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n Xa hoi hoc thg gioi Xdhgih9cs62(m.20i6 TIEP CAN NHAN HQC v A XA H O I HQC VE T R A O DOI X A H O I NGUYEN HOAI SON* D^n nh^p Cdc ly thuyet trao dol coi trgt tu xd hdi nhu Id mgt kflt qud khdng dupc hogch djnh trudc cua nhumg trao dfli giua cac vien frong xa hpi Ly thuyet cfl hai bifln thi chinh Thd nhit Id dflng ly thuyflt trao dfli xd hdi ttong nganh ddn tfc hgc vd nhdn hgc dupc dgt nen raong ttong nfla sau the ky XIX Ddng ly thuyet tuyen bd cd trgt ty xd hfi ciing nhu sy tbeo dufli lpi ich cd nhdn deu la ket qua cua ban chat nghi tbflc va bilu tupng ndm bfln dufli nhflng sy vdt dupc dem trao ddi Biln tbi thfl hai Id dflng ly thuygt lya chpn ly, chu ylu dupc cac nhd kinh tl hpc vd xd hfli hpc theo dull Thuylt lya chpn ly dya tign djnh dl: bdn chdt nguoi la vj ky, ludn tim din sy hdi Iflng, sy thfla mdn, ldng ttdnh nSi khd dau vd ngufli lufln hdnh dfng cd chfl dich, cd suy nghi dl lya chgn vd sfl dung cdc ngufln lyc mpt each ly nhara dgt dupc kit qud toi da vdi chi phi tdi thieu Diera chung cfla cac phien ban ly thuyet ve ttao dfli xd hfli cho thay xung dpt (ho§c phi trdt ty) xd hpi la hgu qua cua su dih gdy cac qua trinh frao dli xa hfi Cd thi tun thiy rdt nhilu cac dfl kien ttong dfli sflng xd hdi minh chflng cho cdc ludn dilm cfla ly thuylt frao dli xa bfi cimg nhu nhiing bifln thi cfla ddng ly thuylt cdc nganh nhan hpc, xd hfi hpc hay kinh tg hpc Bai viet ndy nhdm muc dich dilm lai nhihig dudng net chinh ttong su phdt triln ly thuylt trao ddi xd hpi cung nhu nhihig ttanh lugn xoay quanh cdc phign bdn cfla ly thuyet tu gdc nhin nhan hpc va xd hpi hpc Ly thuyet trao dot xa hgi tir each tiep can nhan hpc Ly thuylt trao dli nhan hpc hinh tfl mft thyc te Id cdc xd hpi sa khai, cdc tdc nhan xa hpi thyc hifn cdc giao dich, trao dli cdc vgt phim dya tren cdc quy tdc xa hpi ma khflng cdn din sy hien difn cua tiln tf, thj truomg, ludt phdp vd tu dd tri cdu tnic xd hfi Tac nhdn xd hpi cd thi Id cd nban, nhflm, cfng dong, tfc ngudi Marcel Mauss (1872 - 1950), cha de cua nganh nhan hpc Phdp, la dgi difn tiflu bieu vifc nghign cuu vl hifn tupng tiao ddi xd hpi ttong cdc xa hfi tiln cflng nghifp vd ddt nin mdng cbo sy phat triln cda ddng ly thuylt nhan hpc Cdc y tucmg va ludn dilm chd chdt vl trao dli xd hpi cua Mauss dupc trinh bay Viin xa hgi hgc, Vien Hdn ldm Khoa hgc xd hoi Viet Nam Nguyen Hodi San 73 ttong cudn khdo cflu Ludn vi biiu tpng (1925) - cdng tiinh n i l tiing vd khfl hilu bdc nhit ngdnh nhdn hpc xd h f i ' , ludn dupc coi Id cufln sdch "gii diu giudng" cfla gifli nhdn hgc va xd hpi hpc^ Dya tten nhilu kit qud nghifln cdu dan tpc hpc, ddc bift Id cda Boas v l tgp tyc potlatch\ua ngufli da d viing Bdc My va cua Malinowski v l tdp tyc Aw/a^cua nguoi Melanesia d qudn dao Trobriand^, Mauss nhdn xflt: "nguoi Melanesia cfl mft n i n kinh tg bgn ngoai gia dinh va mft hf thing ttao ddi rat phat trign vfli nhjp boat dpng cfl le manh va dfln dap hom so vfli hf thdng ttao ddi cua nflng ddn hay cua cdc ldng chdi d vung duyen hai cda phuang Tay cdch day cfl le chua din frdm ndm Hp cd raft dfli sing kinh te trdi rpng, vupt qud bifln gifli cfla cac hdi ddo vd cfla cdc phuang ngft, mdt nin thuong mai quan ttgng T h i nhung, hg thay the hodn toan hf thflng mua ban bdng cdc sy bilu tgng lan nhau" (Mauss, 1925: 337) Mauss da chflng minh qua cdp vd cdc khoan cing nap khdng bao gid dupc xem xet tdch bift khdi nhihig ngudi tdng va nhgn chung: sy lign hpp va lign minh md hp thilt lap ' Florence Weber nhSn xit: "Lugn vi biiu t$ng dupc viet theo dirfimg vdng xodn lc vi Ik v&n bin gSy khdng it hoang mang, n6 chiia mft 16 nh&ng philu tir lifu nh6 dd dgc gid ngao du vai nguy ca bi lgc dudng Nhung dd Id sy xay d\mg mft dli tupng dan tfc chf c6 thi quan sit chii khdng phai la mft dli tupng trau tupng" (Weber, 2007: 103) ^ Lugn vi biiu tgng hdp din dfc gia den miic L^vi-Strauss phii thii nh§n: "Do dau ma phat xudt uy li^c ky I9 ciia cac trang Ipn xfn ciia Mauss, nhung van luon cd sire thuydt ph\ic Diing la ehiing cdn cd cai gl Clia ban nhip dd ndm ke mft cieh I9 ICing cac ghi chii thieu chfnh xic va bj n^n ^p mft lo^t chii thich ph€ blnh d6 b^p v ^ ban, mft s\r uy^n bdc day hiing khdi dudng nhu lupm l^t tlnh cd c&c trich dan vl chau My, An Df, Celte, Hy L^p hay chau D^i Duong It ngudi cd the dpc Lugn vi biiu l^g ma khdng cam thdy ca mft lo^t cac cam xiic ma Malebranche dS mieu ti nhdc den lan ddu tien dng dpc Descartes: Tim d^p m^nh, ddu ndng len, va tinh than bj xam chiem bdi mft xac tfn cdn chua r6 ldm, nhung manh lift li minh dang chung kidn mfl sv cl quyfit djnh eiia ti^n triln khoa hpc" (Claude LeviSttauss, 1950:63) ' Potlatch la nghi thuc phan phat qua tang cQa cic nhdm thd dSn sing d bd Tay Bdc Thii Bmh Duong thufc Canada vi My Trong dd nhdm KwakiutI (Kwakwaka Waku) la nhdm van cdn tri phong tyc vi la doi tupng khao sat chti ylu cong trinh nghien curu ciia Franz Boas Potlatch dupc th\rc hifn vao nhthig dip quan trpng ciia ddi ngudi li sinh nd, ket hdn vi qua ddi; hay gia chii ed dupe vj tri mdi xa hfi Trong Potlatch, gia chu sg t§ng qua cho nhihig ngudi khach din dy Khi nang t§p hgp mpi ngudi se phaa inh vj thd xa hpi cua ngudi chii, cdn gia trj mdn qua ma khach dupc n h ^ cQng tiiy thufc vio vj the eua hp ^ * Kula - hay cdn gpi li sy trao doi Kula/vdng trdn Kula - li hf thong trao doi mang tlnh nghi thire ciia cu dan sing d tinh Milene Bay, phia Ddng Papua New Guinea Sy hao dli Kula dupc biet ddn qua edng trhih nghien ciiu ciia Bronislaw Malinowshi, t^p trung vio eac eu dan d qudn dio Trobiand Cil mii nam hai lin, nhihig cu dan sg cheo thuyen ddn nhihig hdn dao khic dd tang qua vi san v§t dja phuang Hp sg dirpc nhihig ngudi d dd tidp ddn trang trpng Dieu dang luu y la v^t phdm trao dli quan trpng nhat la vdng deo tay bdng vd sd trdng vi vdng deo co bdng vd sd dd - nhihig thii khdng ed gii trj su dyng th\rc te hay gia trj tidn tf Thay vio dd, Malmowski eho rdng vifc tang rdiOng vdng vd sd giiip thidt l§p quan hf hOu nghj vi doi tho?) gitta cac hdn dio; li djp dd hp trao doi nhttng v^t phdm khic vdi nhau; eung nhu cung cl sy cich bift vl vi the vi uy quyen gitta ngudi thO ITnh vdi nhttng ngudi khac i Theo ghi ch6p cua Malinowski, h | thing wasi d Melanesia (cung tuomg ty nhu hf thing kula) li mft hf thing kinh td luu thdng va trao doi v|Lt phdm ma khdng thdng qua nhttng hinh thuc va nguy6n tdc cua ndn kinh td thj trudng thdi hifn d^i Quan hf ciia cac wasi thidt l|[p nhttng trao dli diu d$n, bdt bupc gitta cdc d6i tac thupc nhttng bf l?c ndng nghifp vi bfn kia, cic dli tdc thufc nhftng bf I9C dpc theo bd bidn Ngudi ndng dan lien minh dem sin pham eiia minh ddn d§t trude nhi ciia dli tic iam nghd chii ludi Ngudi nay, mft lan khdc, sau mdt mf cd ldn sg tri lai vdi nhttng iai n$ng cho ling lim ndng bdng cd tdm nia danh bdt dupc 14 Tiip cgn nhdn hgc vd xa hgi hgc vi trao ddi xa hpi nen Id ben vChig, khdng the chia cdt, vd bdng cdch sy trao dli frd mft thdnh tfl cdng cy quan frgng Ong da nhan dien hai hinh thdi ehfl ylu cfla trao dli theo bdn phan, dd la trao dfli qua tgng cd di cfl Iai va trao dli chinh trj mang tinh chit phan phdi Iai Tfl dfl, Mauss da khdi qudt vl sy ton tgi cua nin kinh tl dfli chdc vd trao dli hien vat md khflng cdn thflng qua sy budn bdn hay sfl dyng tiln tf ttong cdc xd hdi tiln cdng nghifp Hanh vi bilu tdng va dap t^ng nhin bl ngodi thi mang tinh chit ty nguyfn, vd vy lpi, nhung thyc Id bd bupc vd vy lpi Ngufli ta cd bin phdn phdi bilu tgng, phdi ddn nhgn qua tdng vd phai dap tang Tfl chfli mfln qua Id mpt sy xuc phgm, dfli bj coi Id mpt loi tuyen chiln Nguyen tdc cfl qua cfl lgi (tuong ho - reciprocity) lam cho qud tang hiu nhu lflc ndo ciing mang tinh rang bupc Cdc hogt dflng trao dfli md nhd dfl vdt phim, cfla cdi dupc luu thdng tfl cdng ding ndy sang cpng dong khdc la dd vdt cd cdi hau - cdi hdn cfla nd (tu cua nguoi Maori) Cdi hau cua vat thyc Id mflt phin hdn cua nguoi bieu tdng, thuflmg Id ngufli che tdc hogc kiem dupc cdc dfl vdt Vifc trao dfli qud tdng phdn dnh bdi cdnh va cdc quy udc xd hfli khac nhau:ttongcdc tdc nguoi da dfl Bdc My (tuc potlatch) Id sy khong In djnh ve thfl bdc vd cgnh tranh khdng ngung giiia cac bp Igc^ va frong cac bf lgc d Trobriand (ydng trdn kula) la sy lien kflt ben viing vfli cdc doi tdc cd uy tin dg thigt lap cdc quan heflndjnh vl cucmg vj xd hpi Thudt ngft in tupng ma Mauss sfl dyng cho each thflc phdnti'chClia minh la cdnh xd hpi - tuc Id khung cdnh xa hfi cua timg sy kifn Theo Mauss, cong vifc cfla nhd nhan hgc Id phdt hifn, td sy phdnti'chtlnh tfl cdc tuomg tac, cdc bfli canh xd hgi mafrongdfl cac tuong tac cfl y nghia dfli vdi nhihig ngudi thyc hifn chflng vd tfl dfl se thdy dupc cac vgt chfla dyng tdt cd Ijch sfl cfla chung Malinowski cho rang tat cd ddi sdng bp lgc chi la mft chudi cho vd nhdn (give and take) khdng bao gid dut; rapi le lgt, mpi hdnh vi hpp phdp va theo tyc If deu chi dupc ldm vfli mpt mon qua vat chat vd mdn qua dap t ^ g lai di kgm theo chflng; cda cdi dupc cho vd dupc nhdn Id mflt tiong nhihig cdng cu chinh cfla td chflc xd bfli, cua quyen lyc ngudi thu lihh, cua lien hf than tfc huygt thflng vd hfln nhan Cin ndi them rdng, cling nghign cflu vl cac dgng thuc trao dol xa hpi ddi song d cac xd hfi sa khai, song Malinowski vd Mauss lai chpn hai ngd re ly thuylt khdc Malinowski ciing vdi Herskovits, Thumwald da gdp cflng ldn xdy dyng thidyit chuc ndng dya tten nhflng vien ggch ddu tien cua Boas' nhdm nghien cuu mii lien he qua lgi gifta cac ylu tl khac cfla mpt nin vdn hda, giai thich cdc sy kifn bdng cdch djnh nghia chuc ndng ma chflng dang thyc hifn ttong mgt nin vdn hda cy thi Vifc nghign cdu thyc dja tu dd dupc nang Ifln thdnh tieu chuan cfla nganh nhdn hpc Trdi lai Marcel Mauss da xet xd hfi vfli tu each Id mft CO thi xd hfi khflng xg le dupc Thuyit edu triic cda Claude Ldvi - Sttauss, chju * Trong Lugn vi biiu t^ng, Mauss cung gidi thfch cho s\r biln mdt ciia potlatch d Polynesia: cdc thj tfc dupc chia thdnh thu b^c In djnh lau dai d ^ t ca cac dao d3 iam mdt tfnh c?nh tranh chlnh trj tl chiic cac nghi le tJng qua, bdi ndu tl chiic potlatch mi khdng dem theo qui t^ng thi hoan toin vd nghia ' Franz Boas (1858 - 1942), ngudi khdng tim dupe chl diing nginh dan tfe hpe Dtte mft phan vl sy phan bift chang tfc, mpt phdn vi tlnh td md rdt rfng hong 1^^ thuydt cua dng Ong dupe xem Id mft sl nhttng ngudi da sang lap nganh nhdn hpc xa hfi MJ 6ng cho ring phii quan sit iing xti ciia ngudi moi trudng tif nhiin ciia minh phai thu th?p cac sy kifn va dl v|t xa hfi lihh vyc nghifn cttu, va ghi l^i cdc quifrhihvan hda md nhi nghien cttu quan sdt dirpc Vifc quan sdt timg nin vdn hoa rifng vdi tu cdch li mft the hodn chinh, la mdt cufc each m^ng cho ngdnh nhdn hpc Ittc bay gid Nguyen Hodi San 75 anh huflmg tfl Mauss^ tu d|t cho minh nhifm vy phdi dl cao cdc y l u t l cua mpt nin vdn hda md cdc yeu t l cho thiy tinh chat hf thing vupt ngoai thyc t l thyc nghifm Levi-Sttauss cho rang nhflng diem tuomg ddng gifta rapt sd n i n vdn hda phdi dupc gldl thich theo nghia rdng lodi ngufli dupc phu cho raft sfl khd nang nhdt djnh Ong ddnh gid: "trong Mauss xet cdc quan M ben ldu giua cdc hifn tupng, ttong dd chflng dupc gidi thich, thi Malinowski chi ty hdi chung di ldm gi, d l tim cho chflng mpt sy bifn minh Cdch dgt vdn de cua Malmowski da buy bd tit cd cdc tiln bp trudc dd vi nd Igi dua vdo rapt 16 nhihig djnh d l khong cd gid trj khoa hpc" (Lflvi-Stiauss, 1950: 37) Marcel Mauss dd chgn dudng tiep cgn vd phdn tich dya tten co sd nhihig quan niem, each hiflu vd Iflgic cua chinh ngudi bdn dia (kbi dng dflng khai nifm hau - cdi bin cua vat trao dfli theo diln giai cfla ngudi Maori) d l di din xdy dyng mpt ly thuylt khoa hpc, chu khdng phdi dya tren nhflng phgm tru vd khdi niem cd sdn frong gifli hpc thugt phucmg Tdy dg dp dat vao thyc tgi ban dja Nfli nhu Levi-Sfrauss Id "lam n l tung nhiing cdi khung cflng nhdc cfla chung bdng each gidi thifu cdc hinh thflc tu khdc, bl ngodi cfl ve xa lg ddi vdi tri ndng cita nhung ngudi chdu Au trudng thdnh" (Levi-Sti^uss, 1950: 61) Thgm chi, Florence Weber cdn cho rdng each thflc cdt thuc tai xa hdi thdnh cac don vj thich ddng vfl y nghia vd vifc tien hdnh so sdnh giiia kula va potlatch (cac thugt ngu thufc ve hai ngon ngu ban dja khdc nhau) cua Mauss cap nhpt hon each tiln hdnh cua Levi-Strauss: "cbuyen di ddi quanh Thai Binh Duomg va frong Ijch su cdc y nifm phucmg Tay, cung cap nhftng cflng cu de tu thyc tai duang dai" (Weber, 2007:103) Ddng gdp quan frgng efla Mauss ttong khoa hpc Id ldm nhe bdt tinh thin hf thflng cfla Durkheira'** vd mpt sd hpc ttd cua flng Khac vdi Durkheim, Mauss khflng xem cai phuc hop (le complexe) nhu la phai sinh tfl cdi dom gian (le simple) von dflpc coi nhu Id ngwon gdc theo quan diflm tien hda ludn Trdi lgi, dng xet cac sy kifn ttong mdi quan hf cua chimg vdi todn bp td chflc xd hfi md chflng thupc vdo Mauss da thyc hifn rapt cupc cdch mgng kin ddo nhirag cd tdm quan trpng dng ddt vdo trung tdm cfla xd hfl hpc nhiing tap hpp cy thg rgng ldn cdc su kifn phuc tgp, nhihig su kiin xd hpi todn bp (fait social total) ldm chuyin dpng toan xa hfi va cdc djnh che cua nfl, khien cho ta thay dupe "giay lat phfl du ma xa hfi hinh thdnh va ndm bdt nhflng ngufli, nhihig nhdra va cac flng xu cfla hp hom la nhiing y tuflmg hay quy tdc " (Weber, 2007:98) Trudng phdi Cau true lugn mk L^vi-Strauss phdt triln ed sttc dnh hudng yd chi phii rdt ldn ddn s\r phdt trien Clia khoa hpc xa hfi ndi chung vd nhan hpe ndi rifng xung quanh mdi quan hf gitta cdc bieu trung, nghi thttc vi cdu triic xS hfi Mft vi du quen thupc Id phan tfch nhj nguyen cua L6vi-Strauss vd hf thing trao dli cd dSu xa hfi thi dan da thi hifn edch thttc bilu tupng hda nhttng quy tdc phdn lojii vd td chttc "than tfc tin t^i tu trtrdc dd" (M Haris 1968 S{e noi len cua ly thuyit nhdn hgc - A rise of anthropological theory) Quan dilm ndy ctta Lfivi-Strauss cdn dupc nhdc l^i tdc pham ndi tidng Nhiet ddi budn (Tristes tropiques, 1955) dng ph6 phdn loi tilp can hdi hpt nghien cttu vdi cau ndi: "Tdi von rat ghft nhihig chuyen viln du vd nhttng nhd tham hiem" dm chi ve vifc du ky vifc tim hieu cde sy kifn xa hfi ^ E Durkheim (1858 - 1917), li cau ruft cua Marcel Mauss Durkhiem dupc coi li mft nhttng dng to Clia nginh xa hfi hpc vdi nhihig ddng gdp quan trpng vd phuong phdp luin va phuang phdp nghien cthi xa hpi hpc 76 Tiip cgn nhdn hgc vd xd hgi hgc ve trao ddi xa hgi Cflng tiinh ngbien cdu cua Mauss dd rad mft ITnh vyc nghifln cflu tiiyc dja va phdt tiiln ly thuylt rfng rdi nhan hgc, nd phdt giac nhftng phflc tgp dn giiu ddng sau nhiing trao dli raang tinh nghi thflc cfla t|ip tyc kula hay potlatch Theo nhu nhdn xet cua Florence Weber (2007) thi Lugn vi biiu tgng Id mft vdn bdn ddn tgc hpc Ign din tdm mflc cfla mdt ly thuyet khoa hpc, mSic du tdc gid cfla nfl khdng tryc tilp nghien cuu dan tfc hgc ttgn thyc dja Mauss da de cho nhdn hgc myc dich phdi ddng gdp vao vifc md rpng ly nang ngufli, va coi sfl mfnh cfla cdc nhd nhdn hpc cung gilng nhu cac nha thien van hpc nghifln cuu cdc chdm sao, tdc Id nghifln cflu nhihig nhdm ngudi (Levi-Strauss, 1950) Cdc nha nhan hpc theo duoi ly thuyet ttao doi xd hpi nhin manh din nghia vy tdng qua vd cho rdng Iflgic cua vifc trao ddi xa hpi khdc hdnfrongdoi chdc kinh tfl Tren ca sd dd, hp phe phdn nhihig xu hudng phign difn va vj lpi ttong cdc ly thuyet kinh te hpc vd lugt hpc, von thuflmg quan nifm mpt each sai lam ve cac nen kinh tfl cfl sa va dg cao mft each may raflc logic cfla nen kinh te thj trudmg hifn dgi von cbi rafli xuat bifn gin day frong Ijch sfl Ioai ngudi, va quy gian ngufli chi la nhihig vdt kinh ti Ly thuylt trao dli xd hpi tiong nhan hpc da thyc hifn mpt phe phan ly thuylt quan nifm ty nhien ve thj truflmg, va rapt phe phdn chinh trj ve quan nifm tfl thifn vd cihi trp xa hfi, cung nhu each ma cac nhd kinh te hpc dflng dg gidi thich su xuit hifn cfla thi truflmg vd tiln tf Thay vi tim dupc chia khda phi biln frong cdc dng xd cua ngudi, cdc nha kinh tl hpc duomg nhu cbi phdng Ifln cdc flng xd cua ngudi khdc nhihig ly lugn cfla chinh hp dupc dinh vi vg lich sfl vd van bda (Weber, 2007) Ly thuyet frao doi xd hpi ttong nganh nhdn hpc cung gdp phin Iam cho cac chinh sach xd hpi thoat khfli gdc gdc tfl thifn, trudc hit bdng vifc biln dli y nghla cfla nfl va tdc dflng quan ttpng cua nfl Id vifc lap bdo hiim xa hpi theo loi Phdp: xa hpi khdng hit np doi vdi nhflng ngudi lao dfng da cdng hien cupc sflng cua minh cho xa hgi, mft hp da linh lucmg, qua sy khdng dinh rdng xa hfi cfln np hg cdc phuang tien dl cd the sing dudng hodng ttong tuoi gia hay ttong thdi gian tbit nghifp Vdi ly thuylt cdc cung flng xa hpi khflng cdn Id cac hdnh dpng bl thi, ma dupc quan nifm nhu Id nhihig quyln cfla cdc cd nhanfrongxd hgi Ly thuylt lya chgn ly tur tilp cdn xa hfi hpc Ly thuyet lya chpn ly ttong xd hfi hpc, biln thi thfl hai cfla ly thuylt trao dli, cd nguon glc tfl trilt hpc, kinh tl hpc chinh trj cl diln va chju dnh huflmg khdng nhd bfli cac nbd nhdn hpc nhu Marcel Mauss Dl ndi vl ly thuyet cd the lan ngupc ve thdi kinh tl hpc chinh hi cl diln thi ky XIX, ma hinh mau quen thufc nhdt la ly thuylt phan cflng lao dfng cua Adam Smith, trinh bay d phan md diu cfla cuon Cua cdi cda cde ddn tpc - The Wealth of Nations (1776) Theo Smith, ban tay vd hinh cuatiijtiirdngty dilu khiln nhihig cd nhdn khdn ngoan chi quan tdm din lpi ich bdn thdn, khign hp tich cyc khulch truomg lpi ich chung, cho dfl hp chdng bao gid dl y den nd Kinh te hpc hifn dai, xudt phat tfl kmh tl hpc cbinh trj cd diln, dd phdt friln mot phien bdn vl ly tiiuylt trao ddi - hpp ly khdfrflutupng vd dupc tiinh bdy bdng cac cdng thflc toan hpc, tiieo gid cd va Nguyen Hodi San 77 vifc phan bo cac nguon Iyc khan higm cd the dupc gidi thich bdng vifc cdc tdc nhdn kinh tg t l i da hda mft each hpp ly ich lpi ty If vfli tiln bac bd Nhflng thdnh cflng ban d i u cua ly thuylt tinh vi va kha nhit qudn ndy dd dan din nigra tin cho rdng mft phuomg phdp lugn nhu vay cung cd thi dupc dp dyng cho cdc chu d l nghien cflu rpng hom frong xd hfi hpc Dgc biet d Hoa Ky, thuat ngfl ly thuyit trao ddi hau nhu dupc danh rigng dg chi nhihig cd gdng nhdm gidi thich ddi sflng xa hpi bdng cac cdch thflc lya chpn hpp ly Tieu bieu la cac lap luan gay tranh cai cfla cac nhd xa hfli hpc George Homans hay Peter Blau vd nha kinh t l hpe Gary Becker, tdt cd diu c l gdng theo cdc cdch khac nhau, dp dyng cdi tu tuflmg ve hdnh dpng cd nhdn co tinh toan cho nhimg vd dien ttfln sdn khau cua ddi sflng xd hpi Nhiing linh vyc khdng chi gifli hgn ttong hogt dfng kinh t l rad hiln hifn ttong ddi sdng gia dinh, quan hf yeu ducmg, cdc hogt dpng cpng ddng, tap the Siramel (1858-1918)" neu nguyen tac ciing co /of cua mfli tuang tdc xd hgi gifla cdc ca nhdn vd cho rang moi cd nhdn phdi can nhdc, toan tinh thiet horn d l theo dull myc dich cd nhdn vd thda man nhu cau cd nhan Simmel cho rdng mgi mfli tuong tac gifla ngufli vdi nguoi diu dya vdo ca che cho - nhdn, tuc la ttao dfli nhumg thfl ngang gid Nhu vdy, xd hdi dupc higu Id mgng lufli cdc quan he ttao dfli giua cdc cd nhdn Cac lap ludn, quan nifm ve sau dupc phdt trifln ly thuylt tiao dli xd hpi hpc hifn dgi Thuygt ttao ddi xd hfli coi tucmg tdc xa hpi nhu la sy ttao dfli hang hfla, djch vu gifla cdc bgn tbam gia Moi bgn ludn xera xet chi phi bfl va ngudn lgi thu v l cua timg mdn hdng, timg djch vy trudc dem chflng trao doi vdi Tiep noi Simmel, George Homans vd Peter Blau Id hai hpc gid cfl tim anh hudng quan trpng nhat dol vfli ddng ly thuyet xa hpi hpc hien dgi Homans la dgi difn tieu bilu cho ly thuylt lya chpn hpp ly Blau nfli tieng voi ly thuylt ttao dli xd hfli Du phat triln theo dudng hudng khac song ho chia se chung cau hdi ca ban cua xd hfli hpc: cdi gi tgo nfln tidt ty xd hfli; cdu frd ldi khd ro rang: dd Id sy lya chgn hgp ly, sy trao dfli xd hpi cfl khd ndng tao dyng vd tri sy fln dinh, ttdt ty xa hpi George Homans ( - 1989)'^ theo dufli vifc phat trien ly thuylt lya chpn hpp ly vd n i i tiing vfli chu truemg dua ngufli frd lai xd hpi hpc Ong cho ring mpi ly thuyet xa hpi hpc khing lo, thyc chit diu Id xd hpi hpc vg nhdm vd cdc hifn tupng xa hfli, cdn dupc giai thich bdng cdc ddc diflm ca nhan chfl khflng phdi bang cac dgc diflm cfla cau true xa hdi (Nicholas Abercrombie vd cfng sy, 1994) Sy tiao ddi xd hpi vd moi quan he gifta cac cd nhdn, theo Homans thyc chit Id sy trao ddi lap di lap lai gifta hp vdi " Nha tridt hpc, tam ly hpc, xa hfi hpc ngudi Dttc Theo Gordn Marshal, chu bien cuon Tir diin Oxford vi xa hgi hgc Georg Simmel Id mft ngtrdi bj xao ldng nhieu nhdt so nhttng ngudi sdng l^p xd hfi hpc hifn d^i '^ Nhd xa hpi hpc ngudi My, dng nghien cihi tiing Anh chtt khdng phii xa hfi hpc d Dai hpc Tdng hpp Harvard Ndi vd vifc hpc t$p d Trudng D?i hpc Ting hpp Harvard, Homans cho bidt: ong hoc cieh "ldm xa hgi hgc " nhieu hem Id hpc ly lu(in xd hfi hpc vd khdng cd cdng vife gi mi dng cd thi lim tdt hem Id vifc nghien cttu xd hfi hpc d truimg D^i hpc Tdng hpp Harvard M^c du chua bao gid theo hpc chuang trinh tien sT x3 hfi hpc vi cung chua cd hpc vj tiln sT nhung Homans vdn dugc bdu Idm Chu tjch Hpi Xd hfi hpc My ndm 1964, dupc phong la Gido su danh dy cua tnrdng D^i hpc Ting hpp Harvard ndm 1988 78 Tiep cpn nhdn hgc vd xa hgi hgc ve trao ddi xd hgi (Homans, 1958) Nhung kien gidi ve trao dli xd hfi cfla Homans chju dnh hudng ldn bfli nha tam ly hpc xd hfi Elton Mayo (hpc gid nii tiing vfli cdc nghifln cflu thyc nghiem nhftng nam 1930) va quan nifm vl xd hpi hpc kinh tl cfla nha xd hfi hpc ngudi Y V Pareto Hai cflng frinh nghign cuu quan tipng nhit md Homans triln khai xdy dyng ly thuygt trao ddi xa hpi Id: Nhdm ngudi (The Human Ch-oup, 1950) va Hdnh vi xd hpi: cdc hinh thiic sa ddng cua nd (Social Behaviour: Its Elementary Forms, 1961) ,Thay vi chfl ylu nfli tfli hanh vi cd nhdn va tuomg tdc xa hfi cdu trflc xa hfi vi md nhu Homans, Peter Blau'^ quan tdm nghien cflu sy ttao dli xa hpi ttong moi quan he vfli cdu true xa hfi vT mfl Blau cho rdng cdn phdi nghien cflu cdc qud trinh dom gidn cd sdn, dd cho cdc mfli tuang tac xa hdi bdng ngdy cfla cdc cd nhdn Do Id xuit phdt dilm dl hilu ciu true xd hfi phflc tgp va cdc quan hf xd hfi phflc tgp kg cd quan hf quyln lyc Trao dli xa hdi chi Id mft khia cgnh, mpt mdt cua hdnh vi xa hfi nhung lgi cd vai trd ddc bift quan trpng dli vdi sy hdi nhgp, doan kit, tbdng nhat xa hpi, tflc la ldm cho cd nhdn gdn kit vdi nhdm, tgo nhflm xd hfli D$c trung cua ttao ddi xd hfi la cd gid tq nfi sinh, mft sd ttao doi khflng the lupng gid So sdnh vfli trao ddi kinh tl, ttao dli xa hpi cfl hai chflc ndng ca ban: 1) tgo mol quan hf gdn ket, thifn chi, tin cdy, nhat tti ttong xd hpi va 2) tgo rail quan hf quyen lyc gifta cdc bfln tham gia trao dli'"* Tfl tiao ddi xd bpi cfl vai tifl tao dyng va phat ttien cac gia trj, chuan myc cua nhdm, td chdc vd cfng ddng Tucmg ding vdi Homans, Blau nhdn manb din nguyfln tdc cung cd lgi la ca chg goc cua cdc tuomg tdc xd hdi Id chudn myc xd hfli ca bdn quy djnh vd dieu tiflt mpi quan hf tuomg tdc vd hanh vi tiao dfli; cdc cd nhan ludn cd xu hudng ty so sdnh sy dau tu cfla hp voi phin thudng hg nhdn dupc Tuy nhien, Blau rad rpng cap dp nghien cuu sy trao dfli xa hpi sang thiet che xa hpi va cho rdng td chflc, thiflt chg vd hf thdng xa hpi ldn, trao ddi khflng diln tryc tigp ma gian tiep Thong qua sy ttao dli gian tiep, cdc ca nhan nhgn dupc sy ung bp tfl nhieu ngudi khac vd doi lgi cdc cd nhan phai thda hifp va chip nhdn nhftng gia trj, chudn muc chung Blau da dua raft phien ban edu true cua ly thuylt ttao dfli x3 hpi, vupt ngoai khufln quy gidn luan tdm ly hpc vl sy lua cbpn ca nhan cua cdc tdc gid nhu George Homans Lap lugn cho rdng sy ttao doi cd di cd lgi ve lpi ich gifta cdc chu the cd thfl bien mit hogc khdng hoan chinh, chdng hgn cac quan hf quyln Iyc cd tdc dpng, da khiln cho ly thuylt trao dli cfla Blau frd nen ddng tin egy hon vl mgt xd hpi hgc, it la vfli nhihig ' Trong euln sdch Trao ddi vd quyin lifc ddi sdng xd hgi (1964), Peter Blau vidt: "Cdc qud trhih xa hfi ca bdn chi phii cic mii lifn hf gitta ngudi cd nguIn glc qud trtnh tdm ly, vf dy nhu cdc qud trinh ca sd ciia sttc hdp din gitta cae ed nhan vdi vd cdc mong muln dupc nh§n cdc phdn thudng khdc Cdc qud trinh ciia sy hdp dan xa hfi, vl v(ty da kfo theo cae qud hinh ctta sy trao ddi xa hfi Cdc qua trinh trao doi, sau dd, Idm niy sinh sy phin hda quydn lyc", in James Farganis 1993 Readings in Social Theory: The Classic Tradition to Post-Modernism MacGraw-Hill, Inc:ttang252 * Blau phdn tich mii quan hf gitta trao dli xd hfi vi quyln Iyc:tt-ongtrao ddi xi hfi, quyln lyc Id thtt cd thf dem trao dli dd ldy thtt khic Do dd, ngudi cd quydn lye van cdn phii quan hf tuang tdc vdi ngudi khdc dl nhan dupc nhttng thtt cdn thiet vd ed gia hi- Vi dy: nhttng ngudi ttong hfi ddng y khoa t^o cac thu tyc chJt che, nhilu qud mttc ddi vdi vifc cdp gidy ph6p hanh nghe y, chtt yfu dl cttng eo vj tri vd uy tfn ctta hp chfnh ITnh vyc ndy Nguyen Hodi San 79 ngudi cho rdng da so hdnh vi xa hpi dupc ddn ddt bdi quan he ttao d l i (Ekeh, 1974) Thay vi nhdn ragnh cde ygu t l tdm ly cua hdnh vi lya chpn, Blau d ^ bift chfl ttpng tfli vai frd cfla cdc yeu t l cdu trdc xd hpi Ong frd Idi cho cau hdi tai cdc cd nhdn phdi thda hifp, nhdt tri vdi nhau: vi hp hanh ddng theo he gia tri, chuin myc cfla nhdm da dupc hinh thdnh tu trude Hdnh dpng lya chpn ly, mdi lign hf va sy trao d l i giiia cdc cd nhdn chiu sy chi phfli cua sy lya chpn ly cua nhdm vd cd bfli canh xa hpi rpng Iflm (Lfl Ngpc Hdng, 2008) Ly thuylt cfla Blau dd gdp phin ttd lfli cbo song de ngudi vd xd hpi xa hpi hgc d hai c i p dg: cau true xa hfi vi mo, noi cac ca nhdn tuang tdc vfli thflng qua qud trinh tiao ddi xa hfi; vd cdu true xa hfi vi md cdc nhdm xa hpi thara gia qud trinh tuomg tdc dya trfln ca chl trao doi xa hfi va cac hf gia tii, chudn myc, thiet chg xd bfi Nhumg t r a n h lugn ddng chti y xoay quanh thuyet trao d l i xd hfi Trong cde nhd kinh tg hpe cd gdng gdn chfl d l tiao d l i xa hpi vdi ly thuylt lya chpn hpp Iy thi cdc nhd nhan hpc va xd hdi hgc da chi ro nhiing yeu digm cua viec quy gidn Mauss cflng vfli Malinowski da tiln hanh phe phdn kinh t l hgc chinh tri bdng vifc nghi ngd vg buyen thogi dfli chdc Adam Smith ndi: "bay gid tfli sg xem xflt ddu la cdc quy tdc ma ngudi tudn thd mft each ty nhien ttao ddi cfla cdi liy tiln bgc hogc dg ddi liy cdi khdc Chinh cac quy tdc ndy quy djnh cdi md ta cd thi ggi Id gid tri tuong dfli hay gid trj ttao dol cua cfla cdi" (Steiner, 2005: 68) Theo cac nhd nhdn hgc, Smith hodn todn khflng thdy dupc cdc quy tdc xac djnh sy ttao dfli: dd la cdc dinh che xa hfi d khdu trung gian chi phdi su trao dfli gifla cdc tdc nhdn xd hfi thong qua cdc quy tdc Dieu raa Mauss xac djnh chinh cdc hanh dfng cd nhdn be ngoai cd ve tu vd khdng cd ly nhung thyc la bdt bupc va VH lgi Ngoai ra, Jon Elster (1985)'^ cftng da can thgn chi ro nhumg gidi hgn va thit bai cda tinh ly frong vifc gidi thich hanh dfng Dfl dat dupc nhiing thdnh cdng song ly thuyet ttao d l i xd hpi cung phdi d l i mdt vdi nhilu phe pbdn, dgc bift Id cac bien the efla nd xd hdi hpc Nhiflu hgc gid van hodi nghi v l nhihig cfl gdng nhdm dp dyng ly thuyet hanh dfng hpp ly vao xd hfli hpc, vi ba ly Thu nhdt, thdnh cflng cua ly thuylt kinh t l phu thufc vao sy tdn tai mft dflng tien xdc djnh frong frao ddi thj truomg, dli vdi cd ca nhan cung nhu ly thuyet gia Ddng tifln cd tbi dupc diing nhu mpt thudc dpc lap ve tucmg quan gifta hdnh dfng va loi ich Mdt khac, bgnh phuc, sy chip nhgn cua xd hpi, uy tin va kha ndng dnh hudng Id nhiing tiifl da dupc dua ttong xd hpi hpc nhu nhihig ddng tiin phi kinh te tuomg duomg vg mat chflc ndng Nhung nhflng gid trj rigng Ie thflflmg phai canh ttanh Ian nhau, vd vifc gidi thich ' Jon Elster, ngudi dd thu trinh bay l^i ly thuyet giai cap Marxist theo phuang hudng lya ehpn - hpp ly (Marx - Making Sense of Marx, 1985), djnh nghTa ly thuyft hdnh dpng hpp ly nhu Ii "chudn myc dau tifn vi vtnh vien Nd cho ta bilt nfn lim gi de dat dupc toi da nhttng m\ic tieu Trong phien bdn glc (tieu chudn), nd khdng cho ta bidt myc tiSu ehiing ta nen ldm gl Ttt cdc gidi thich chudn myc, ta cd thd nit mft ly thuylt gidi thfch bdng edeh gia djnh rdng ngudi Id ly khudn y thuc thich hpp mft cdch chudn myc" Ly 15 gidi thich trung tdm cua ly thuyft niy Id cdc hdnh dfng Hdnh dpng Id cdch tdt nhat dl tdi uu hda nhung udc muln cd nhdn khudn khd nhttng niem tin eua eon ngudi Nhimg udc muln vd nifm tin ndy bdn thdn chung phdi hpp ly (hay it Id phii nhat quin ttt bfn trong) ~\Nguyin Hodi San 81 cdn ndo khac (nhu cdch tilp c|ln tbeo tim quan tipng cua truyin thing, cac gid trj vd chuan myc van hfla) gidi thichflngxfl cfla nguoi Nhflmg ddng gdp gdn day hon da vupt xa khfli pham vi cac ly thuylt trao dli, chung cl gdng gdn kit sy lya chpn hpp ly vdi nhftng truyin thing ly thuylt raang tinh chit xd hpi hpc rd rang hem, chdng hgn vfli khung hdnh dpng tham chilu dl nit nhftng rafl hinh gia thuygt cho edng tdc thyc nghifm nhu no Iyc cua J.S Coleman (1993), bay voi phan tich mgng ludi xd hpi vd ly thuyit td chuc cua Karen Cook (1987) Nhihig khdi nifm lya chpn - hpp Iy cftng dupe sfl dyng tiong khoa hpc chinh ttj, noi Anthony Downs vd Mancur Olson khao sat nhihig tinh todn in ddng sau cdc cam kit ehinh trj, hdnh vi bdu cfl, cde phong trao phan doi vd nhflng to chuc tdp thi tinh nguyfn hay bdt bufc Cho din nay, nhflng ttanh ludn vl ly tiiuylt trao dli xa hpi vd nhflng biln thi rpng rai cfla nd tiong nhieu ITnh vyc nhu nhdn hpc, xa hfi hpe, kinh tl hpe, khoa hpc chinh tri van dien rat sdi dpng ttong ddi sflng bpc thudt Nhihig ddng gdp cua ly thuylt ndy khflng chi diing lgi d phgm vi cung cdp cdc cdch gidi thich khdc vl hanh vi cua ngudi tiong mdi quan hf vdi bdi canh xd hpi, ma cdn dp dung nhieu ITnh vyc nhu phe phdn ly thuyflt kinh tfl hpc cfl difln hay cung cdp cdch tiep cdn khdc vg tfl thifn va chinh sach xa hpi Cac thao lugn cftng eho thiy tam quan ttgng ciia viec xem xflt thyc tgi xa hpi cy thg vd tam till ciia nhd nghign cuu dp dyng chung Ndi nhu Levi-Strauss Id: " dfl Id ban dja hay phuang Tdy, ly thuygt bao gid cimg chi Id ly thuygt Nhieu lam nd chi cho ta ldi vao, bfli vi cal md cdc duemg sy tin, dfl hp la dan bdn dja d Ddt Lfla'^ hay d Uc, ludn khdc xa voi cdi ma hp nghT hay ldm thyc sy Sau da rflt quan nifm bdn dja, phdi phdn tich nfl vdi mft quan diflm phe phan khach quan nhdm dgt tdi thyc tgi bfln duoi" (Levi-Sfrauss, 1950: 75) Tai lifu tham khao Abercrombie, Nicholas, Stephen Hill, Bryan Turner, 1994 The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology London: Penguin Blau, Peter 1964 Exchange and Power in Social Life In James Farganis 1993 In Readings in Social Theory: The Classic Tradition to Post-Modernism McGraw-Hill Bredemeier, H.C 1979 Exchange theory In Bottomore, T.T and Nisbet, R A History of Sociological Analysis London Heinemman Btti Thd Cudng, D$ng Thj Vift Phuang, Trjnh Huy Hda (djch) 2012 Tie diin xd hgi hgc Oxford Hd Nfi, Nxb Dai hpc Quic gia Hd Nfi Coleman, J.S 1993 Foundations ofSocial Theory Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press Cook, Karen S & Richard Marc Emerson 1987 Social Exchange Theory Beverly Hills: Sage Publications Ekeh, P.P 1974 Social Exchange Theory: The Two Tranditions Cambridge Harvard University Press Gunter Endniweit vi Gisela Trommsdorff 2002 Tir diin xa hgi hgc (Ngyy Httu Tdm vi Nguyin Hodi Bdo djch) Ha Nfi Nxb Thd gidi * Tierra del Fuegottongtieng Tdy Ban Nha, tfn mft qudn ddo ndm gdn vttng cyc Nam ciia Nam MJ 82 Tiip cgn nhdn hgc vd xa hgi hgc ve trao ddi xa hgi Haris, M 1968 A Rise ofAnthropological Theory New York: Crowell Homans, George C 1958 Social Behaviour as Exchange Americen Joumal of Sociology (62) Goldthorpe, John 1997 Rational Action Theory for Sociology British Journal Review (49) Elster, Jon 1985 Making Sense of Marx Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Lf vi-Strauss Claude 1950 Ddn nhgp vdo sv nghiip nghiin cim cua Marcel Mauss (Nguyin Tttng djeh) In Marcel Mauss 2011 Lugn vi biiu ldng Hi Nfi, Nxb Tri thttc L6vi-Strauss Claude \995 Nhiit d&i buon (Ngd Ldm Binh djch, 2013) Hd Nfi, Nxb Tri thttc L6 Ngpc Httng 2008 Ljeh su vd ly thuyit xa hgi hgc Hd Nfi, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Mauss Marcel 1925 Lu^n vi biiu tgng (Nguyen Tttng djch, 2013) Hd Nfi, Nxb Tri thttc Ritzer George (editor) 2005 Encyclopedia ofSocial Theory Califomia: Sage Publications Sterner, Philippe 2005 Durkheim and the Birth of Economic Sociology, (Translated by Keith Tribe) Princeton: Princeton University Press Weber, Florence 2007 Hudng din mgt ddn tgc chi vi cdc cung ung khong thdng qua thf trudng (Nguydn Tttng djch) In Marcel Mauss 2011 Lugn vi bieu t$ng Hi Nfi, Nxb Tri thttc 78 Tiep cpn nhdn hgc vd xa hgi hgc ve trao doi x3 hgi (Homans, 1958) Nhiing kiln giai v l ttao dli xa hgi cda Homans chju anh huflmg lom bfli nha tam ly hgc xa hpi Elton Mayo (hpc gid noi tiing voi cdc nghien cflu thyc nghifm frong nhumg nam 1930) va quan niem v l xd hpi hpc kinh t l cda nhd xa hdi hpc ngudi Y V Pareto Hai cflng ttinh nghifln cuu quan ttgng nhdt md Homans triln khai xay dung ly thuylt tiao d l i xa hpi Id: Nhdm ngudi (Tbe Human Group, 1950) vd Hdnh vi xd hpi: cdc hinh thitc sa ddng cita nd (Social Behaviour: Its Elementary Forms, 1961) ^Thay vi ehu y l u ndi tdi hanh vi cd nhdn vd tucmg tdc xa hpi c i u true xa hfi vi mo nhu Homans, Peter Blau'^ quan tam nghien cim sy ttao dfli xd hpi ttong moi quan he vdi ciu tnic xa hpi vi mfl Blau cho rdng cdn phai nghien cflu cac qua trinh dom gidn cd sdn, da cho cdc mfli tucmg tdc xd hdi hang ngdy cua cdc ca nhdn Dfl la xuit phat diflm dk hilu cau tnic xa hfl phflc tap va cdc quan hf xa hpi phflc tap ke cd quai he quyfln lyc Trao dfli xa hpi ehi la mgt khia canh, mft m^t cfla hdnh vi xd hdi nhung lgi cfl vai tro dac bift quan ttpng doi vdl sy hdi nhap, dodn kflt, thflng nhat xd hgi, tflc la lam cho cd nhdn gan kflt vdi nhflm, tgo thdnh nhdm xa hdi Ddc tnmg cua ttao dfli xa hfi Id cfl gia tti npi sinh, mgt sfl ttao dfli khflng the lupng gid So sanh vdi ttao dfli kinh tl, trao ddi xa hfi cd hai chflc ndng co bdn: 1) tgo mfli quan be gdn kit, thifn chi, tin egy, nhat tri ttong xa hpi va 2) tao moi quan he quygn lyc gifta cdc ben tham gia ttao dfli^'* Tfl trao ddi xa hpi cfl vai trd tgo dyng va phat ttien cac gia trj, chudn myc ciia nhflm, tfl chflc va cflng dflng Tuang ddng vdi Homans, Blau nhdn mgnh den nguyfln tdc cung cd lpi Id co chl goc cfla cdc tuong tac xd hgi Id chuan myc xa hgi ca ban quy djnh vd digu tigt mgi quan he tuomg tdc va hdnh vi ttao ddi; cac ca nhdn lufln cfl xu hudng ty so sdnh sy diu tu cfla hg vdi phan thuflmg hp nhgn dupc Tuy nhifln, Blau md rgng eip dp nghien cflu sy ttao dli xa hpi sang thiet che xa hpi vd cho rang ttong to chflc, ttong thigt chg vd he thflng xd hpi Iflm, trao doi khdng difln tryc tiep ma gidn tigp Thflng qua sy ttao d l i gian tilp, cac cd nhdn nhai dupc sy ung hp tu nhiflu ngudi khdc va d l i lgi cdc cd nhan phai thfla hiep vd chip nhgn nhflng gia trj, chuan myc chung Blau dd dua mflt phien ban cdu true cua ly thuylt ttao d l i xd hpi, vupt ngoai khuon khfl quy gidn luan tam ly hpc ve sy lya chpn ca nhdn cfla cdc tdc gid nhu George Homans Lap lugn cho rang su ttao dli cfl di cfl lai v l lpi ich gifla cac chu the cd thi bifln mat hogc khflng hoan chinh, chdng hgn eac quan he quyln lyc cd tac dpng, da khifln cho ly thuyet ttao ddi cfla Blau ttd nen dang tin egy hon v l mgt xd hfi hgc, it la vdi nhftng ' Trong euln sdch Trao ddi vd quyin luc ddi sdngxS hgi (1964), Peter Blau vidt: "Cic qud trinh xa hfi CO bin chi phii cac moi lien hf gitta ngudi ed nguIn gdc qud trinh tdm ly, vl dy nhu cdc qud triiJi CO sd cua sttc hdp ddn gitta cic cd nhdn vdi vd cdc mong muon dupc nhgn cdc phdn thudng khdc Cdc qudtt-inhctta sy hdp dan xd hfi, vl v^y da Uo theo cdc qui trinh ctta sy trao ddi xd hfi Cde qud trinhttaodli, sau dd, lim ndy sinh sy phdn hda quyen lyc", infl-ongJames Farganis 1993 Readings in Social Theory: The Classic Tradition to Post-Modernism MacGraw-Hill, lnc:^trang 252 * Blau phdn tich mdi quan hf gitta trao doi xd hfi vd quydn lye: ffon^ tt^o doi xd hfi, quyln lye Id thtt cd thf dem tt-ao doi de ldy thtt khdc Do dd, ngudi cd quyln lyc van cdn phii quan hf tuong tdc vdi ngudi khdc dl nhan dupc nhttng thtt can thidt vd cd gid ttj Vf dy: nhOng ngudi hfi ddng y khoa tao cdc thli tuc ch$t chg, nhilu qud muc d l i vdi vifc cdp gidy phap hinh nghe y, chu yeu dl eung c6 vj trf v i uy tfn CLia hp chinh ITnh vyc niy ... vd xa hgi hgc vi trao ddi xa hpi nen Id ben vChig, khdng the chia cdt, vd bdng cdch sy trao dli frd mft thdnh tfl cdng cy quan frgng Ong da nhan dien hai hinh thdi ehfl ylu cfla trao dli theo bdn... theo bdn phan, dd la trao dfli qua tgng cd di cfl Iai va trao dli chinh trj mang tinh chit phan phdi Iai Tfl dfl, Mauss da khdi qudt vl sy ton tgi cua nin kinh tl dfli chdc vd trao dli hien vat... MacGraw-Hill, Inc:ttang252 * Blau phdn tich mii quan hf gitta trao dli xd hfi vi quyln Iyc:tt-ongtrao ddi xi hfi, quyln lyc Id thtt cd thf dem trao dli dd ldy thtt khic Do dd, ngudi cd quydn lye van
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