i Su hinh dir luan xa hoi o* chg^ nong thon Nguyin Quy Thanfa Nguyin Bich Thfiy " Tdm tdt: Du luan xa hpi (DLXH) la thai df xa hpi dugrc hinh thdnh tren co sd tuong tac gi&a y kien cac chii the, cac nhom Moi trudng tucmg tac la cdc khong gian cong cpng Chp ndng thon Vi^t Nam co nhihig d|c tinh cua mpt khdng gian cong cpng Thdng qua nghien cuu trudng hg^) hai chp ndng thdn tgi huy$n Nghi Lpc, Ngji? An, bdi viet xem xet sy djnh hinh chu the, chu dk vd ca che lan tda ciia du lugn xa hpi Theo tac gia, chp nong thon, ben cgnh chuc ndng trung tam trao ddi kinh tk, la diem ket noi dl djnh hinh chii thl vd dilm trung chuyin thdng tin (tu nguon truyen thdng dgi chung va ngudn ca nhdn) dl hinh npi dung ciia DLXH; khong gian chp la dilm khuylch tan cac ludng y kiln cdc khdng gian xa hpi vd khu vyc dja ly xung quanh lam tiln 6k hinh du luan xa hpi; ding thdi, chp nong thon cung la moi tnrdng hinh dianh va lan tda tin din cdng ding TOr khda: Khong gian cong cpng; du ludn xa h^i; chp nong thon; tin din Ddt van de DLXH la y kidn vd thai dp dupc chia se bdi cdc nhdm ldn cac ca nhan (cdn gpi la cdng c h ^ g ) Nd cd tinh chdt ddnh gid v l cdc van de xd h^i md cdng chiing cdm thay cd y nghia vdi hp hodc van de dd dpng chgm ddn lpi ich chung, cdc gid tri chung Ddy chinh Id y kidn cdn lgi, Id ket qud ciia qud trinh tuang tdc (tryc tidp hodc gian tidp) giiia cdc quan didm La sdn phdm cua tuang tac xa hdi, DLXH can cd mdi trudng tucmg tdc phii hpp dd hinh thdnh va phdt tridn Khdng gian cdng c§ng chinh Id m§t mdi trudng nhu vay Khdng gian cdng cpng la mdt nai chdn md mpi cd nhdn, khdng phdn biet gidi tinh, lua tuoi, muc sdng, chiing tpc, hpc vdn, deu cd thl tiep cgn ty Trong khdng gian nay, cdng chiing cd thd ty ban ludn nhiing chii dd cdng cpng ciing nhu nhiing vdn d l ridng tu Nhu vgy, khdng gian cdng cpng 64 khdng thuan Id m^t khdng gian vgt chSt, cho dd nd cd thd dupc dinh hinh thdng qua cac hinh dang vdt chdt, nhu cdng vien, dudng va he phd, bai bien, khu mua sdm, cac phuong ti^n truydn thdng dm chiing, dgc bi?t Id internet, Doi ^ vdi khdng gian cong cpng Id khdng gian ridng (nhd dat rieng, hogc trang thdng tin chi dd chd dd ri^ Nhung noi ndy chi nhung ngudi cd sd hflu hodc dupc uy quydn mdi dupc tidp can Nam giiia hai logi khdng gian ndy la logi hinb khdng gian bdn cdng cpng (qudn ca&) Noi cac cd nhdn cd thd tidp cgn ndu d ^ ^ mpt sd dieu kipn, ydu cau nhdt dinh (mus hdng chdng hgn) '** Ph6 gido su, t i ^ sl, Dgi hpc Quoc 0a H4 N?i DT: 0912488694 Email: nqthanh@vnu.edu.m ' " ' Thgc sT, Truimg Dgi hpc Vinh DT: 0917345434Email: bichthuynguyeii2l2@gmail.com Su hinh thdnh du lugn xd hgl Tuy theo ddc trung van hda ctia moi xd hpi, bdn canh nhung loai hinh khdng gian cdng cpng phd qudt, cd thd cdn cd nhirag logi khdng gian ddc thu Vi du: d Viet Nam dd la dmh ldng, chp, ddc biet la chp ndng dida Chp d ndng thdn Vidt Nam cd ddy dii nhihig tinh chat cua khdng gian cdng cpng, vi la nai cimg cd thd ddn ma khdng bi ngan cdn, tu thdo ludn vl mpi chu dl Nhu vgy, chp ndng thdn thyc hidn chiic ndng kep Mpt mdt, dd la nai thyc hidn cac giao dich kinh td, mat khdc, ddy Id "trung tam giao tidp xa hdi va trao ddi thdng tm" eita cac ca nhdn tai cdc vung ndng thdn Nd Id mdt kdnh ^Q ngudi dan tidp nhdn vd thdo lugn cdc thdng tin vd cdc su kidn, vdn dl xd h0i, tur dd gdp phdn hinh thdnh cdc quan diem ca nhdn, quan diem cdng ddng, quan didm chimg xdh^i Cac nghidn ctitu xa hpi hpc d Viet Nam vd chp ndng thdn nhu mpt khdng gian cdng cpng su hinh DLXH rdt it Chu ydu cdc nghidn cuu Id ridng rd vd DLXH, hoac vl cha ndng thdn, hodc vd khdng gian cdng cpng Ben canh dd cd mpt sd nghidn cthi khdng gian cdng cpng quy hoach, phat triln dd thj Bdi viet ndy phdn tich sy hmh DLXH thdng qua khdng gian cdng cpng - chp ndng thdn dya hen kit qua phdng vdn ban cdu triic 40 ngudi va khdo sdt xd hdi hpc 120 ngudi kinh doanh, ngudi mua hang vd sir dung dich vy, ngudi trdng xe vd can bp qudn ly d cha Nghien ciiu dupc thuc hi?n tgi chp Id chp Mai Trang (xd Nghi Xudn) va chp M0c (xd Nghi Thai), huy^n Nghi Lpc, Ngh? An, vdi miic dO dd thi hda khac (chp Mai Trang gdn thi tir, chg Mpc tai xd thudn ndng thdn) Cac ylu to dl lunhtiianhdu- hian xa hpi D I hinh thdnh mpt ludng du luan xa hdi cdn cd nhiing ydu td sau: chu dd, chii the, mdi trudng tuong tdc Chu dd ciia du lugn xd hpi Id cac van de ciia ddi sdng xd hpi ddng cd y nghia vdi chu the hoac Hdn quan tdi lpi ich cua chii thd Vdi nhiing chti dd md chu the quan tdm, nd se trd thdnh npi dung cua du lugn xa hpi Nhu trdn dd ndi, qud trinh ndy can cd mpt khdng gian cdng cpng phii hop Khdi niem khdng gian cdng cdng vd ITnh vyc cdng cdng la hai khdi nidm cd mdi quan he chat chd Chinh khdng gian cdng cpng ca nhdn cd thd thdo ludn vd cdc vdn dd thudc dia hat "ITnh vyc cdng cpng", khdng gian cdng cpng chinh la mdi trudng thugn lpi, la nai chdn ly tudng cho cdc ca nhdn den, gap gd vd bdn ludn vd cdc chii dd thupc ITnh vyc cdng cpng Ndi hdm khdi nipm "ITnh vuc cdng cdng" theo Habermas khd ddng nhat vdi each hieu vl khdng gian cdng cdng Theo dng, dd Id "mpt vii ddi va la nai chdn thodi mdi dd cac cdng dan tranh ludn, cdn nhdc thift hon, thoa thuan thdng nhat vd hdnh dpng" Chp ndng thdn Id mpt khdng gian cdng cpng cd cdu true thdnh phdn ngudi tham gia da dgng Miic dp giao tidp d chp ndng thdn khd ldn Trong mpt budi di chp, cd nhan cd thd tuang tdc vdi hang chuc ngudi khdc Cdc thdnh phdn d chp cd the chia hai nhdm: mdt nhdm tucmg ddi cd dinh la nhung ngudi budn ban, ldm vide d cha Nhdm thii hai cd tinh di ddng cao han, vi hp chi ddn chp mpt khoang thdi gian nhdt dinh va di chuyen di nai khdc Vl cac chu dl thdo Iuan, ngudi di chp ndng thdn ty bdy td quan dilm ctia 65 Tgp chiKhoa hqc xahpi Viit Nam, so 9(94) -2015 minh vl mpi vdn dd khdc Nhu vgy, rd rdng chp ndng thdn cd thd xem nhu mpt dja hgt cho cdc cd nhan thdo ludn cac van dd thupc ITnh vyc cdng cpng Sir dinh hmh ciia chii the du l u ^ xa h$i Vdn dd ddu tidn xdc dinh cdc ddc tinh cua DLXH, dd la xac dinh xem nhdm ndo la tdc gid (chu thd) cua y kiln chung, DLXH Chti thl ciia DLXH Id cdng chiing Cdng chiing khdng phdi la mpt nhdm ngudi cu thl, cd djnh Theo tii didn Oxford giai nghia tidng Anh, thugt ngii public cd gdc chii Latin la poblicus, mpt tir pha trdn giiia puplicus (cim mpi ngudi) va pube (ngudi ldn) Nhu vgy, tit ndy cd nghla ctia ngudi ldn trudng thdnh va y kiln cua ngudi ldn trudng chinh Id DLXH Chu thl ciia DLXH cd thl dupc xem xet tir gdc dp djnh lupng, tiic la quy md cdng chiing chia se ^ kiln; hodc, tii gdc dp dinh tinh, tiic Id ddc dilm ciia nhdm cdng dning ciing chia se y kien Didn hinh cua tiep can theo ddc didm ciia chii thl DLXH la quan diem ctia J.Herbermas Theo dng, DLXH dupc dinh hinh khdng phdi bdi todn b$ dgi chung, ma chi mpt nhdm nhat dinh vdi nhiing dac diem nhu cd tich cyc chinh trj xa hdi cao, thuOc tdng ldp trdn, cd thd tham gia vao cac cu$c tgp hpp Tidp can theo gdc dp dinh tinh thudng quan tam den ca cdu nhdn khdu xd hpi, ca cdu giai cap xd hpi ctia cdng chiing Trong nghidn ciiu ndy, chiing tdi cung hudng ddn so sanh cdc dgc dilm dinh tinh ndy ciia chii thl DLXH d chp Mai Trang va chp Mdc De mpt nhdm trd thdnh chti thd cua DLXH, nhdm dd phdi Id chu thl phat y kien, dan ddt thdo lugn, hinh quan 66 dilm chung Kdt qua phdng vdn vd quan sat cho thdy, nhung ngudi chii d^ng bdt dSu cac thdo luan, cdc cudc tranh lugn diln o cha ndng thdn tiic Id chp Mai Trang vd chg Mdc Id phy nii Kdt qud phdng van sdu cho thdy, thdnh phdn chinh nhiing ngucri di chp tai hai chp ndy la nfi gidi, nam gidi it (fi cha Han thd, nam gidi di chp thuong tap trung mua bdn diing thii hp can va nhanh chdng rdi chp Trong khi, phy nfl ddnh nhilu thdi gian "dgo" vd trao ddi voi ban chp cung nhu nhiing ngudi bdn hang t^i chp hon nam gidi Do vgy, phy nft chinh la nhdm thudng khdi ddng cac cdu chuydn ve cac chti dd khdc tai chp Vipc khdi dpng thdo ludn cd sy khac gi&a nam vd nii tiiy vao chii dl thao lugn d chp Sy khac bidt gidi ndy d chp Mai Trang bpc Id rd net hem so vdi d chp Mpc Nu gidi thudng quan tdm tdi nhihig sy ki?n lidn quan tdi ddi sdng ctia hp, cdn nam gicfi lgi thudng quan tdm tdi cac van dd chinh trj - xa hpi Nhiing ngudi cd dp tudi cdng cao cang cd sy quan tdm tdi cdc van de siic khde, y td Nh&ng ngudi cd trinh dp hpc van cao thudng quan tam tdi cdc van de chinh trj nudc, chinh trj quoc te, nh&ng ngudi cd trinh dd hpc van thap hon lgi thudng quan tam tdi nhGng sy kifn xay xdm ldng hay vdn de vdn hda 16i sdng Tuy nhidn, tdt cd ddu cd mpt diem chung la ddnh mdi quan tdm ddc bift cho vdn de gia cd hdng hda vd it quan tam nhat tdi van de tdn giao tin ngudng Tdm lgi, d hai chg Mai Trang va cho Mpc cd su khac vl ddc didm chii the cua DLXH, cu thl la vl gidi tinh, dp tuoi, trinh dp hpc vdn Ddng thdi, sy quan tam Suhinh thdnh du ludn xd hgi ciia cac phan nhdm dan cu theo cdc ddc diem cimg khac Sir dinh hinh chu de (npi dung) cua DLXH Sy dinh hinh ve chu thl gdn chdt vdi sy dyih hinh vd chii dd Bdi vi, nhu trdn da trinh bdy, cac chii did khac quan tdm ddn nhihig chii dd khdc Theo Luhmann, npi dung (khdch thl) cua DLXH dupc tao tu cdc chii dd Vl phdn minh, chii dl lai dupc ^nh hinh tii nhiing su kidn, vdn dl xd hpi nao md roi vdo pham vi chii y cua cdng chiing Mdi chu dd cd quy ludt tdn tgi ridng Chinh su chii y cua cdng chiing se quylt dinh vide hp chpn chu dl vd thdo ludn nd vdi nhiing ngudi la Tuy nhidn, chiing tdi cho rdng khdng phdi mpi van de, su kipn deu cd thd dupc cdng chiing quan tam, md chl cdc sy kien, vdn dd md ngudi ta cdm thay Id cd y nghTa vdi hp hogc lien quan tdi lpi ich cua hp Nhu vdy, ngucri ddn khdng chi quan tdm, thdo ludn ddn nh&ng g^ hdn quan ddn lpi ich cua hp, md cdn nh&ng su kien khdc cua cpng ddng, xd hdi ndu nhu nd vi phgm chuan myc, gid tri md hp tdn tiid Vdy, ngudi dan sdng d hai xa vdi miic d$ thi hda khdc quan tam den nhiing chu dd ndo tiido ludn d chp Ket qud khao sat dugc trinh bdy Bang I cho thdy miic dp quan tdm thdo li4n cac van dd d chg ctia ngudi dan d hai chp cd cd nh&ng didm tuong ddng lan khac bift Bangl Cac n$i dung thdo luan a hai cho (%) Cha Mai Trang Ch9 Mpc Muc dp khac bi^t (J) 100,0 a-j) Van d£ gid ca hang hoa (I) 93,3 Site khoe, y te 83,3 75,0 8,3 Thai svr chinh tri nuoc 71,7 61,7 10,0 N6i dung thao Iuan -6,7 T$i ph^m, pliap lu|t 68,3 76,7 -8,4 Vdn hoa loi song 63,3 75,0 -11,7 Sv k i ^ xay tiong xom lang 58,3 78,3 -20,0 Th6i sy quoc tk 56,7 33,3 23,4 Ton giao, tin nguang 20,0 20,0 0,0 Ngudn: Nguyin Thj Bich Thuy (2012), Chp nong thon - mQt khong gian cdng cong cho stf hinh du lugn xa hfi (Nghien ciru tmong hgp chg Mai Trang va chg Mgc, huy^n Nghi L^c, tinh Ngh? An), Lu|n vSn thac sT, chuyen nganh Xa hgi hgc, Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha NOi ChO d^ chung cua nguoi dan mua ban hai chp la dSu quan tam toi vln dS gia ca htog h6a Tuy nhien, co th6 thdy mtic s6ng kha hom (nguai dan di chg Mai Tiang), mic dg ban lu?n vS vln d6 gia ca hang hoa cflng s8 it hon: ty 1$ nguoi di chg quan tdm thdo luan vl vln dg gia cd hang hoa chg Mai Trang Id 93,3%, chg Mgc todn b6 nguoi dan di chg diu chii ^ toi vln dl (100%) Phong vln sdu cho 67 Tgp chi Khoa hoc xa hpi Vijt Nam, so 9(94) - 2015 thiy, chu dk cang dugc chii y (thao luan) nhieu hon vao nhfing thai diem gia ca sinh hoat tang cao Ket qua khao sat ciing cho thay, nhigu nguoi di chg a chg Mai Trang thao luan ve cac van de nhu siic khoe va tinh hinh thai su nuac, thi nguoi di chg chg Mgc lai quan tam den cac sir kien xay xom/lang vd tinh hinh tgi ph^m phap luat, Su khac biet vl ty le nguai quan tam den cac chu de tai hai chg kha lon: tir khoang tren 8% din gin 12% Nguoi dan a hai khu vuc cung quan tam den cac van de thai sir chinh tri Tuy nhien, cdc sif kign ndy khong dugc ban luan nhilu nhu nhihig van de gid ca hang hoa, su kign xom lang hay siic khoe y tl Ty le ngu&i dan dugc hoi trao doi vg nhiing sir ki$n thoi sir chinh trj thip hon so voi ty lg nguoi trao doi ve cac vdn dl siic khoe, y tl tir khoang 11% (chg Mai Trang) din khodng 13% (chg Mgc) Van dl ton giao tin nguang it dugc mpi ngu&i quan tam thao lujn a chg Chi c6 20% ngucri dan xd Nghi Xuan va xi Nghi Thai chil y toi vln dl ton giao tin ngudng thao luan a chg Boi vi, hlu het nguoi di chg dugc khdo sat diu ding nhat ton giao la chu dl cua nhiing nguoi theo Thign Chua gido, khu virc ndy khong co nhilu nguai theo Thign Chiia gido Mdc di, tren th\rc tl co nhilu tin dl Phjt giao hay nhilu nguoi theo tin nguang tho Cling tl tign Nhu v|y, khach thl (npi dung) cua DLXH a hai chg co mpt sl khdc bigt Trong khi, nguoi ddn chg Mai Trang quan tam nhilu hon toi cdc vln dl CO tinh chit vi mo va siic 68 khoe, nguoi dan a chg Mgc lai quan tam nhigu hon toi cac chu de s\r kien vi mo lien quan din ling xii tiong xom lang chuyen lang xom va vln dl tgi pham Khdc bigt vS miic dp quan tam din cdc chii dl giih ngucri dan a hai khu vyc la kha cao (Jua CO thl nhan thiy xu thg, du chua to net li cung voi qud trinh thi hoa, ciing voi su phat trien vl kinh tl, xa hgi, chu dl quan tam cua nguoi ddn co xu hudng dich chuyin tir cac sir kien cua cufic song hdng (vi mo) sang nhiing van de mang tinh vi mo hon (vi du, vdn dg chinh tri) Cac nguon th6ng tin Theo Luhmann, thong tin vl cdc su kien, vdn dg chi dugc cong chiing quan tam, chii y ngu nhu no dugc cong khai va cong chiing CO the tigp can Vigc tilp can ciia c6ng chiing toi cdc nguin thong tin thgng thucmg theo ba each thiic khac nhau, ca true tiep va gian tiep: thti nhdt, cdc ca nhan tr\rc tigp chiing kign vd trdi nghiem b ^ cac gidc quan ciia minh; thii hai, cac ca nhan gian tigp nhan dugc cdc thong tin thong qua sir truyin dat l?u tir he thing cac phuang tign tmyln thong (ca truyin thong d^ chiing vd truygn thdng xd hSi); thit ba, cd nhan gian tigp nhjn thong tm qua so truygn djt lai tir nguai khac (giao tilp lien ca nhan) Nhiing thong tin co thl nguai truyin tin true tilp trai nghi$m, hoSc hg Id ngucri tigp nhgn tir cdc phucmg tign truyin thong dai chiing Doi voi cu dan nong thon, cac phuong ti$n truygn thong dji chiing truygn thing, ddc biet la truyen hinh va dai phdt thanh, la nguon cung d p cac thong tm khac cho cu dan nong thon, ldm chii dl cho cac Sir hinh dtt lugn xa hgi cugc thao ludn ciia nguoi dan a chg, dl tir hinh cac npi dung ciia DLXH Xem xet vg boi cdnh, mat cdc phuang tien truygn th6ng S^i chiing co mirc dp biln tai xa Nghi Xuan va xa Nghi Thai khong giong Bang Thing kg vl cdc phuong tign truyin thong dai chiing hai xa (%) Phuang tign truyin thong d^ chiing Truygn hinh Xa Nghi Xudn (I) Xa Nghi Thai (J) Miic dg khac bigt (I-J) 100,0 100,0 0,0 Dai phat (Radio) 26,5 21,5 5,0 Bao in 19,0 16,5 2,5 Intemet 43,0 18,5 24,5 Ngudn: Nguyin Thi Bich Thuy tonghgp tir thing kg cda UBND xa (2012) Co thg thdy, ngodi su biln chung ciia tmygn hinh, cdc phuang tign tmyln thong dgi chiing d xd Nghi Xuan nhigu hem xd Nghi Thdi Sv khac bigt ndy rS net nhdt dli vod sv kit nli intemet Tai xd Nghi Xuan cfi tdi 43,0% hg gia dinh lip ragng intemet cd nhan, ngoai co digm kinh doanh djch vv intemet, tgi xa Nghi Thdi chi co 18,5% hg gia dinh ldp mang intemet ca nhdn, chi co digm kinh doanh djch vu intemet Cac phucmg tien tmyln th6ng dai chiing ddng vai tro quan trgng vi$c cung cap thong tin tai cong chiing dl thvc hien chirc ndng c6ng khai thong tin Nh6 nhihig thong tin cong chiing hinh i kiln ca nhan, thao lugn vd hmh quan dilm chung Qud ttinh thdo lugn, trao doi co thg lgi dugc phan anh trgn cdc phuang tign trayin thong dai chung, qua thiic day nhanh hon qud trinh hlnh quan dilm chung phgm vi rgng lon ban Nhu vdy, cac phuong tign trayin thong dgi chiing chinh la phuong ti?n quan tnjng dl hmh vd phan dnh vl DLXH Bgn canh giao tilp dgi chiing (traygn thong dgi chiing), giao tilp lign ca nhan ciing Id nguin cung cdp th6ng tin quan trpng vigc dinh binh vl chu de thao luan tai cdc chg n6ng thon Tan suit giao tigp & chg nong thon rit cao, m6t ngucri dgn chg gdp nhilu nguai qua trinh ndy di mua, iian hay don thudn "dao chg" Trong qud trinh thong tin dugc trao doi vcri nguoi quen, hogc v6i ngucri lg vl nh&ng chu de cimg dugc chii y Trong qud trinh giao tigp o chg, su kit hgp cac thong tin ma ca nhan tilp nhgn true tilp tir cac phuang tign traygn thdng dgi chiing va thdng tin tii cdc ca nhan trac tilp trai nghiem diln thudng xuygn Tuy nhien, sv hgn chg vg thdi gian, siic Ivc, tiln bgc, cd nhdn khdng thg trvc tigp trai nghigm mgi sv kien Do do, nhigu ngudi tigp nhan thong tin til cac phuong ti^n tmyen thdng dgi chiing va traygn dgt lgi cho ngudi khac mgt cdch chu dpng hay tu phat; h o ^ chip nhan tilp nhgn thdng tin tir tmyln thdng dgi chiing qua ngudi khac kg lai Nhiing ngudi ndy thudng bit ddu cdu ehuygn, hodc thuygt phuc ngudi tigp nhgn bdng each dua tgn, vj thl bao, dai lam can Cli thuylt phye Cdn luu y rdng, cho dii 69 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Vi^t Nam, so 9(94) - 2015 thdng tm trudng hpp ndy dupc cd nhdn tilp nhan tir cdc phuang tidn truydn thdng dgi chiing, nhung nd dupc loc nhu co chd ngudi gdc cdng de truydn dat den vdi nhiing nhdm ngudi tilp nhgn Khi dd, thdng tin da dupc ngudi truyin tin sdp xip vd tl chiic lgi m^t each ty phdt hodc cd chii y Troi^ qud trinh nay,tiidngtin khdng hoan todn nguydn dgng niia, nd cd the bi bdp meo, bi Iam sai l^ch vd thgm chi ldm phat sinh tm ddn Ben canh hai ngudn thdng tin mang tinh gidn tilp trdn, ngudn thdng tin tir bdn thdn tryc tilp chiing kiln hay xdy ddi song cd nhdn cung la ca sd cung cip chti dd cho ngudi ddn thdo lugn, nhdt la vl cac sy ki$n xay tgi cdc dia phuang lidn quan Ddy Id cdc thdng tin cd dp xdc thyc cao Nhthig sy khdng djnh kidu: chinh tdi nghe/nhin/chimg kiln thay gdp phdn quan trpng tiiuylt phye ngudi khdc tilp nh§n thdng tin hp dim Nhung, sd lupng ngudi tryc tilp chiing kiln va trdi nghidm cac sy ki^n ciing nhu cdc sy kidn md cdc cd nhdn cd the chumg kidn khdng nhieu Vi vgy, nhitng ngudi ndy khd cd the tgo thdnh cdng chiing Tuy nhien, hp lgi chinh la ngudn thdng tm ban ddu dl chuyin tai lgi cho nhthig ngudi khdc mgng ludi xd hpi hay qua trinh giao tiep lidn cd nhan, hodc cung cdp cho cdc phuang ti^n truyen thdng dgi chiing de phd biln d mi^ dp rpng han Tdm lgi, cdc phucmg tipn truyin thdng dgi chiing ddng vai trd quan trpng Id nguin cung cdp thdng tin nguydn phdt dk ngudi ddn thdo lugn vd ddnh gid Cung vdi qua trinh dd thi hda, xu the su dyng intemet nhu mpt phuang tipn tiiu th$p thdng tin cihig dang ngdy cang phd bidn Day Id mpt ydu tl quan trpng vipc xem xet cdc kdnh vd phuang tipn tdc d^ng din DLXH d ndng 70 thdn hidn Cdc ngudn thdng tin tit cac phuang ti^n truyin thdng dai chiing du^ pha trpn, chuydn tai ciing vdi cdc thdng tin cd nhan tryc tidp trdi nghipm Md hinh qud trinh Ian toa thdng tin Qua trinh tmyln thdng d chp ndng thdn cd mpt s6 net tucmg ty vdi md hinh d6i^ truyin thdng hai bgc cda Elihu Katz Khi mpt ngudi ddng vai trd la thu luih y kien, hay cdn gpi Id ngudi dan ddt du lugn ho$c U ngudi gac cdng thi xet vd dgc tinh, li ngudi cd uy tin va anh hudng ddn nhom/ mgng ludi ciia minh nhiing vln de nhit dinh ndng thdn, thudng la nhung ngudi cao tudi, nhftng ngudi cd hpc vki cao cpng ddng hogc cd ky nang cao m^t Imh vyc can cho cpng ddng Vi du, cic cdn bO cdng chiic, vidn chiic ve huu, cac si quan qudn dpi, cdng an, cdc bdc sT, gi&o vidn, k^ su tgi cpng ddng, CdctiiiiITnh ti^ nhgn thdng tin tCr cdc phuang tipn truyk thdng dgi chiing, xii ly nd trdn ca sd kinh nghidm, quan dilm ciia minh Ngudi di chp, tham gia trao doi thdo ludn vdi nhftng ngudi khdc, sd truyin dat thdng tin ve vln dd dd tilp nhgn dupc theo cdch nhin nh|n, each danh gid ciia minh Nhu vdy, tilp nhdn thdng tm tu thft Itnh y kiln, nhttng ngudi ddn khdc dong thdi cung tiep nh^ quan didm cua thii Iinh nhd uy tin von cd ciia nhftng ngudi ndy vdi hp Cd nhilu cip d$ tiift luih khdc Su trao ddi, bdn lugn cic thdng tm ciia ngudi dan d chp dd gdp ph^ hinh ndn DLXH Chp ndng thdn li m$t khdng gian cdng cpng rpng md vdi mpi dieu kipn thudn lpi dl ngudi dan den trao dli, thdo lugn vdi cdc thdng tin md hQ bilt vl cdc vdn dl, sy kipn xd hpi Troi^ qui trinh trao ddi, cdc mang ludi tuang tdc vi thdng tm duoc dinh hinh Su hinh thdnh du lugn xd hgi (1) Hinh 1: Mang ludi lan truydn thdi^ tin chp ndng tiidn' d md hinh ndy, hai nhan vgt Ddo vd Hoa Id nhting diu mli chinh tilp nhgn thdng tin tft nhan vgt An vd phdn phdi lgi tiidng tin cho cac thdnh vidn khdc cda mang ludi Vl m$t hinh thiic, ddy gidng nhu hai mang ludi nhd va dugc kdt nli vdi qua hai nhdn vgt Khi tiep nhgn tiidng tin, theo cac nguydn ly truydn tin, nhdn vdt ndy se truyin dgt thdng tin theo trinh ty, sdp xip vl npi dung cfta hp Thyc tl, cdn eft theo md hinh 1;^tiiuydt,tft nOi dung ban ddu xudt phdt tft nhdn vat An, chuydn tai qua cdc nhdn vdt Ddo, Hoa, din cdc nhdn vgt Lan, Sen vd Ha thi theo 1^ thuylt tiidng tin bj mit di, chi cdn lgi khoang 30-40% chi tilt so vdi ban dhP^ Vi vgy, nhthig ndi dung md cac thdnh vidn nh§n dupc tft Dao vd Hoa cd thl khdc rdt nhilu so vdi dilu md An truyen dat Chiing ta cd till tiidy dudng fi cua cac tiidngtintrong giao tidp tgi chp kha giong so dl mgng ludi hhih tia vdi cdc chu till An, Ddo vd Hoa la nhftng "ngudi gdc cdng" cho mgng ludi cua hp Dilu ndy phft hpp vdi ddc dilm cdc tgp hpp nguoi d chp khdng phdi la mpt nhdm xd h0i vdi cdu true ch$t chd ma la mgng cua cac mgng Trong moi mang ddu cd nhftng ngudi gdc dng hay Id nhiing ngudi cung d p thdng tin cho cdc mgng cua minh Tuy nhidn, cdc mang ludi ndy cd nhiing kieu hinh phd bidn nhu trdn, nhung khdng cd ciu tnic on ^nh Bdi vi, cac chu thd tgo thdnh nd bat dinh Trft nhung ngudi bdn hdng thudng xuydn tgi chp, nhftng ngudi di chp thudng biln dpng vl phdn, thdi gian, dfa didm vd kidu hinh tuang tac Cho nen, cdc mgng ludi khdng cd dinh vd dupc dinh hinh lai sau mdi budi chp v£n de tin din t^i ch^r ndng thdn Do kdt cdu ldng leo ciia cdc tap hpp ngudi tgi cha, tinh kidm chiing cua cac thdng tin duoc trao ddi khdng cao, cho ndn chp la mdi trudng dd phdt sinh nhilu tin din Theo Alport G va Postman L "Tin ddn la thidn hirong tin vdo mpt chu dl dupc quan tdm ma khdng cd du bdng chiing dupc dua ra" Sy phd bidn cua tin ddn cd thd *" TSn cdc nhdn vgt khong phai lh ten th§t *^' Gradon Al^Mit and Leo Postman (1945X Bask psychology of Rumour//The Process and Effect of Mass Communication, Wilbur Schramm (eds), 1960 71 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, sd 9(94) - 2015 - Tin ddn vd ma quy, thdn bi: 20% - Tin ddn vl cac vy an, vy tai nan: 15% - Tin ddn vd tinh hinh chinh tri va ngoai nudc: 15% - Tin ddn vd nhftng ngudi nli tili^: 10% -Tin ddn khac: 5% Trong cac chu dd cua du lugn xa h$i dd cgp ddn cac sy kipn, van dd cua Itnh vyc cdng cpng, thi ndi dung tin ddn bao trum c4 Imh vuc cdng cdng va Imh vucridngtu iyk ddi tu ciia ngudi ndltidng).Tin din chii y^u dya vdo cdm xuc chu quan nen tinh tu phat ldn va lan truydn nhanh Chmh nhflng tin ddn ndy ciing la ngudn tgo thdnh cac DLXH khdng trudng vd thudng cd nhftng anh hudngtieucyc Ket Iuan Cha ndng thdn Id mpt khdng gian cdng cpng dgc thu cua ndng thdn d Vi^ Nam Ngodi vide ddng vai trd Id trung tdm kinh t^, chp ndng thdn cdn thd hien nhiing d§c trung vdn hda - xa hpi nhu mpt trung tdm trao doi thdng tin, giao tidp gifta cac cd nhdn vol nhau, dd chp ndng thdn Id mdi tmdng thugn lai tgo didu kipn cho sy hinh DLXH Moi cd nhdn den chp sd nhdn thdng tin, cung bdy td quan diem cua mmh vl vin dl dupc dl cgp, dd, hp cd thl till hi§n sir ydu, ghet, ddng tinh, phan ddi vdi nhiing Trong qud trinh khdo sat tgi hai chp, hdnh vi, hidn tupng, ca nhan, nhdm hay to chftng tdi cung tidp can dupc nhiing "tin chftc dupc dl cgp ddn Day la budc diu tien nhu tin don ma xudt hipn d dia ban xd X", - budc quan trpng dd cdc thdng tin cd them "tin din vl cdc vu dn, vy tai nan tgi dja "sdc thai tinh cdm", cdi md sau ndy sd tro diem Y", "vl ngdi ca nhac Z", Chftng tiianh hgt nhan cua DLXH Khi cd sy thao tdi cho rdng nhung ngudi hpc vdn thdp sd ludn xd hdi gifta nhftng nguditiiudngxuyen de tin ban vdo nhting dilu hp xem, nghe, cd m|t d chp, ddn dan cac quan dilm sd quy dpc dupc Vi vgy, tin ddn sd de dang lan tda ty thdnh nhftng lulng quan didm chii dgo, han Tin din d cdc chp cd nhidu loai Tuy tgo thdnh khuynh hudng chung cua quan nhidn, cd thl phan nhdm cdc tm din thu didm Tuy nhidn, d|k; tinh da hudng cda dupc khdo sdt tgi hai chp nhu sau cac quan didm cfta cac cd nhdn tai chp, s\i - Tm din vl cac sy vide xdm ldng; 35% hinh mpt quan film chung ciing dupc md td lgi theo cdng thuc: R = I*A Trong dd, R (Rumour): tin ddn; I (Importance): tdm quan trpng cua vdn dd vdi ngudl truyen tin; A (Ambiguity): mftc dp khdng rd rdng ciia van de Theo cdng thuc ndy, vdn dd cang hdp dan, quan trpng vdi cd nhdn truyin tin, cdng "map md" bao nhidu, tin ddn cang phd bien nhanh bdy nhieu Chp ndng thdn la mot mdi trudng de dd hinh vd phat tdn nhidu tin ddn Bdi vi, mpt mat nd Id didn ddn ngudi dan thdo luan ve nhihig van de hp quan tdm; mgt khac, ngudi dan ndng thdn thudng thidu cac kdnh, ngudn thdng tin dd kidm chftng vd cdc vdn dl dupc dl cap Tin ddn thudng dupc chuydn tdi theo nguyen tdc mgng ludi xa hdi Nd bi bidn ddi theo quy lugt chinh: cd dpng hda - rut bdt chi tidt; cudng dieu hda - nhan mgnh mot vdi chi tiet; ddng hda - thdng tin duac chd bidn theo nhthig each thftc d$c thft Nhiing quy lu$t ndy cung tin tgi cdc trao dli d chp ndng thdn Thdm vdo dd, ngudi ddn ndng thdn tgi cac chp cd xu thl ftng xu tiiidn ve tuih cdm Chinh ylu td tinh cdm Id mpt cdc ydu td lam cho thdng tin bj bien ddi mgnh han so vdi tinh trang glc, hay ndi each khdc, sy hinh thdnh cdc tin ddn nhanh han, mgnh hon cimg sy "bdp meo" thdng tin dua trdn cdm xuc 72 S{r hinh thdnh du lugn xd hgi khdng tiid dien nhanh chdng, tru mpt sl tinh hudng vdi nhiing vdn dl dQng chgm ddn nhung Ipi ich cdt loi cua nhftng ngudi dan Han nfla, chp chi la mpt cdc khdng gian cdng c0ng dd cac cd nhdn tiiao lugn Vi vgy, DLXH cdn cdn tich hop quan didm tft nhthig khdng gian cdng cpng khdc Tai cdc chp, cd nhdn, vdi cdc lidn kit (ldng hay chat; CO cym hay bdc cdu) la nhftng kdnh dan thdng tin chay ndi bp cfta cha ciing nhu ehdy bdn ngodi Cac ddng thdng tm luu chuyin chinh la xudt phdt dilm quan trpng dl bdt diu cac thdo lugn vd hinh cdc quan fidm chung cua nhdm, cpng ddng vd cua xd hpi ndi chung Cac cd nhdn se tilp tuc mang nhiing thdng tm, quan dilm dd tiep nhgn vdo nhiing khdng gian khdc: cdng cpng vd ridng dd cdc thdng tin tidp tyc dupc lan tiuyin, cdc quan film tilp tyc dupc thdo ludn Nhd dd, cac chu thd, cac npi dung, khuynh hudng cua DLXH ngam In hay cdng khai sd dupc dinh hinh ngdy cdng rd net han mSy vln dS ly lu$n va phuong phip nghi€n cthi", T^p chi Xa hgi hgc, so I Mai QujTih Nam (1996), "Tmyen th6ng dai chiingvidirlugnxahOi", TgpchiA3/ipi/ipc, so I Mai Quynh Nam (2000), "Vai tr6 cda DLXH CO ch^ "Ddn bi^t, ddn bin, dan lim, dan kilm tra'"', Tgp chi Tdm ly hpc, s6 Mai Qujoih Nam (2006), "Nghifin c(hi Du luan xa hpi ve hogt dpng cua Quoc hOI", Tgp chi Nghien cuu Lugtph^, so t NguySn Dinh Tin, Le Ngpc Hing (2004), Xd hgi hgc hanh chinh: Nghien ciru giao tiep vd du ludn xa hgi cdi cdch hdnh chinh nhd nu&c, Nxb L^ lugn chinh trj Hi Npi Hguyen Quy Thaah (2006), Xd hQi hgc vSDu lugn xd hgi, Nxb Dgi hpc Qudc gia Hi N$i, Hi Npi lO.Nguyen Qu^ Thanh, Trjnh Ngpc Hi (2009), "Khong gian bin cdng cpng vi sy hbih thiidi du luin xa h$i: nghien cuu truong hpp quin ci phe Hi Npi", Tgp chf Xd hgi hgc s6 11 Nguyin Thi Bich ThuJ (2012), Chg nong thdn - mgt khong gian cong cgng cho sir hinh thdnh du lugn xd hgi (Nghien ciru tru&ng hgp chg Mai Trong qud trinh lan tda thdng tin, chp Trang vd chg Mgc h^n Nghi Lgc, tinh Ngh? An) ndng thdng la mpt nai ly tudng hinh Luan vSn thgc sT, chuyen nginh Xa hpi hpc, Dgt hpc cac loai tin ddn Nhftng tin ddn ndy cd the Quoc gia Hi N$i duac xdc minh dl gidi tda, hay tiep tyc bdp 12 Gordon Allport and Leo Postman (1945), Basic meo hipn thyc ma nd phan dnh - mpt didu 'psychology of Rumour//The Process and Effect of dnh hudng tidu cyc din ddi sing xd hpi Mass Communication, Wilbur Schramm (eds), 1960 13 Kats & Lazareftid (1955), "Personal Influence", New York: Free Press Tdi li^u tham khao 14 N Mansurov (1989), "Sy da dgng nghifin BW Quang Dung (2000), "Ngirtii buon b ^ nho cuu du luin xS h^f Trong: Du lugn Xd hgi: Stf khdm ^fia^gTnmgd\lBicBQ",T^chiXa hgi hgc, so phd vdng xodn im ldng, Noille-Noimann, Nxb Tiln bp Nguyin H6ng Giang (2009), Khong gian cong cdng du&i goc nhin cua cv ddn cdc khu - Vi#n Hin lam va Toin Thfi gioi (Tiing Nga) thi m&i xdy & Hd Ngi gdn day (Nghien cuu 15 Triin Cao Son (2008), Bu&c dau dm hiiu du ludn x3 hgi & ndng thon (tru&ng hgp Tdn Hong tru&ng hgp khu thf m&i Van Qudn, Hd Dong, Ha Ngi), Lu§n van Th?c sTxS hpi hgc, Dgi hpc Quoc gia Phil luu, huy4n Tit San, tinh Bdc Ninh) Dl tii d p Vifn, Vi?n Xa hpi hpc - Vi?n Khoa hpc Xa hpi Vift mN$i Lfi Thi Mai (2004X Chg que qud Irinh Nam, Hi Npi chuyin ddi, Nxb Th^ gioi Hi N^i Mai Qujnh Nam (1995), "Dir lu$n xa hpi - 16 Stuart Oskamp (1991), Attitude and (pinions Second edition, Prentice - Hall Inc 73