Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc sol - 2020 D I N H KIEN, H E Q U A V A B A I H O C R U T R A T R O N G V I E C T I M H l f e u D l / L U A N X A H O I Of V U N G D A N T O C T H I E U SO^ TS Phan Tan Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc xa hoi TS Le Thj Thuy Ly Viin NghiSn cihi Van hoa Tom tat Hien nay, vdn ton tgi dinh kien dpi v&i cdc cpng ddng ddn tpc thieu sd rdng ludn cd mgt dgng thiec "bdn sdc " cd tru&c, bdt bien vd khong ngieng chi phoi nhU-ng cpng ddng Bdi viet ndy de cap den cdc dinh kien ve sinh ke truyen thdng, ve nhicng Ihuc hdnh tin nguong, ve khd ndng thich ieng v&i hnh te thi trudng & nguoi ddn tpc thieu sd nhu Id nhieng vi du tieu bieu vd he qud cda cdc dinh Men dy Nd cUng de cap den bdi hpc rut cho viec tim Meu du ludn xd hpi & doi tuang ndy, Id khdng giir cdi nhin dinh kien, ngu&i nghien cieu se khdng tu tu&c di cua minh ca hpi de thdu hieu nhieng hdnh vi ciia ngu&i ddn hen quan den du luan xd hpi tii- su ly gidi cita chinh chd the Tic khoa: Dinh kien tpc ngu&i, du lugn xd hpi, ddn tpc thieu sd, ddn tdc da sd Ngdy nhdn bdi: 2/12/2019; ngdy giei phdn Men: 3/1/2020; ngdy duyet dang: 8/2/2020 Dat van d8 Cd nghien cmj da chi rang vung cao Viet Nam khdng phai la noi ngoai le, heo lanh va khdng cd anh hudng gi tdi cac su kien chinh tri ciia dat nudc, ma ngugc lai ddng mot vai trd quan ddi vdi toan quoe gia (Jaraieson va cdng su, 1998) Nhmig cai nhin gian don hda va nham lan cua nhieu ngudi Kinh, vung eao thudng duge xem la dia ban cua nhirng ngudi bi lich su bd rcri - eu dan sinh sdng d dd cd trinh van hda thap, me tin di doan, ed nen kinh te nang ve tir eung tu cip va la tac nhan ehinh gay suy thoai mdi trudng (Jamieson va cdng su, 1998, tr 19-22) Cai nhin mang tinh dinh kien nhu vay tdn tai tii qua khu va bieu hien dai dang d hien tai truyen thong, ca cac cdng frinh khoa hoc, chinh saeh va khdng ngimg chi phdi radi quan he giira ngudi Kinh vdi ngudi dan tdc thieu sd (DTTS) Nhu mdt hoc gia nhan dinh, qua trinh hinh thanli dinh kien bao gom viec dan nhan, mac dinh nhdra bi dinh kien vdi mdt he gia fri gan cho, thiet lap ranh gidi giira "ta" va "hg", phan biet ddi xu va tao can can quyen lire khdng cdng bang (Link va Phelan, 2001) Qua frinh dd da gay nhieu he qua tieu cue doi vdi ngudi DTTS nudc ta Tuy nhien, dinh kiSn la eai mang tinh xa hdi va cd thS thay ddi (Pham Quynh Phuong va cpng sir, 2016) Tren co sd tdng quan tai lieu, bai viet de cap tdi nhung dinh kien ehu yeu ddi vdi ngudi DTTS d Viet Nam Ddng thdi, qua nghien ciru cua d§ tai khoa hgc cSp Nha nudc "Nhirng van d^ ly ^ Bai viSt la kSt qua ciia Qh tai khoa hpc cdp Nha nudc: "Nhiing vdn de ly ludn vd thuc tiin ve du ludn xd hoi a vitng ddn tpc thieu sd nu&c ta boi cdnh todn cdu hod", i^aso: CTDT.37.18/16-20 Phan Tdn-LeThij3^ luan va thuc tien ve du luan xa hdi d vung dan tde thigu sd nudc ta frong bdi canh toan cau hoa' , mdt sd ket qua khao sat budc dku dugc dua vao mo ta nhSra giai dinh kiSn va nhSn manh rang bai hgc kinh nghiem can thigt dugc rut cho viec tira higu vh du luan xa hdi d nhdm DTTS boi canh hien la digu dang ban luan Dinh kifin doi vol ngu'di d§n toe thilu so va h^ qua Mdt sd dang dinh kign ndi bat va ngudi DTTS ed thg kg dgn la dinh hen vg boat dong sinh ke, dinh ben ve ddi sdng tam linh va dinh ben vg kha nang thich ung vdi bnh tg thi frudng 1.1 Dinh kien ve hoat dpng sinh ki Dang thiic dinh kign dku tien cd thg ndi dgn vg ngudi DTTS d nudc ta la vg hoat ddng sinh kg, ciithe lave viee ddt rung lam nuong Theo tign hda luan don tuygn eua Morgan (1818-1881), each canh tae vii'a ngu duge xem la d bae thang thSp nhit, "nguygn thuy" nhat Dudi anh hudng lau dai eua Morgan, nhigu ngudi da phe phan rSng nd chi dua dgn nang suit rit han che, tir dan tdi mgt ddi sdng phieu dat diy bip benh cho ngudi dan, lai tan pha mdi tnrdng Mdt sd ngudi eon cho rang, viee loai bd nd se mang lai bude tign cd tinh each mang cho ngudi DTTS, vi nd la san pham cua tinh trang thigu higu biet va kim ham su phat frign kinh tg - van hda - xa hdi ciia ddi tugng dang dg cap (Dang Nghiera Van, 1975; Tran Manh Cat, 1975; Trin Nam va Trin Hiiu Son, 1989; Nguygn Anh Nggc, 1989) Tuy nhign, thuc te cho thiy hinh thfrc canh tac trgn la kgt qua eua viec van dung tn thue dia phuang vdn duge tich luy qua nhigu thg he va phu hgp vdi dia hinh va thd nhudng viing cao Guilleminet la cdng sir tinh Kon Tum thdi Phap thude va la mdt nha dan tdc hgc, frmg khang dinh mdt cdng trinh nghign cuu eua rainh ve ngudi Ba-na (1952) rang, chae chan cac vien ciia tde ngudi cd cudc sdng no du ban ndng dan d ddng bang Trung Bg Hinh thuc canh tae nuong ray ciing khdng khign ngudi dan phai du eu Vdi viee luan khoanh khep kin, ngudi ta canli tac mdt raanh ray vai nam roi bd hoa, lan lugt chuyen sang cac manh kg can va quay frd lai raanh ray cii frang thai ban dau cua nd da duge phue hdi Nhimg manh ray khdng qua xa noi d nen khdng phai la ly dg ngudi nong dan phai rdi bd budn lang eiia rainh Trong dieu kien dat dai va dan sd trude day, hoat ddng eanh tac nuong ray ciing khdng hiiy hoai radi trudng Doumes - mgt nha truygn giao sdng d Tay Nguygn nhieu nam sau Dai chien the gidi 11, ciing la nha dan toe hge - da nhan xet rSng, hinh thuc canh tac khdng hg lang phi hay gay tan pha ma dam bao dg ngudi sinh tdn hai hda ben canh cac gidng loai khac, va dng cdn nhan manh rang cac Id hdng ciia rimg se dugc lap lai "nhanh ehdng va manh me dgn ki la" sau nhiirig ldp cay edi bi chiec riu eiia ngudi ndng dan ddn di (2003, fr 75) Vdi viec luan khoanh khep kin nhu trgn da ndi, rimg vin hoan toan duge bao tdn BSng ehiing la ty le che phii cua rung d viing cao nudc ta ludn la rit ldn sudt nhigu thg ky qua cho den it nhit la trudc Caeh mang (1945) - thdi digm rimg ^ Day la dg tai nghien cuu co ban vg du luan xa hoi noi chung thay vi du luan xa hoi doi vdi mot vin dg cu the Khao sat cua chung toi d phia Bic dugc ti6n hanhfrgndia ban 04 tinh co dong dong bao dan toe thieu s6 sinh s6ng la Lang San, Ha Giang, Lai Chau va Son La: m§i tinh chon 02 huygn_fren co sd c6 khoang each xa nhit (nim d hai cue), mSi huyen chon mot xa va mot thi trin fren nguySn tac trung tam va ngoai vi Tir cac xa/phudng/thi frin do, chung toi chon ngiu nhien 75 mlu dl trign khai phdng van bang hdi._ So m^u phan b6 dgufrgncac th6n^an, Digufravien se chon ngudi tnrdng duac gap dau tien tiep can ho gia dinh dg phong vin, T6ng cong co 300 mhx choraSitinh, 1.200 man cho tinh Sau qua tnnh lam sach ,0 bang hoi lai dugc xu ly la l' 193 miu Ben canh do, chiing tm datienhanh 200 cuoc phong van sau (50 cuoc/tinh) i gp (.»/ L/dn ipc npc so i - zOlO chigm tdi 90% (Vu Dinh Lgi va cdng su, 2000), du dan cu bao thg he da khdng ngii'ng thue hien nhirng hoat dgng san xuit ndng nghiep quen thugc ciia rainh Ndi each khae, canh tac nuong rIy khdng nhiing khdng phai la mot dang canh tac lam tdn hai tu nhien, ma ngugc lai cdn la rapt hinh thiic khai thac bSn virng vdi mdi trudng (Forsyth, 1999) Dd la chua ke, eac cdng cu lao ddng ciia ngn nong nghiep nuong ray cung la nhirng cdng eu phii hgp vdi viec trdng frgt frgn dat d6c, giup han chg su xdi radn cua dat dgn rauc tdi da Khdng phai ngSu nhien ma ehinh sach eiia Nha nudc lien quan dgn viee "dinh canh dinh cu" cac cdng ddng DTTS ttong nhirng thap nien qua da phai doi mat vdi khong it van dg va ket qua chua dat nhu raong raudn - dd viec ap dung mo hinh nong nghiep chua phu hgp, ehua kg thira tri thiic ciia ngudi dan tai cho la mgt ly co ban Nhirng chii nhan lau ddi ciia mii rung la nhirng eon ngudi da tich liiy dugc mgt lugng dang kg tri thiic lign quan den viee su dung tai nguygn radt each ben viing, nhung that khdng edng b^ng digu thudng bj phii nhan, diing nhu danh gia cua Briggs va Sharp (2004) rang cho den van ton tai mot quan diem thdng fri la khoa hgc phuong Tay chae chan tign bd hon ban nhiing phuang thuc khac, Rd rang, ngudi dan khdng thuc su cd Idi viec mat rimg nhung cudi cimg hg lai phai ganh trach nhiem bdi cac dien ngdn lign quan, raa eu the la dien ngdn ve su "lac hau" ciia hinh thiic eanh tac ddt nuang lam ray (McElwee, 2004) Vi muc dich ciia cac chuong trinh phat trien la thay doi tu ciia ngudi dan, hg hay bi xera la nhiing ngudi khdng ed dii nhan tbiie (Jorgensen, 2006), 1.2 Binh kien ve d&i song tam linh Dang thiic dinh kign thii hai ddi vdi ngudi DTTS nudc ta la quan diem cho rang hg la nhiing ngudi dam chim cac thuc hanh van hda - xa hdi mang tinh mg tin di doan (Ciru Long Giang va Toan Anh, 1974; Dang Nghiem Van, 1986; Truong Minh Due, 2005) Song, vien ciia cac tpc ngudi chi dan gian la cd nhu cau vg mot ddi sdng tam hnh nhu mgi tdc ngudi trgn the gidi, bao gdm ngudi Kinh Dign dat each khae, tuong tu rat nhigu ngudi, hp cd nhuug niem tin va tap tuc khong dua tren ea sd khoa hpc (Jamieson va cpng su, 1998) Ngoai ra, theo Pham Quynh Phuang va cpng su, ed nhimg nigm tin va tap tuc da trd dT vang raa den vin duge gan vao ngudi DTTS duong dai nhu the ehiing dang dign va cd thg "quan sat" dugc (2016, tr, 39), die nhu thg ban sac la cai khdng bao gid thay ddi Bgn canh do, khdng it thuc hanh raa chiing ta cho la b bi/cu6ng tin chi tdn tai nhirng Idi kg chii chua cd duge chiing kien (Pham Quynh Phuang va cpng su, 2016, fr 73) Mat khac, mgt sd luat tue lign quan den ddi sdng tam linh eiia hg thoat nghe ed ve phan nhan van thirc lai ehi raang y nghTa ran de ban la mang tinh iing dung (Phan Dang Nhat, 2002, tr 193-194) Mac du vay, dudi mat eiia ngudi Kinh, mg tin di doan van duge xem la ban chat "hang dau" ciia cae DTTS Quan trgng hon, nd cdn dugc xera la nguyen nhan khign cac dan tdc khdng "tien bp" duge lang phi tai san, thdi gian vao viee eiing bai va tin vao cae thg lire sigu nhien hon la ban than Nhan thiie ay da gdp phin din dgn nhiing chinh sach bit cap vg tin ngudng ndi rieng va van hoa ndi chung ddi vdi ddng bao Vdi chd truong xda bd "hii tue" - dugc xem la nhung tan du ciia xa hgi cii - cudc each mang ve tu tudng va van hoa chinli quygn thuc Men, nhieu thuc hanh tin ngudng ciia ngudi DTTS lign quan tdi vdng ddi ngudi, tdi sinh boat edng ddng va tdi viec san xuat da din bi loai trir Theo tong kgt cua Be Vigt Ding tir nhigu thap nign trude: "Trong cdng tae Phan Tdn^LiniTh}!yi^ van hoa, ( ) bai trir me tin di doan, giai piiong cac dan tpc tlioat lihoi nhiing 16 thoi lac hau da dirge dat bang nhiSu hinh thilc cu the, tich cue tit nhiing nam 1961-1962 dSn Tai nhiSu noi mot so hli hie nhu: o ri, thach cuoi to, lam ma Iceo dai, kieng ky nhieu khong di san xuJt da bi bo han d nhieu viing, nhiing nguoi Ion tu8i khong hoc lam nghS cung bai" (1975, tr 10) Viec bai ixii tap quan tin nguong nhu fren da din den mat mat mpt phan dang ke di san van hoa cita dong bao DTTS thong qua sir phai nhat cua mpt loat cac phong Uic, tap quan lien quan khac Du Nha nuoc co chu fruong bao t6n nhung cac phong tue dy da mit di moi h^cnig mang tinh chinh the de ton tai hoac nSu co xuat hien thi ciing chi la duoi dang san khiu hoa ma thoi BSng then, su bai trir eac thuc hanh tin nguong nhu vay da dj lai khoang trang vo cung to Ion v6 mat tam linh doi song cua dong bao Day chinh la mpt nhiing tien dS cho sir biing n6 ciia niSm tin moi la dao Tin Lanh cpng d6ng cac DTTS nhiing thap nien gin day VS vSn dS nay, ta cung can luu y den nhan dinh cua Salemink (2009) ring, viee chu dpng tham gia vao mpt ton giao co tinh quoc te va Men dai la each thirc dj nhiing nguoi DTTS thj Men minh nhu la nhung ngucri "van minh" hem ca nguoi Kinh Di Ju cho thiy phin nao tam ly eua hp nruoc viec lau van bi mpt so ngucri dan nhiin la "me tin di doan" i,i, Dinh kien ve khd ndng thich irng vdi kinh te thi trirdng Mpt dang thirc dinh ki jn khac ve ngucri DTTS ci nuoc ta la hp vin chi song he thong kinh tj nj cung tu cip va khong huong ung viec thi truong hoa Vi du, CO the thay dieu n-ong nghien cira ciia Dang Nghiem Van (1986) Thuc ra, nguoi DTTS n-uoc day ciing nhu Men dju c6 y thiic vj viec san xuit hang hoa Ching han, Doumes ning mo ta cu the su trao doi san pham det ciia ngucii Ma voi ben ngoai nhu sau: "Cong viec trao dot dupe tien hanh hoac viii ngutri Viet chp Di Linh, Blap hay Da Lat, hoac v6i nguoi Tay Nguyen o cac tpc ngucn khac, dac biet vcii nhiing ngucri san xuat lua gap Khi nhiing ngucri diin ba dii hoan tat cong viee vat va ciia minh, dan ong mang vai nhirng chiec giii, thucmg giau nhiing tam dep nhat xuong duoi, de chi gioi thieu trucrc nhiing thir hang kem pham chat hon D6i mpt vai nguiri dan ba di thep nhiing cupc buon ban Neu mpt ngucri Ma can muoi vii ca, hp se di ban chiin cua minh eho ngucri Viet, nhirng ngutri Viet lai dem ban lai cho nhiing ngucri Tiiy Nguyen khac den mua o cac cira hang cua hp Chg Blao tap hpp san pham ciia cac lang cr canh duong Ion; chg Di Linh thi tin hang ctia cac lang tr Daa Dong; cho Da Lat thu hut nguoi Ma-Ja o chiin nui Liang Biang" (Doumes, 2003, tr 102) Ben canh do, khong it nghien cira chi rang, vcri nhiing san pham dac trung cita viing cao, ngucri DTTS tham chi da tham gia mgt each tich cue vao njn kinh te thi tmong nhieu the ky qua Chang han, dan cu Tay Nguyen c6 nhiing quan he thuong mai rat manh me voi vucmg trieu Champa va sau la vuong triju Dang Trong (Tana, 1999; Salemink, 2008; Hardy, 2008) Trong boi canli duong dai, nguoi DTTS lai cang khong tho o viji kmh tj thi trucmg Co dieu, su chi phai ciia yju ta van hoa m6i vimg dia ly, o mpt sp tmcmg hgp hp se tham gia vao nen kinh te theo each cua hg (Escobar, 2001) Vi du nhu ngucri nang dan Hmeng nghien ciru ciia Tunner, Bonnie va Michaud (2015) vira co nhung tinh toan ly lai vita c6 nhirng can nhac tinh cac quyit dinh lien quan djn sinh ke ciia minh - ho don nhan cac co hpi, nhung khong de bi p.Ki, thupc qua nhi ju vao tM truang Nhu vay, ho khong co tu nrimg tuyet d6i chong lai cai hien dai ma ch, chjng lai nhihig gi khong phil hpp voi hg (Jamieson va cpng su, 1998) Tuy nhien, viec hp bi dan „t,.,„ „^„ ,j Tgp chiDdn tpc hpc so' - 2020 nhiing ngudi tu chdi ngn kinh tg thi trudng da gian tiep anh hudng den quyen dugc thong bao, thara vin va quyet dinh cua hg ttong nhirng van dg lign quan Giai dinh kiln - gcri y nSm bSt dir luan xa hoi d ngirM dan toe thigu sd qua vai du lieu tir thuc tien Mac du Hign phap Viet Nam thira nhan vi the binh dang giiia cae dan tdc, nhung cai nhin mang tinh dinh kign cua ngudi Kinh vg ngudi DTTS va eua mdt bd phan ngudi DTTS vdi bd phan lai vin ton tai va gay khdng it he qua Dieu dd de higu, bdi hge thuygt vi tde ngudi (etlmocentrism) van dang tdn tai d cac cdng ddng va ca nhan thudng cd vai ttd chu dao ttong viec chinh sach va thuc thi chinh sach Dinh kign ciia hp ddi vdi eac DTTS chinh la mdt nhirng thach thuc dang ke cho viec gan kgt eac DTTS vao qua frinh phat trien chung ciia dat nudc ta, vi ngudi DTTS se ludn bi danh gia bdi nhihig gi hp thigu hut theo quan digm ciia ngudi ben ngoai va bdi nhiing khac biet ciia hp ttong su so sanh vdi van hda eiia nhdm da sd (Ranibo va Jamieson, 2003) Sir dinh kien ay cdn cd the gay tam ly tu ti cac dign ngdn duge ngudi DTTS nhap tam d rapt miie dp nhat dinli va tii' dd it nhigu mat di nigm tin vao npi luc eiia tde ngudi Tir viec xem lai he qua ciia cai nhin dinh kign ddi vdi cac DTTS, chiing ta can nit bai hpc cho viec tira hieu du luan xa hpi d ddi tugng dang de cap, Xung quanh nhiiTig hanh vi tap the cua ngudi DTTS, bao gdra dd ca viec tao dung va lan truyen du luan, da timg cd khdng it y kign cho rang hp la nhirng ngudi han che ve nhan thiic ngn de frd ddi tugng dg eac thg lire xiu kich ddng, lgi dung va tir dd cd nhiing hanh ddng tigu cue Mpt su tigp can ham chiia quan diem tien hda (evolutionism) nliu vay se loai trir het eac kha nang vdn rat da dang ciia thue te Ket qua khao sat ve du luan xa hdi vimg DTTS d cac tinh phia Bac frong khu6n khd de tai "Nhimg van dg ly luan va thuc tien vg du luan xa hdi d vung dan tpc thieu so nudc ta ttong bdi eanh toan cau hda" (mot dg tai nghien eiiu co ban ve du luan xa hdi ndi chung) da cho thay nhiing dieu ngugc lai Trudc het, nhii'ng ngudi dan ma chiing tdi phdng van rat quan tam dgn viec tigp can thdng tin Cac kgnh thdng tin chu yeu cua hp la: cac cudc hgp thdn ban (75,5%); truygn hinh (60,1%); can bd chinh quyen, doan the (58,9%); ban be, ngudi than (46,6%); gia lang, trudng ban, ngudi co uy tin (44,5%); intemet (33,9%); truyen (30,6%); Nhu vay, nhung kgnh thdng tin ma hg hudng dgn rat da dang, bao gdm ca hien dai lan truyen thdng Digu khien eho khdng bat dae di ttd ngudi rail thdng tin, ca hp chua tan dung dugc im the cua viec su dung cdng nghe Dugc tigp can thdng tin la nhu cau thue tg ciia ngudi dan va hg rat khdng bing Idng mdi rapt nhimg ngudn thong tin quen thude ciia rainh vi mdt ly nao dd bi dinh tre Tuy nhien, da dang boa viee tim kiem ngudn thdng tin khdng cd nghia la ngirdi dan mac nhign tin hoan toan vao tat ca Viec tiep can thdng tin tir intemet - ngudn thdng tin rat quan trgng cua thdi dai toan cau hoa - la mot vi du Khoang mdt mia so ngudi dan dugc chiing tdi phdng van cd sir dung dien thoai thdng minh (sraartphone) ma hiu hgt ttong dd (95,4%) cd dimg intemet Tuy vay, duge hdi ed tin vao cae thdng tin dugc tmygn tai frgn internet hay khdng, cd tdi 85,5% cho bigt ehi "tin mdt phan" Nhu vay, co the thiy ring nhiing ngudi dan d dia ban ma chiing tdi nghign ciiu khdng hg dl dai viec tiep nhan thdng tin PhanTdn-Li-mlh^'l^ Khi nhan dugc rapt thdng tin lign quan dgn trach nhiera va quygn lpi cua ca nlian va cpng ddng, ngudi ta thudng trao d6i vdi ai? Ket qua raa ehiing tdi thu dugc la: 90,3% thong tin vien frao doi vdi ngudi than gia dinh, 80,2% vdi hang xora, 63,5% vdi ban be va dong ngMep 61.9% voi frudng thdn/ban/budn/ip, 39,4% vdi can bg chinh quygn va ngudi ed trach nhiem, 33,2% vdi ngudi co uy tin Cd the khing dinh, cae quan he phi quan phuang ehinh la nhung quan he ma ngudi ta danh nhieu su ehia se nliit vg phuong dien Theo eac thdng tin vign, viee frao ddi vdi ngudi than vira la nhu cau vira la trach nhiera (ngudi di hpp chia se thdng tin vdi nhiing ngudi cdn lai nlia), cdn vipc frao ddi vdi hang xdm hay ban be, ddng nghiep thi vira la nhu ciu vira la thdi quen Dieu cho thay ngudi ta thudng thao luan vg nhimg vin dg ciia minh ttong "thg gidi" eiia minh tnrdc Ndi each khac, ngudi ta se khdng lam cho thdng tin ttd ca sd cua du luan xa hdi tmdc ban bac ky vg nd Vdi viec can nhic vg eac thdng tin trudc ttao ddi, ehi 24,1% sd ngudi dugc hdi cho bigt se ttao ddi sau nhan dugc thdng tin, cdn 47,3% suy nghT ky rdi mdi trao ddi va 27,8% tdy theo van dg raa quyet dinh Nhu vay, cd gin hai phin ba bdc Id su than trpng viec Giai thich cho dieu do, hg ndi ring ngu khdng ed gi gip gap thi "suy nghT ky vin tdt han", Ngoai ra, nhiing ngudi chgn giai phap trao doi sau nhan thdng tin cung khdng phai khdng tigp tue suy nghi vg thdng tin ay Mdt sd cho bigt ho quygt dinh ttao ddi chi dan gian la vi chuyen se khdng anh hudng gi den viec hg cdn trao ddi niia ngu cin Ngudi dan thudng tu tim gap ngudi dg ttao ddi thong tin hay kiu cd ngudi hdi hoac tien co vigc khac thi mdi trao d6i? Cd tdi 63,9% cho biet ho chpn phuong an thii' nhat Con sd eho thay tinh ehu ddng cua hp Su than trpng ciia hg edn duge ehiing rainh qua viec tra Idi eau hdi ve each neu y kien ciia minh tham gia cac cudc hpp thdn/ban cae cudc hpp nhu thg nao: cd tdi 58,0% chgn phuong an lang nghe y kign ciia ragi ngudi rdi mdi phat bieu, 18,8% chpn phuong an ciing mgi ngudi gop y cho ngudi ed uy tin phat bigu thay, va rat it ngudi nghT den chuyen bd vg khdng ddng y (1,0%), Dang ehii y la chi khoang mdt mia (56,1%) gidi ban su phat bieu d nhirng chu de minh quan tam Dign dat each khac, hp ciing phat bigu vg nhung gi ma mpi ngudi quan tam Thuc tg, nhigu thdng tin vien tham chi kha nhiet tinh len tieng nhiing van de khdng true tiep lign quan den hp, Mpt so phu nii d ban Na Hir 1, xa Bum Nua, huyen Mudng Te, Lai Chau da khang dinh: "Chimg tdi ndi \kv\ nhigu ngudi kliac! Cd cai khdng anh hudng dgn ehiing tdi nhung chung tdi van y kign!" Con mpt thdng tin vign d ban Vang Bd, thi ttan Phong Thd, huyen Phong Thd nhin manh: "Tdi phan anh la vi su cdng bang chii khong phai vi quygn lgi eua tdi!" Trgn binh dien nhat dinh, digu ddng nghia vdi viec ngudi ta co trach nhiem vdi cdng ddng Nhu vay, phan nao trai vdi nhan dinh chung cua cac ly thuyet hien dai ve sd phan ciia thigt chg lang xa, trah thin edng cam d thdn ban vimg DTTS phia Bac nude ta van rat dang ke thdi hien dai Nd eiing ndi len rang, trai vdi quan digm cua kinh te quyet dinh luan, du luan khdng phai se khdng xuit hien ngu nd khdng gan vdi tinh tu lgi ciia ngu'di Ket qua ciia nhirng eugc thao luan ttong cdng ddng edn cho thay, eae y kien ca ban thdng nhit, hanh ddng eiia nhung ngudi duac phdng vin thudng la iing bp bang viec lam cu rjie (74,5%), thdng bao lai eho ngudi kliac ciing bigt (71,6%), van ddng ngudi khac ciing lam (59,vt |,,^ ^^^ dign bign su viee (36,2%) va tigp ttic ngu vin dl cupe hgp thdn/ban^^uon/ap (18,3%, CV ,, , j^j ^^, Tgp cM Ddn tpc hpc so - 2020 y kign khdng di dgn thdng nhit, hp se dua su viee cac cudc hgp thdn/ban/budn/ip (66,9%), phan anh su viee Ign chinh quyen eac cap (33,1%) hoac khdng lam gi (17,2%), Cd thg ndi, dii thdng nhit hay khdng thdng nhat vdi nhau, hg thudng chgn each giai quygt hgp phap chir khdng manh ddng S6 ngudi ehgn phuang an "Khac" la rat it (2,0%i) Lien quan dgn van de nay, dang chii y la d mdt so tmdng hgp, nhiing ngudi it hpc hoac hoan toan rau chir ma ta quen nghT la "ygu thg" ciing rat quyet doan Nhiing ngudi phu nir d ban Na Hii' I, xa Bum Nua, huyen Mudng Te, Lai Chau la mdt vi du: Ngu eac y kign sau trao ddi khong thong nhit, hp khong ngan ngai chpn giai phap dua su viec cae cudc hgp thdn/ban hoac phan anh su vigc len chinh quygn cac cap "Khdng phai it hpc thi khdng bigt gi! Vln biet, khdng bigt nhigu thi bigt it!", ho giai thich ly cho quygt dinh eiia minh nhu vay Cd the ndi, khdng phai mac du ma bdi vi khdng bigt chir, hg da chii ddng va tich cue thara gia vao ddi sdng du luan, qua bao ve lgi ich chinh dang ciia ban than va gia dinh Ve sir hien dien tai eac cuge hgp thdn/ban cua gia dinh vdng hai nam gan nhat, cd tdi 95,2% chpn cau fra ldi la cd Con sd dd cho thay y thiic cdng dan rat cao eiia ddng bao, Khoang gan 70% sd ngudi dugc hdi cho bigt dai dien gia dinh hp cd phat bieu hop hanh Day cung la sd noi len tinh than ehii dgng, tich cue eua ngudi dan "Minh phat bieu radt lan ehua duge thi phat bigu nhigu lan, Ian ngudi ta chua ehii y thi lan khac ngudi ta se ehu y, edn ban la khong ndi gl!", mpt so ngudi nhin manh Khi dai dien gia dinh di hgp vg, hau hgt (95,2%) cd thdng bao cho cac vign gia dinh, frong dd 73,2% thdng bao day dii va 20%o thdng bao mdt phan Cac thdng tin vien giai thich vg viee "thdng bao radt phan" rang hp tap tmng vao nhirng gi la quan trpng Nara thudng di hop nhieu hon nu, nhung ca tai nhiing nai ma nir rat it di hpp thi chi em ciing khdng phai la xa la vdi ddi song du luan - ngudi chdng vg nha se trao ddi vdi vg va ciing dua nhiing quygt dinh chung co lign quan Ngudi dan ed thai nhu thg nao khdng ddng y vdi su giai quygt ciia can bd xa vg mdt van de eu thg? Dugc phep cd nhieu su lua chgn tir dap an, 61,5% chgn giai phap thao luan va tranli luan dg tim cai dung, 53,8% chpn giai phap dua van dg xin y kien d eugc hpp thdn/ban/budn/ap, 24,9% chgn giai phap tap hgp mgi ngudi xung quanh dg eimg giai quygt, 12,3% chgn giai phap phan doi gay gat bang ldi ndi, 12,1% chgn giai phap viet don td cao Rat higm ngudi (1,3%) chgn giai phap vii luc Khi khdng ddng y vdi su giai quyet eiia can bd d ibdn/ban/budn/ap, su lira chgn ciia ngudi dan ciing gin tuong tu Cd the thiy, cang tign dgn nhirng giai phap ed tinh cang thang thi mii'c dp lira chgn ciia ngudi dan cang giam Nhung coi trgng su on hda, nhirng giai phap dugc uu tign ciia hp van la franh luan/thao luan true tiep hoae dua van de xin y kien d cudc hpp chir khong phai la nhugng bd vd digu kien Ngoai cac cudc hgp cdng ddng, ngudi dan su dung nhiing each thiic nao dg cac cap chinh quygn bigt den y kign ciia minh? Nhimg cau fra Idi cua hp lin lugt ia: dg xuit y kien thdng qua can bp thon/ban/budn/ip trgn dia ban (84,5%), dg xuit y kign thong qua ngudi c6 uy tin frong cpng dong sinh sdng (45,5%), de xuit y kien thong qua cac td chiic chinh tri - xa hdi nhu doan nien, hdi phu nii, hgi cuu ehign binh (42,3%), dg dat fru'c tigp tai eae eo quan cdng quygn (18,4%), de dat ^ Phan Tdn-l-eWniSLi^ bang van ban (don, thu) len eac cdp chinh quyjn thep ttmh tu (17,8%), dj xuit y kien thong qu" "^^e phuang tien cang nghe theng tin (5,2%), dj dat b jng van ban (dpn, thu) vugt cSp (2.3%), cu"' '^^"^ '" de xuat y kijn thang qua bao chi, dai tmyjn hinh, fruyjn dia phuong (1,6%) Co the thay, hp rat than trpng trpng viec kien tung, nhdt la kien tung vugt cdp Dae biet, hp y thuc rang neu mupn cap tieu cue thi nguoi tj cao phai co "nhirng bdng chimg that cu thj" Tom lai, hp can nhac mgt cach ky luong mai hanh dpng cua minh tmdc nhirng sir kien/vdn de mang tinh diing - sai Nhiing vdn dj ngucri dan quan tam ciing la di ju dang dugc phan Hch Khi dupe hoi ve nhitng hien nrpng xa hpi khijn ban flian biic xuc hien nay, cac thong tin vien ciia chiing toi lan lugt chgn cac dap an la: nliijm mat tmong (45,2%), thieu ddt san xudt (45%), thiju cong an vice lam (40,9%), te nan xa hpi va tpi pham (27,9%), tieu cue ttpng giao due (15,9%), bao lire gia dinh (15,8%), thara va tham nhiing (15,7%,), tieu cue ttong y tj (14%), Dang chii y, nhiju ngucri nhan manh rang khang phai tdt ca nhiing vdn de tten dJu xay tat dia ban cu tni ciia hg Mpt s6 la "nhimg van de cua toan xa hpi" va theo hg "chiing ta la cpng dan thi cdn quan tam" Cu thJ, dp la tinli trang nhiem moi tmong, te nan xa hpi, tham nhiing, nhimg tteu circ ttcng giap due vii y te Viec mo rpng moi quan tam tdi nhirng van dj cua toan xa hpi nhu vay mpt ldn niia noi len y thirc cong dan d hp Rp rang, thirc t j tren chp thdy ring, ngudi nghien cira khnng th J gift mpt cai nliin tien nghiem la ddng bao DTTS khong cd du ndng luc chu thi di trd ldi ve viee vi ho ldm cdi dieu ho dd ldm lien quan dJn du luan xa hpi KJt luan Nhu da ndi, dinh kiJn vdi ngudi DTTS dang tjn tai va cd sir chi phdi dang kJ dJn sit nhin nhan ciia ngudi dan tgc da sd ve dai tugng Di ju dd ciing dien ca voi du luan xa hot ciia hp: ngudi DTTS thudng bi xem la nhirng ngudi ban che ve nhan thitc vit de trd ddi tucmg de cac thj lire xdu kich dpng, lpi dung Mpt cai nhin nhu vay - danh gia hp nhu nhung ngudi "khdng hieu gi ve minh ndi ve minh" hay "khdng dii niing lire de giai thich ve ly lam cat viec ma hp da lam" la khpng ditng diin Dieu dd can dugc thay ddi De nhan thirc hanh vi, hanh ddng eua hp, can nhan thirc dugc mang ludi y nghia ma hg dang dat minh ttong Tdn ttpng sir dien giai ctia ngudi ttpng cudc se giiip ehung ta lam dugc viec Cd nhu vay, chung ta mdi khdng tu tudc di cua minh ca hgi de than hieu ve nhirng gi dang xay hen quan dJn birc ttanh ve du luan xa hgi d viing DTTS noi dang chiem mpt phiin dang ke dien tich va dan sd ciia ca nudc Va tir dd, nhirng ket qua nghien ctiu cua chiing ta mdi co the la tai heu tham khap hiiu ich thuc sir chp ngudi lam chinh sach Tai lieu tham khao Briggs, J., Sharp, I (2004), "Indigenpus Knowledges and Development: A Ppstcplonial Caution", Third World Quarterly, 25 (4): 661-676 Trdn Manh Cat (1975), "Dan tgc Pa Then sau dinh canh dinh cu", Tgp chi Ddn toe hgc So 2, tt 68-75 Doumes, J (Dam Bo) (2003), Mien dit huyen (ede ddn toe mien nui Nam ,'),;„,, Duong), Nguyen Nggc dich, Nxb Hot Nhii van Ha Ndi 1 gp cm Dan ipc npc so - 2020 Truang Minh Due (2005), Mdt so vdn de ly ludn vd thuc lien ve ddn tpc vd quan he ddn tpc a Tdy Nguyen, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia Ha Ngi Bg Viet Ding (1975), "Cac dan tgc thigu sd nudc ta dudi su lanh dao cua Dang 45 nam qua", Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc, Sd4, fr, 1-12 Escobar, A (2001), "Culture Sits in Places: Reflections on Globalism and Subaltern Sfrategies", Political Geography, 20 (2): 139-174, Forsyth, T (1999), "Questioning the Impacts of Shifting Cultivation", Watershed: People's Forum on Ecology, (1): 23-29 Ciru Long Giang, Toan Anh (1974), Cao nguyen mien Thupng, quyen, Sai Gdn Hardy, A (2008), "Eaglewood and the Economic History of Champa and Central Vietnam", in: Andrew Hardy, Mauro Cucarzi and Patrizia Zolese (eds,), Champa and the Archaeology of My San (Vietnam), Singapore: NUS Press 10 Jamieson, N.L., Le, T.C., Rambo, T.A (1998), "The Development Cnsis in Vietnam's Mountains", East-West Centre Special Report, Number 6, Hawaii 11 Jorgensen, B.D (2006), Development and "The Other Within": The Culturalisalion of the Political Economy of Poverty in the Northern Uplands of Vietnam, Dissertation, Goteborg University 12 Guilleminet, P (1952), Bp lac Bahnar & Kon Tum, tai lieu danh may, Thu vien Vign Dan toe hpc (Vien Han lam Khoa hge xa hdi Viet Nam) 13 McElwee, P.D (2004), "Becoming Sociahst or Becoming Kinh? Government Policies for Ethnic Minorities in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam", in: Christopher R Duncan (ed.) Civilizing the Margins: Southeast Asian Government Policies for the Development of Minorities, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press 14 Trin Nara, Trin Hiiu Son (1989),"Van dg phat trign van hda va viec thuc hien dinh canh, dinh cud viing ngudi H'mdng tinh Hoang Lien Son", Tgp chi Ddn tpc hoc, Sd2+3, tr 80-91 15 Nguygn Anh Nggc (1989), "Nhiing vin dg ly luan vathyc tign ciia cdng tac dinh canh dinh cu d viing ngudi H'radng d Hoang Lign Son", Tgp chiDdn tpc hoc, Sd 2+3, tr 20-36, 16 Phan Dang Nhat (2002), "Vai frd cua budn - Plei viec phat trien Tay Nguyen vdi quyen quan Iy tai nguygn va viec digu hanh bang luat tuc", trong: Mpt sd vdn de phdt trien kinh te xd hpi budn Idng cdc ddn tpc Tdy Nguyen, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi Ha Ndi 17 Link, E.G., Phelan, J C (2001), "Concepfrializmg Sfrgma", Annual Review of Sociology, 27: 365-385 18 Vu Dinh Lgi, Biii Mmh Dao, Vu Tin Hong (2000), S& hieu vd sie dung ddt dai a cdc tinh Tdy Nguyen, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Ndi Phan Tdn-LcThiJhiHl^ 19 Pham Quynh Phuong, Hoang Cam, Lc Quang Binh, Nguyen Cdng Thao Mai Than}" on (2016), Thiiu so edn tien Mp da si - Binh kiin quan he toe ngirdi a Viet Wain Nxb The gioi, HaNpi 20 Rambo, T., Jamieson, N.L (2003), "Upland Areas, Ethnic Minorihes and Development , in: Luong Van Hy (ed.), Post War Vietnam Dynamic of a Transforming Society, Lanhani: Rowman and Littlefield 21 Salemink, O (2001), "Who Decides Who Preserves What? Culmral Preservation and Cultural Representation", in: Oscar Salemmk (ed.), Viet Nam's Cultural Diversity: Approaches to Preservation Paris: UNESCO Publishing 22 Salemink, O (2008), "Tradmg Goods, Prestige and Power, a Revisionist History of Lowlander - Highlander Relations in Vietnam", in: Peter Boomgaard, Dick Kooiman and Henk S Nordholt (eds ), Linhng Destinies: Trade Towns and Kin in Asian Hisloiy, Leiden: KITLV Press 23 Salemink, O (2009), "Is Protestant Conversion a Form of Protest? Urban and Upland Protestant in Southeast Asea", in: Julius Bautista and Francis K.G Lrm (eds.), Christignity gnd the State in Asig- CompUcil}' and Conflict, Roudedge: London - New York 24 Tana, L (1999), Xir Bdng Trong: Uch sir kinh lixd hoi VietNgm thi ki 17 vd IS, Nguyen Nghi dich, Nxb Tre, TP Ho Chi Minh 25 Turner, S., Bonnie, C, Michaud, J (2015), Frontier Livelihoods: Hmong in the SinoVietname.se Borderlands, Seattle: University of Washington Press 26 Dang Nghiem Van (1975), "Vai y kiSn v^ vin dk nutmg ray thdi ky qua dp tien len chu nghTa xit hdi", Tgp ehi Bdn toe hoc, Sd 1, tr 7-21 27 Dang Nghiem Van (1986), "Mdt sd van de co ban va cap bach ve kinh te - xii hdi Tay Nguyen tren chang dudng dau tien ctia thdi ky qua dp tien len chii nghia xii hdi", trong: Mot so van de kinh te - xg hgi Tdy NguySn, Nxb Khoa hoc xii hpi, Ha Npi ... viee frao ddi vdi ngudi than vira la nhu cau vira la trach nhiera (ngudi di hpp chia se thdng tin vdi nhiing ngudi cdn lai nlia), cdn vipc frao ddi vdi hang xdm hay ban be, ddng nghiep thi vira... nhan dugc rapt thdng tin lign quan dgn trach nhiera va quygn lpi cua ca nlian va cpng ddng, ngudi ta thudng trao d6i vdi ai? Ket qua raa ehiing tdi thu dugc la: 90,3% thong tin vien frao doi vdi... ngudi ta canli tac mdt raanh ray vai nam roi bd hoa, lan lugt chuyen sang cac manh kg can va quay frd lai raanh ray cii frang thai ban dau cua nd da duge phue hdi Nhimg manh ray khdng qua xa noi