng (49% hp khao sat cho bifit thu nhip chinh ciia hp Ii tu nflng nghiep) Cic dan chiing vfi nflng nghifip thuong pham cua An Giang nhu hinh thi trudng bufln ban ddt dai giua 37 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xa hgi Viel Nam, sd 6(91) - 2015 nguoi nong dan voi (khong thong qua chinh quyin dia phuong) hay viec hku het cac ho huong din ban cac nong san cua gia dinh chii khong giu- lai nhu Mijn Bac duoc tun thiy DiSu tra Nong dan Viet Nam nam 2009 Bang 4: M6i quan he gifta dia phuong va viec tiip tuc nghi nong hay chuyin nghi Tinh Tiep tuc nghe nong • Nam Dinh Quang Nam Dong Nai Tuyfin Quang An Giang Tfing % Chua biet (%) (%) 52,9 64,3 67,0 77,5 83,0 746 68 7,3 14,0 19,3 3,9 5,0 99 39,8 21,7 13,8 18,7 11,9 252 23 Ban nong sin Vific bdn cdc mit hang nfing sin cho sau thu hogch thfi hifin vific tifip can ddu chuoi gii tri ma hfl gia dinh nfing dan dang tham gia Kfit qui khao sat cho thdy, cdc hp gia dinh nflng din chii yfiu hudng sdn pham nfing sin cho hp minh sudyng, chifim 56,8% Tiic Id vifie phat trifin nfing nghifip van phdn ldn nhdm phuc vu nhu cau ty thin vfi luong thyc, thyc phdm ciia hp gia dinh hon li lim giau Cdc hfl gia dinh nfing dan lya chpn thuong lai tgi xa ciia minh chifim 54,2%, bin cho thuong ldi d ngoai xd chi cd 24,6% Khac biet ndi len rdng cac hp nflng din van chii yfiu tip trung, co cum vao cdc quan hp quen bifit, chii chua vupt ngoai khu vyc xa la vdi cic quan he yfiu dfi phat trifin thj trudng ddu cho hfi Viec bdn cic mgt hang nflng sin tdi tan tay ngudi tifiu dimg, cho cflng ty nhd nudc vi cflng ty tu nhan chi chifim ty Ip thdp Bdng 5: Cic don vi ma hfl gia dinh ban nfing sdn Don vi thu mua So lugng % Cong ty TN 44 4,0 CongtyNN 60 5,5 Ngucri tieu dCing 64 5,9 38 Chuyen nghe khac ( % ) Tu thuong/thuong lai noi khac Tu thuong/thuong lai tai xa Khong ban Tong (%) 259 286 109 284 159 1097 100 269 24,6 594 54,2 621 56,8 Ve viec bdn cho cdc thuofng lai din tir ngoai xa, co su khac biet giua tinh An Giang va cac tinh khac Trong tmh An Giang, hp gia dinh hau nhu ban nong san cho thucmg lai ngoai xi (60,9%) thi cac tinh khac nhu Nam Dinh ty IS chi la 11,1%, Ding Nai la 14,7%, cr Quang Nam la 22,5% va Tuyen Quang 14 23% Ngugc lai Nam Dinh va D6ng Nai la hai tinh co tJ le ban hang cho thuong lai xa cao nhdt, vdd lin lugt la 60,5% va 64,2% An Giang mac du nong ho ciing ban nhieu nSng san cho thuong lai tai xa, nhtmg ty le ft hon 50% (46,8%) yi$c khong ban nong san thi hien tinh chat tu cun^ tu d p hay tinh chit "n6ng Iighiep sinh ton" ciia ho^t dgng n6ng nghiSp tieu chi nay, co su khac biSt rit lcm giiia cac tinh khao sat Nguoi nong dan a An Giang thi hien sir ndng dgng cua hg viec chuyin hojt dpng nong nghiSp san xuit hang hoa Co tdi 98,7% nong hg * day tra loi hp ban cac mat hang nong san sau Vai trd chii the ciia nguai ndng ddn thu hogch Trong so ndy d E>6ng khio sit da bifit ty chiu trach nhiem dfli vdi Nai ciing tuong dfli cao (84,4%^ Ngupc lgi, hoat dpng kinh te cua hp gja dinh, chii Tuyfin Quang va Nam Dinh bifiu hifin miic khong thy dflng cher dgi giai phap hoac dinh dp phit trieri nflng nghifip thuong phim kem hudng tii phia chinh quyfin dia phuong cd tdi ldn lugt 90,5% va 82,4% hfl cho O bdng 6, chiing toi xem xet moi quan bifit hp khong ban mat hang sau thu hogch, he giiia cac tinh dupc khio sat va each cic tire giir cho gia (finh sii dung Con sfi hp gia &ih su dung dat nflng nghifip mi hp xdp xi mpt nua d Quing Nam (46%) Tdm dang cd Chiing tfli gpp hinh thiic su dung Iai, cd su khic bifit giira nflng nghifip mien dat nong nghifip quy hoach eita xd vi Bic va nflng nghifip mifin Nam Kfit qui cd xa vi hp gja finh vao mflt nhdm la cd su tirong ty vdi kfit qui difiu tra nflng din ndm can thifip cua xa so sinh vdi nhdm 2009 va difiu tra 5/2012 ciia Vifin Khoa hpc hoin toan hp lya chpn Kfit qui cho thdy, xa hpi vimg Nam Bp*'* miic ty lya chpn hinh tiuic sii dung dit Tu- quyet dinh hinh thfrc canh tac nflng nghifip d tinh Quinp Nam la thap nhit vdi chi 44,9% ho cd dat nflng nghiep Q nong nghidp Vific lya chpn myc dich sur dyng ddt nflng tinh nay, sy can thifip cua xa dfli vdi dinh nghifip cho thay miie dp ty chu, sy chii dpng hudng canh tic, nufli trflng cua hfl khd cao vific lam in kinh te cua hp nflng din (vdi ban mpt nira so hp cd dat tham gia tra Trong cac hfi gia dinh cd ddt tra ldi (1096 ldi) Trong dd, d tinh cdn lgi, muc dp hp), chi cd 5,7% hp gia dinh cho bifit viec su tu lya ehpn hinh thiic canh tie vd nufli trflng dung dipn tich ddt nflng nghiep li quy cua cdc hp gia dinh nong dan la rat cao: hoach ciia xS quyfit dinh, cd tdi 18,5% dya Dflng Nai dat tdi 99,1%, Nam Dmh 96,2%, tren quy hoach ciia xd va quyfit dinh cua hp An Giang 88%, va Tuyfin Quang ciing dgt gia dinh, lgi la 75,7% hfl ty quyfit dinh trfin 73% Cd thfi ndi, miic dp ty quyfit ciia hinh thlic sir dung dit cua minh Difiu nflng din cao nhit d cic tinh thuoc Dfing cho thiy da sfl ngudi nong dan mau Nam Bfl, DBSH va DBSCL Bang 6: Quy dinh hinh thuc sic dung dat nong nghifip phin theo dia phuong Dong Nai Nam Dinh An Giang Tuyen Quang Quang Nam T6ng(%) Ho tu lua chon (%) 99,1 96,2 88,0 73,8 44,9 830 (75,7) Co su can thiSp cua xa (%) 0,9 3,8 12,0 26,2 55,1 266 (24,3) Vific cac hfl ty quyfit lay hinh tinic sd dung ddt nong nghiep cho thdy ndng ty chii va tinh tich cyc va tinh chiu trich nhiem cua hg vipc lya ehpn hinh thiic phdt trifin cho hfi gia dinh Mfit tiang nhimg difiu dang chii y li: vipc ty chu hay viec su dyng ddt nflng nghipp cua hp gia dinh lien quan tdi viec canh tic, nufli cai gi Bdng cho thdy rdng, cd sy khac biet cd y nghia thflng kfi giiia nhdm hg gia dinh ty lua chpn Tong (100%) 285 260 159 283 109 1096 (100) hinh thlic canh tac/nuoi trfli^ trfin mdnh dat cua hp va nhdm hp gia dinh chiu anh huomg bdi quyet dinh/can thiep ciia chinh quyfin dia ' ' Gan mot niia so nong ho a DBSH giii l^i liia thu hoach de 3n, gan 28,2% sd hp giu Iai th6c chu ydu de an, cdn moi ban, d DBSCL co 23,6% hg ban hoan toan, gdn 70% ho ban phSn lcm, chi giir [ai mot phSn de Sn, va ty le nong san ban chilm % san lugmg lua, 98% san lucmg hoa mau, 98% ttai cay, 99,7% ca tom vk 84% heo 39 Tgp chi Khoa hoc xa hgi Vifl Nam, so 6(91) -2015 phuang viec trSng lua va cay an qua hfli cua hp phii hpp vcri dieu kien cvia dia viec trSng lua, nhitag hp gia dmh co su phucmg va su phat triSn cua thi truang Vi can thiep cua xa thi viec su dung dat dS du nhu CO trudng hpp, chinh quySn da ttdng liia len toi 97%, nhimg hp tu phucmg da diing din viec cho phep lua chpn lai co xu huong lua chpn sil dmg nguai nfing dan bo canh tac lua truyen 6k nong nghiep cho muc dich khac (len toi thfing, chuySn sang nufii trfing thuy san vii 24%) DiSu co nghla la, xa can thiep mang lai thu nhap cao hon trfing lua Trucmg vao hinh thuc su dung dit nong nghiep thi hpp ciing la mfit biSu hien coi troi, cac hp gia dmh co xu hucmg sir dung cho nhtmg khfing chi la hp gia dinh nfing dJn viec trdng lua KSt qua co thS phii hpp duac cdi ttdi khdi nong nghiSp truySn thfing, voi thuc tS r§ng chinh quySn dia phuang ma ban than chinh quySn dia phuong cQng thuong dinh huong cac hp gia dinh canh tac tu cdi trdi cho hp vS tu kinh tS Theo lua dS nham bao dam vS an ninh luong thuc, chting tdi, la mpt sir cdi troi toan dien cac hp gia dinh lua chpn cac hinh Viec cho phep ndng dan tu lua chpn cac thiirc sinh kS khac ngoai trfing lua mang lai hinh thilc sinh kS phu hpp voi diSu kien gia gia tri kinh tS cao hom Mpt rihOng dinh va y tudng san xu^ cua hp mang lai hinh thlic khac la trfing cay an qua KSt qua nhimg hieu ling tich cue dfii vdi thu nhap ciia cho thSy, neu cac hp tu quySt, cd toi 19,7% hd nhom hd tu lua chpn hinh thiic canh hp se trfing cay 5n qua tren manh dat nfing tac/nudi ttdng, mile thu nhap bmh quan dan nghiSp cua muih, chi cd 10% quySt nguoi trSn tiieu ddng/thang nam 2013 co dinh lam dieu co su can thiep, dinh 52,7% hp, ttong d nhdm cd su can thigi cua xa chi cd 38,5% hp dat dupc miic thu huang ciia chinh quySn dia phuang BSng 7: Moi quan hp giua ngudi quy dinh nliap KiSm dinh trung binh thu nhap hinh thlic su dung dk va loai hinh canh tac bmh quin diu ngudi cung cho thiy su khac biet cd ^ ngbia thdng kS giila nhdm hp tu lua Cay an Liia (%) qua (%) chpn hinh thiic su dvmg d i nfing nghiSp va nhdm hp cd su can thipp tit chinh quySn dia 76 19,7 Hp tu lua chpn phuong Theo dd, thu nhap bmh quin cua 97 10,9 Cd su can thiep ciia x5 BSn canh do, chinh quySn dia phuang "hdm dSu cao hon nhom sau (1,461 trieu cung cd thS ddng mpt vai ttd ticli cue theo dfing so vdi 1,086 trieu dflng, ydi sv khac biet ngMa cac dinh hudng phat ttiSn kinli tS xa t™g bmh •» 374,730 nghin dfing) Bang 8: So sanh trtmg binh thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi giila hp tu lira chpn hinh thiic su dung dat va hp chiu anh huong bdi x3 Trung binh thu nhap (dfing) QuySt dinh hinh thiic su dung dat Mlu 1.461.522,8 Tu lua chon 824 1.086.792,8 Xa can thiep 265 Vifc chuyen dot hinh thuc canh tac nfing nghifp Dfli vdi cac hp song chii yeu bang nghfi nong, vipc chuyen doi hinh thiic canh tdc la mpt quyfit dinh kinh tfi vira thfi hien tinh chu dpng, tich cyc, vua the hifin dupc tinh dim 40 chiu trdch nhifim vd duong diu vdi ruirocOa cac hp nflng dan Trong 1.137 ho gia dmh co ddt, chi cd 248 hg (chifim 21,8%) chuy^ dfii hmh thlic canh tic qui trinh san xudt, so hg khong chuyen doi hinh thiic canh tac hifin tai lfin tdi hon 2/3 hfl khio sat Vai trd chU the cua ngu&i ndng ddn Kfit qui khao sit cua chiing tfii ndi lfin moi quan he giiia vifie ngudi quyfit dinh hinh thlic canh tic trfin dit nflng nghifip vori vific chuyfin dfli hinh thiic canh tac cua hp Theo do, cac hp ty quyfit hinh thiic canh tac co xu hudng chuyen doi hinh thiic canh tic cao hon cic hp chiu can thifip cua chinh quyfin dia phucmg (21,9% so vdi 10.5%) Nhu vay, vific dfi cho hfl gia dinh nflng din ty suy nghi vd lua chpn lunh thiic canh tdc giiip hp trd nfin nang dpng hon vipc vupt qua cdch Iam in cu, theo thdi quen, truyfin thflng dfi tifip thu va chuyen dfii sang hinh thiie canh tic mdi mang lai lgi ich kinh tfi cao hon Bang 9: Mfli quan hfi giiia ngudi quyfit dinh hinh thuc su dung ddt va vific chuyfin dfii hinh thlic canh tac Co chuySn d6i(%) Khfing chuySn dfii(%) | Tflng (%) Hp tu lua chpn 21,9 78,1 830 Cd su can thiep ciia xS 10,5 89,5 266 T6ng(%) 866 (80,8) 210 (19,2) 1096(100) Ben canh dd, ciing cd sy khic bipt d An Giang li 29,8% va d Dong Nai la giiia eie dia phuang vific chuyfin 24,6% Quing Nam la tinh cd ty le hg dfli hinh thlic canh tie nong nghiep Cic chiu su can thifp cua xa vi?c sii h§ gia dinb nflng dan dupc khio sit d dung hinh thtic canh tdc tren dit nong Tuyfin Quang cd ty lfi chuydn dfli hinh nghiep cao nhat, 90,3% hfl khflng chuyen thlic canh tic cao nhit (35,5%), ty lfi dfii hinh thiic canh tac Bang 10: Chuyfin dfli hinh thiic canh tdc phan theo dia phuang Cd chuyen(%) Khfing chuySn(%) Tdng TuySn Quang 35,5 64,5 287 70,2 An Giang 29,8 171 75,4 114 Dflng Nai 24,6 85,9 277 Nam Dinh 14,1 90,3 288 9,7 Quang Nam 889 1137 Tong 248 78,2 100 21,8 % Cac can trd d6i vfii viec chuyen doi hlnh thi^c canh tac Kfit qui d bang 11 cho thiy rdng cd nhifiu yeu tfl tic dpng den vific cic hp khong lua chpn thay dfli ho^t dflng kinh tfi cua hg tuang lai Mflt nhung ly quan trgng nhat la cic hg phii tuin theo djnh hudng va quy ho^ch ciia dja phuong (chi^m 22,6% tfing s6 903 hp tri ldi cdu hdi nay) Cung nhu cdc phdn trfin, sy can thipp cua dia phuong la mpt bifin sfl inh huong nhieu tdi dinh hudng phat trifin kinh tfi cua cic hfl gia dinh nflng din Sy can thifip cua dia phuang nim d vific xiy dyng kfi hoach phit trifin kinh tfi - xa hfli liu dai va hang nam, vipc quy hoach phat trifin kinh tfi vung hay dia phuong va ci cac chinh sach, hoat dpng ngin han nhdm cung 41 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hdi Viet Nam, so 6(91) - 2015 edp cic hfl trp vfi thfing tm, ky thuit vatap hp gia dinh Ii khdng cd hodc thifiu vdo, hudn, ngufln thong tin ddu vao va thi truomg thifiu ngudi Iim (hay lyc lugng Iao dpn^ diu cho cdc hp gia dinh nfing din tai dia tu ngai thay doi, thdi quen lo sg cic nii phuang Ro ring cac hfl gia dinh nong din ro nfiu thay dfii, thifiu hut vfi kifin thiic khoa khflng cd y dinh di ngupc lai vdi dinh hpc ky thu^t Sy han chfi cua he thong giao hudng chung cua dia phuang thflng v$n tii ciia dia pbuong cung khifin Ben canh yfiu tfl thfi che niy, cac rao can eho viec chuyen dfli hinh thiic ciia nguoi dfli vdi su thay dfii hinh thiic canh tic ciia din hgn che hom Bing 11: Cic ly khien khflng mufin thay doi hinh thiic canh tic thdi gian tdi Ly khfing thay dfii Sp thua lfl Thieu kiSn thilc, ky thuat Khdng chic cd lai Ngai thay ddi ThiSu ngudi lam Khong cd vfin Phai theo quy hoach ciia chinh quySn dia phuong Ly khac Cic phong van sau cho thay cac ly khac khfing chuyen dfli hinh thiic canh tdc dugc gpp vao nhom nhd, thuflc ba nhdm ldn: nhdm lifin quan dfin mfli trudng ty nhien (gflm hiu, thdi tifit, dit dai); nhdm lien quan dfin mfii trudng xa hfli (gflm nhdm xd hfii, lifin quan dfin ca chfi chinh sach dia phuong, phong tyc tip qudn vd vai tro quyet dinh gia dinh); va cufii cung la nhdm lifin quan dfin ban than ngudi nflng din (vfi khd ndng lap kfi hoach kinh tfi, ve cac yfiu tfl tam ly, nhin thiic vi cac ngufin Iuc ma hg cd thfi huy dpng) Bfin c?nh inh hudng bdi cac yfiu tfi thfi che nhu quy hogch cua dja phuang, miic dp kha bi dpng va han che ciia ngudi nfing dan vific lgp kfi hogch phat trifin kinh tfi ho ciing la yfiu tfi nfii bat Viec ngudi nong dan khd an phgn, bing ldng vdi hinh thiic canh tac hifin tai, khflng mufln tbay dfii tfadi quen, tap qudn da Iim Iiu, hoac khflng co y chi ldm gidu hodc khflng thich chiu nii ro Day 42 Sdlupt 60 81 167 170 175 180 204 289 %tiingTH 6,6 9,0 18,5 18,8 19,4 19,9 22,6 32,0 cd the xem Id nguyfin nhin khifin cho ngucri nfing din lam kinh tfi phy thupc vao hang xdm ciia hp, theo phong trao, va chua dam vugt khdi nhung dinh hudng cua dia phuang dfi ty dieu hdnh, phdt trifin kinh tl rifing cho hp Phin da nhiing ngudi nfing din an phin vdi nghe nflng dfiu cho rdi^ day la cfing vific ciing khflng nang nhpc, khfing doi hfli chuyen mfln, do ciing khflng ddi hdi nhieu su nfl lyc vi hpc hoi cii mdi Kit lu^n Hinh anh ngudi nflng dan hifin lfin khio sat cua chiing tfli vin chua tra loi thuyfit phye cho vai trd chu thfi, chii dao cua ngudi nfing dan qua trinh phat tri&i nflng nghipp, nflng thfln Viet Nam Ngufii nflng dan vSn loay hoay vdi nghe nfing, chua thuc sy manh dan chuyfin dfli sang cac nghfi phi nong nghiep Mfit phin ly ciia nd chinh la chinh sach phit trifin nfing nghifip ciia dia phuong, gin ngudi nfing dan Vai trd chu the cua ngu&i ndng ddn vao cay liia v i cac ciy trflng truyfin thfing, quy hoach c i c khu vyc sin xudt nflng nghifip, go bd ngudi nflng dan tren manh dit cua hp, khifin hp chira du diing cam dfi" thoit v i lam giiu dya trfin thfi manh ma hp cd Tuy v i y , miic dp thy dflng va an phin cua bdn than nflng hfl cilng gdp phin can trd su phat trifin cua hp Difiu niy diing han vdi nflng dan Mifin Bac, noi ma cac nfin nfing nghifip v i n mang ngng tinh chdt sinh ton hom la hang hda Vdi ngudi nong dan Mifin Nam, hp cd thfi sflng tfit hom vdi nghfi nflng, bdi vi ho khong hudng boat dflng nflng nghiep phuc vu nhu ciu tu cung ty cip, ma chuyen bifin sin phim hing hda trfin thi trudng Nflng din Mifin Nam dudng nhu dang thfi hifin dugc siic sang tgo v i linh hogt cua hp vific tun kifim c i c cong vipc phi nflng nghifip, ddc bi?t hp khflng co nhifiu ddt san xudt Dfi ngudi nflng dan cd the ddng vai trd chu thfi ciia qua trinh phat trien nong nghifip va nfing thfln, ngudi nflng din khong nhiing can dupc cdi troi hp khdi cac rang bupc the che, ma cdn phdi ty giai phdng hp khdi cac nen nfip, truyfin thong lam an cu van cdn chi phfli manh me tu kinh te cua hp Nguygn Diic Chien (2014), " Khu5n mlu xS h6i chi phoi img xir cua ngucri nong dan chSu tho song H6ng thiri Vy D6i moi", T ^ c\a Xdhgi hgc, s6 Phan Tin (2011), "Nguy co nghfio h6a nong dkn qua trinh c6ng nghiep h6a - hien dai h6a nhin tir khia c£inh quan ly" Tap chi Xd hgi hgc, s6 Ravallion, M & Van de Walle, D (2008), Ddt dai thdi ky chuyen doi: Cdi cdch vd ngheo ddi d ndng thon Vi?t Nam, Nxb Van hoa Thong tin, Hi N§i Tha nrdng Chinh phii (2009J, Quyit dfnh 491/QD-TTg "Ve viic ban hdnh Bg tieu chi Qudc gia vi XDNTM" ngky 16 thang nam 2009 T6ng cue Thong kg (2005J, Niim gidm thing ke, Tong cue Th6ng ke Ha Npi 10 Tong cue Th6ng ke (2013), Dan so trung binh phan theo gioi tfnh, thj va nong thon, Chfnh phii Vi|t Nam, T6ng cue th6ng ka, xem ngiy 23/3/2015 http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=387&idm id=3&IteniID=15570 ll.T6ng cyc Th6ng ke (2013), Kit quk T6ng dilu tra Nong thon, Nong nghidp vh Thfly sdn nam 2011, Chfnh phu Viet Nam, Tong ciic Th6ng ke, xem ng^y 23/3/2015 http://www.gso.gov.vn/deault.aspx? tabid^08&idmid=^&ItemID=l 3398 12.T6ng cyc Th6ng ke (2013), Niem gidm thdng ki, Chfnh phu Vift Nam, Tong cyc Thdng ke, xem ngiy 23/3/2015 http://www.gso.gov.vn/defeult.aspx? Tai lieu t h a m khao tabid=512&idmid=5&ItemID=16031 Bai Quang DQng (2012), "Tii khai ni?m 13 Tran Hihi Quang (2014), "Nong dan vk rupng "n6ng dan" toi "xS h^i tieu n6ng" of Viet Nam: dSn ddt d Nam Bp: Nhihig d5c trung vh hki todn phdt vito mpt nghifin ctiu ve phdt triln nong thon", Tap triln" Tap chi Xd hoi hgc, so chi Xdhgi hgc, s64 14 TrSn Hfhi Quang va Phan Thanh L&i (2015), Biii Quang DQng (2013), Ndng ddn - Nhirng "Ong xu kinh te ciia nong ho b6i cdnh Idng vdn di ca bdn vd dirang dgi, Nxb Khoa hoc xS hpi, Vi|t o Nam Bp", T?p chf Khoa hgc Xa hgi Thdnh mNpi phd Hd Chi Minh s6 (197) Bui Quang DQng, D$ng Thj Viet Phtrong 15 UNDP (2005), Phdt triin khu vuc dfch vu d (2011), "Mot s6 vin dh vl ru0ng dSt qua cuoc dilu tra nong dSn 2009-2010", Tap chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Viii Nam: chia khda cho sy phdt trien ben virng 11/2005 so (157) 16 Vu Ngpc XuSn Anh (2013), "Van dl cdi tiln Ban Chip hknh Trung uong Dang kh6a X (2008), Nghi quyit 26 - NQ/TW vi Ndng nghi$p, ky thu^t ciia ngufri nong ddn viing dong bang sdng Cliu Long", Tap chf JCfl/io/Ape, s6l ndng dan nong thdn 43 .. .Vai trd chu thi cua ngtt&i ndng ddn giai phap nang cao trach nhifim xi hfii vd vai trd chu the cua nfing dan xay dyng oflng thon mdi" dfi lim ro "vai trd ehii thfi" cua... cai dupc xem nhu kha odng chu dpng, tich cue, sang tgo cua hp Irong linh vue kinh tfi Trong chu yfiu tip Irung lam ro vai trd ciia ngudi nflng dan Irong viec iing xir doi vdi nghfi nflng Duy tri... nong san sau Vai trd chii the ciia nguai ndng ddn thu hogch Trong so ndy d E>6ng khio sit da bifit ty chiu trach nhiem dfli vdi Nai ciing tuong dfli cao (84,4%^ Ngupc lgi, hoat dpng kinh te cua