30 ( ) - : N G H l g N CCfU VAN H A VAN HOfl Vf^ Sir PHflT TRI€N TAM LV D6 Ngpc Anh' Tdm tat: Vin hda c/i/nh ngu&i vi xa hdi torn ngudi tgo ra, li yiu t6 quan trgng vi dn thdt di phpc vgchosw phit triin tim ly da ngudi ndi dung vi da tri em ndi riing Ndi dung da vin hda dinh li dii tupng, la kit qua m i dira tre dn ddm Sinh, li ddu kdn di ciu tnic tri tui da tri dupc hinh Do viy, swphat triin tam ly da tri khdng tdd khdi mdi tnrdng vin hda, ddu kiin sing, ddu kdn xa hdi, die bdt li ddu kdn giio dgc Tir khda: Vin hda, tim ly, phatJtriin N am 1952, hai nha nhfin hpc Hoa Ky la Khii nigm vin hda, dupc nhifiu nhi khoa A.L.Krober vi A.C.Kluckhohn hpc ttong nude, ngoii nude djnh nghTa khic cuon Vdn hda: diem lpi cd phe phdn cdc khdi Tuyfin bo chung cda UNESCO t?i hpi nifm vd dinh nghia dii thu thap dupc 164 djnh nghj tfil gidi vl chfnh sfich vin hda thing 8nghia vi quan nigm khie vfi van hda Sd 1982 khing djnh: van hda ed tfifi dupc xem li lupng djnh nghia eho din ngiy hdm da ting toin bp phuc till nhung nfit noi b|t vl tinh Ifin ding kfi, tfi|t khd cd dua dupe si tiifin, v|t chit, tti thuc vi tinh cam d|c ttung chfnh xic Cd le, vin hda li mflt ttong nhirng eho mflt xa hfli hay mflt nhdm xa hpi Nd khong chi gom nghg thu|t, vin hpc, mi cdn ca ph?m ttd dupc de c|p, tfifio lu|n nhieu nhit vi ldi song, eic quyln eo ban cda ngudi, cic cdng cd nhilu cieh tilp e|n vi giii tfifch nhit hg tiidng gii tti, truyen tfidng vi tfn nguang V|y till nio li vin hda? Vin hda vi phit ttifin Nim 2001, ttong Tuyfin bo toin cau eua tim \f cd mli quan hfi vdi nhu tfil nio? Cd UNESCO ve da d?ng vin hda Djd hpi dong phai vin hda Ii nhan to khdi diu cho sy phit lin tfiu 31 eda UNESCO tfidng qua, khii nifim ttien tam 1^ eda ngudi ndi chung vi cua ttfi niy, ve co ban dupc khing djnh vi cd tfiay doi em ndi rifing ttong rali quan hg vdi mdi ttudng ddi chdt Vifit Nam, Chd tjeh Hfi Chf Minh yin hda khofing? Tdi nghi ring, nhung vin dfi cho ring: "VI le sinh tin cdng nhu myc dfch eda cuflc song, loii ngudi mdi sing t^o vi phit ay, cantfiietphai dupc nghifin cuu minh ngfln ngu, chir vilt, dao due, phip Iu|t, I Cfic khii nifm' khoa hpc, tfln giio, vin hpc, nghg tfiu|t, nhung •Vin hda Id gi? cdng ey cho sinh host hing ngiy ve m|e, in, d Danh tir vin hda da xuit hign sdm vi cie phuang tfiue su dyng Toin bfl nhung ddi sdng ngfln ngu d ca phuong Ddng phit minh sing t^o dd li vin hda Vin hda Ii lan phuong Tay "6 phuang Dflng, M?nh svr tflng hpp cda mpi phuang tfiuc sinh ho?t Tu di ndi: 'Thfinh nhfin ddng vfin hda eda cdng vdi bilu hifin eda nd mi loii ngudi san Hoa H? dfi tfiay ddi phong tyc eda ngudi Di, sinh nhim thfch img vdi nhimg nhu ciu ddi ngudi Djch, ehu chua ndi ngudi Hoa Ha, bi sdng vi ddi hdi cua sy sinh tin" (2) ngudi Di, ngudi Djch giio hda 1^" Trong Tu nghifin cuu mflt si djnh nghia ve vin hoi Wu dd, d phuong Tfiy, Ciee'ron - nhi hdng cda eic tic gii ttong vi ngoii nudc chung tfii bifn tfldi e l La Ma - cung tirng ed eau: 'Trilt tfiiy cd tfil nfiu Ifin nhimg nfit nghia chd ylu mi hpc la vin hda isu vun ttong) tinh tfiin" (1) khii nigra vin hda cda cic tie gifi da chi ra: Vin hda la mflt boat dpng sing t?io ehi rigng eon ngudi mdi cd, eon ngudi Ii chd thfi Mrt ^ " * ^ ° " *^ ^^" *^ *^^ f*^ ^^ C*" sing t^o vin hda van h6a va sy phit triln tam IV 31 - Ho9t dpng sfing t ^ vin hda bao ttnm len mpi nnh vuc cda ddi sing eon ngudi: ddi song v|t chit, ddi song xa hfli, ddi sdngtinhtfiin - Tri thirc: Dupe bing d Ig so ngudi ldm bifit chir vi d lg n h ^ bpe eic cap gifio dvK (tifiu hpc, trung hpc, dai hoc) Thinh tuu cua nhimg boat dflng sing tao dd li cic gii ni vin hda Cic gii tti van hda dupe ttuyen tu tfifi hg niy sang tfil hf khac bang duong giio due - Thu nhap: Mdc sing bing GDP binh quan diu ngudi Nhu v|y khai nigm phat triln phfii bao ham ca GDP vi HDI Chi cd GDP khong cd HDL Van hda cda mfli cpng ddng ngudi cd nguoi ed thfi sung tuc nhung chua chic da nhiing die tfnh rifing hinh tf.inh ttong ljch su ed hanh phuc Trtmg thitc tfi mflt sd nudc theo dfi phfin bifit cpng dong nguci niy vdi cpng dudi tang truang chi ehu ttpng vio tang ddng ngudi khic trudmg kinh tfi da din dfin hfiu qua kinh tfi cd Do dd edtfifindi: Van hda li su phit ttifin tang brudng nhung keo theo Ii nan tfiit nghifip nhung nang l^e ban chit eda eon ngudi, tfifi gia tang, tg nan xa hpi, phan hda giiu nghfio hifn ttting boat dpng sang tao vi kit tinh l?i siu sic; ho|c tang ttudng kinh tl nhung chfnh tfiinh nhumg gii ui v|t chfit vi tinh tfiin, ed trj khflng on dinh, ting ttudng kinh tl nhung tic dyng tfiue diy toin xa hfli vi nhan cich dan dfin suy tfioii ve dao due, tin pha radi ^ ^ ngudi phfit trifin theo hudng dat tdi chan - trudng, fl nhifira moi ttudng nghifim ttpng thign - ray UNESCO da dua khii nigm: Phit ttiln - Phdt triin Id gi? tfit nhien Ii svr tfiay ddi nhung khflng phai svr Trude day,ttxingrapttfidigian dii, cie hpc tfiay ddi tao su cich bigt ma se tao nhirng gia phuong 'Tay cd xu hudng dflng nghia khii d|ctt'nhdie trung cua xa hfli vi dam bao cho nigm phat triln vi khii nigm tang nudng, dya mdi ci nhan mflt cuflc s&ig ed chit lupng cao vio tieu chf tang trudng kinh te dl dinh gii su ea vg v|t chit Ian tinh tiiin Nhu vay Ii khii phit tiign cua mflt nudc, tigu chf eda svr tang nifim phit ttifin phai bao gom ca ting ttudng ttudng 1^ dya vio GDP qudc gia vi GDP bmh kinh te, tifin bp xi hfli, hanh phuc ngudi qufin dfiu ngudi (tdng sin phira qudc dan vi vi bao v^ mfii trudng sinh thii tdng sfin phiratiiunh|p binh quan dau ngudi) TTiyc tl cho tfifiy cich tfnh dd khdng phan inh ddng sy tfi|t khich quan, tifiu chf tang trudng kinh tfi ehi li mflt tifiu chf ttrong ddi xfit vfi m|t kinh tl ndirifing,eho tfiiy dupc bp mil ddi sflng vat chit eda xa hpittfinnhung net Idn Cdn neu xfit vi ni|t vin hda - xa hfli tfii so tingttudmgkinh te chua cho bifit dupe gi Nhu v|y khii nigra ting ttudng khong bao him dupe khii nifim phat ttiln Khai nigm tang ttudng ein phfii di kfim mpt sd chittfiuvin hda - xa hpi, mdi ndi rd dupe chit eda svr phit ttifin Cic nhi ho?eh djnh chinh sach trfin tfie gidi da dua khii nifm HDI (Human Development hidex), la mflt thudc ting quit ve phfit trifin eon ngudi, theo batifiuehi sau: - Sue khde: Mflt cupc sdng dii lau vi khde m^nh bing mditfipttungbinh Cd tfi^ thay ndi len mflt sd die dilra eda phit ttien li: - Phit trien li sv v|n dflng bifin dli tfieo chifiu hudng di Ifin - Phit trifin tuan tfieo nhung quy lufit bign chung tu nhifin die bigt eua nd - Nd bifiu hifin vi cd mat d mpi ITnh vvre cda cuflc sflng tttmg dd cd van hda - Phdt triin Idm ly la gi? V|n dyng nguyfin IJ- phat ttifin cda ehd nghia Mic-Lenin, cie nhi tam ly hpc boat dpng eho ring su phit ttiln tam Iy li qui ttinh bifin dli tam ly eua moi ei tfifi di tir don gian dfin i*uc tap, tir sd lupng dfin chit lupng cie chure mng eau tao tfim I^,ttrcho ehua bj phan hoi dfin chd f*an hda tfieo nhihig quy lu|t khac eua su hinh thinh cic ylu tl, cic hifnttrpngtam Iytt^ttf.upctfieottinglua tiifli 32 Vi v|y ed thi ndi svr phit ttifin tam ly ngudi khie bin vdi svr phfit trifin co thfi vi nd mfin theo hfi thong eic quy lu|t rifing rfit phirc t?p suit qui trinh Hnh hfli kfi thua di san vin hda xa hdi eda loii ngudi Qnan hf giiia van hda vk svr phat trien Van hda vi phit ttifin ludn ding hinh vdi nhau, cd mdi quan hg bign chung thong nhat vdi nhau, khdng thg tich rdi khdi ttong cie quan he da dang vi phong phd Xet theo kigu quan hg sinh thii tfu phit trign lufln cd ttuoc, la nguyfin nhfin cda nhimg gifi tti vin hda Vin hda li cii ed sau, nd dupc sinh tu sy phit trifin Nhung chinh van hda, hay ndi ey thfi hon ehi'nh Ii vi nhu cfiu eua cuflc sdng ed vin hda eda nhan Ioai, vl svr hudng thy ngiy eing cao hon ve gii tn vin hda mi ddi hdi xa hfli phai phit trifin khflng ngihig C^ian hg giua vin hda vi phit triln li mli quan hg giua truygn thong vi hifin d?ii, gida bilu hign eda sy ygn tinh vi ttfing tfiii bifin dflng khflng ngimg (vin hda li bifiu hign eda sy yfin tinh, cdn phit trifin ludn d tt^g thii dflng) (12) • 2014: NGHlfeN CCfU VAN H A nhu v|y phfit triln mdi d^t tdi sy hii hda, ben viing, mdi dem Ifd hfuih jrfidc dfch thyc cho eon ngudi, mdi gifii phdng mpi khfi nfing sing tao cda ngudi, ddng thai mdi dam bfio eho moi qudc gia ton tfd dfle l|p t\f ehd, giir g ^ vi phat huy ban sic van hda cua dan tflc minh Xay dimg nin van hda Vigt Nam tten tiln, d|m d i ban sic dan tflc li mflt chd tnrong ddng din cua Dfing Cflng sfin Vigt Nam, thi bign ro svr nh|n thuc ve moi quan hfi gida vfin hda vi phit tiifin ttong xu the toin cfiu hda hign Vfin hda va svr phfit trien tam h' ci nhfin Van hda ddng vai trd quan trpng sy phit triln tfim If ci nhan (Jul trtnh phfit trifin tfim h' cfi nhfin li qui trtnh ITnh hfli nen vin hda v|t chat vi tinh than cda loii ngirdi tfieo co ehe kl tfiua xa hfli - ljch su, dd chfnh li qui ttinh linh hpi nin van hda xa hfli, ldnh nghifm xa hfli ljch su eda ngudi, cda the hf ttudc biln tfiinh cda rifing moi ngudi, cua tfie hf minh Trong qui trtnh Ijch su eda cie ttie hfi ngudi, ngudi bing hinh dflng lao dflng sing tfio cda minh da ghi l^i kinh nghifm, ning lyc, pham chit cda minh vio ttong cic UNESCO da khing djnh: "Vin hda phii cflng ey, ttong cfic d l ddng, ttong cie tic dupc xep d vj ttf trung tfim vi ddng vai ttd pham, teong cie mli quan hfi ngudi vdi ngudi Nhu v|y li ngudi da lira nfin gii dilu tilt cua phit ttiln" tri vfit chat vi tinh thin eho xa hfli, nin vin Hifin quan difim cua eic quic gja ti-fin hda xa hfli Do dd, nin vfin hda ngiy mflt phfit tfie gidi cung diu khing djnh li phfii giir ^ bfin trien sfiu sic vi phong phu hem sfic vin hda dfin tflc vi md cda hpp tic, tilp tfiu ttnh hoa van hda nhan lo^i dl phfit ttiln Diira ttfi sinh ttong dieu kifin vin hda xi O Vigt Nam, de tfiyc hign myctifiuphit tiiln hfli da dupc hinh tfiinh phfit ttiln Nhflng gii hii hda cfic nhfin tl kinh te xa hfli, vin hda, lim tti vin hda d6 ttd tfiinh eii vln sin ed, lim cho dfin giiu nudc mjnh, xa hfli cflng bfing, vfin nguin goc niy sinh - phit tiiln tfim 1^ ^ tfidc, minh, Uiyc sy nang cao chit lupng sflng cho nhfin cieh eda ttfi Diia tie ttong qufi ttinh sinh ngudi Ding, Nhi nude va nhan dfin ta da ehd sing ttong xa hfli nhit djnh, sfi lufln hofit dpng ttuong phit huy ttuyin tiling vfin hda dan tflc, ti'eh cvrc vdi till gidi xung quanh (nhit Ii till dflng tfldi phai giao luu hpc hdi h ^ tfiy eii hay, gidi v|t chda dvmg vfin hda eon ngudi cii tit eda nfin vin hda vin minh nhfin Io?ii da t?o ra), quan hg vdi nhirng ngudi xung quyfit tfim giu ^bansficvfinhdaeuadfintpc quanh (giao tilp ttong xfi hfli), tir dd ITnh hfli cua ndnh (3iu ttuong niy dupe tfil hifn ttong nin vfin hda Tuy nhifin ttfi khflng tvr Idn Ifin suot qufi ttinh lanh d?o phit ttiln dit nudc eua ttong mfli trudng vfin hda Nd chi cd till ITnh Dang Cflng sfin Vifit Nam hfli dupc gii tti vin hda ed vai ttd ttung Phit ttiln la xu hudng tit yfiu eda xa hfli gian cda ngudi Idn loii ngudi, nhung phit ttiln phai Ifiy vfin hda Nen vin hoi li cfii von cd, dfle l|p vdi trfi, lim n&i tfing, lim myc tifiu vi dflng lyc Cd li khich till cda ttfi Ngudi Idtn di dem nin van iioa va sy pnat trien tam ly 33 vfin hda xa hfli dfin vdi ttfi, hudng din, gidp ttfi lmh hfli chung ed hifu qua vi chmh tre phii boat dpng, giao nip dl tfii tao nin van hoi xa hpi, biln dupc tdi sdn van hda chung cua loii ngudi tiiinh tii san rifing, tfiinh kinh nghifm, tfim h' eda rifing minh Vfin hda xa hfli ehfnh l i nfli dung cda tfim li, vin hda cd vai ttd quylt djnh ttong vige hinh tfiinh phit ttiln nhan cfich Dfi cd tfil kilm soit dupc anh hudng to Idn eda mfli ttudng van hda xa hpi dfin ttfi phfii cd su tfl chue giio dye die bifit vdi svr kit hpp giua cflng ding xa hfli, gia dinh, eic Ivre lupng khic tfiam gia giio dye Trong dd gia dinh li ylu to diu tien, ddng vai ttd quan trpng ttong vige ttuyin dat eic gii tn van hda vi phit ttiln tam If eda ttfi Phai xa hpHida cflng tic gifio dye, giio dye suit ddi, ^ ^ ^ c mpi noi, rapi Idc, dfi tfio raflt mfli "!vSn hda xi hfli ttong sfieh, linh manh 10 tte phit trifin tfim li Tuy nhifin moi dan tflc, moi nhdm ngudi dfiu ed nfin van hda khic nhau, t?o nfin bin sic vin hda rifing cua minh vi v|y sfi anh hudng khie din xu hudng tam If, tt'nh cieh eda moi cflng ding ngudi Ngiy nhd giao luu vin hda rflng rai, cfic nen vfin minh du nh|p lan ttuyfin nhanh chdng, eho nen sy khic bigt vl tfim If thu hfp l?i Nhung moi dfin tflc lufln cd f tfiue giu ^ bfin sic vin hda dfin tflc minh, khflng eho nd hda tan hay bj ding hda, mai mpt, vi v|y tinh rifing eda vin hda khflng mit bin, sy khie bigt ve tfim If cda moi dfin tflc van tin t?i Kltlu^ Vfin hda chfnh ngudi vi xa hfli loii ngudi tso ra, nhung ehfnh nd lai li ylu tfl quan ttpng vi ein tfiilt dl phye vy eho svr phit ttifin tfim ly ngudi Van hda li mpt nfli dung quan trpng dl ttfi Rnh hpi hinh tfiinh vi phit ttifin tii mfi Npi dung eda van hda ehi'nh D Ngpc Anh: Culture and psychology li ddi tupng, li kfit qua mi diia trfi can ebifim ITnh, l i difiu kign dfi cfiu tnic tri tug cda trfi dupc hinh tfiinh Svr phat ttifin tfim \f cda ti-fi khflng tich khdi difiu kifin xa hfli, dieu kifn song, die bigt l i diln kign giio dyeV D.N.A 1- Chuyfin dan tu Ph^m Xuin Nam, Su da dgng vdn hda vd ddi thogi gida cdc nen vdn hda, mpt gdc nhintitViftNam,Nxb KHXH.H.,2013,tt 17 Hfi CM Minh, Todn tgp, tfip m, Nxb CWnh ni Qufic gia, H., 1995,ti.431 Tii lifu tham khao Ph?m Minh Hac (1996), Phdt gido dgc, phdt trien ngudi phyc vy phdt trien xd hpi • kinh ti Nxb KHXH, Hi Nfii Ph?m Minh H?c (1996), Vdn di ngudi su nghifp cdng nghifp hda - hifn dpi hda Nxb Chlnh tti Quoc gia Hi Nfii Ph^m Minh H»c (1998), Vdn hod vd gido dgc gido due vd vdn hod Nxb Giio dye Hi Nfii Leontev A.N (1980), Hogt dpng - f Ihiic nhdn cdch Nxb Giio dye, Hi Nfii Vu Duong Ninh (1977), Lfch sii vdn minh nhdn logi Nxb Giao dye, Hi Nfii Osteritfi P (1993), Nhgp mdn tdm If hgc tre em Nxb Y hpc - Trung tim Nghifin ciru tim 1^ ttfi em Hi Nfii Tran Ngpc Them (1977), Casa vdn hod Vift Nam Tnidng DHKHXH vi NV Tp Hi CW Minh Hoing Trinh (1996), Van di vdn hod vdphdt triin, Nxb CWnh tn Quoc gia Hi Nfii Trin Quoc Vupng (19%), Vdn hod dgi cuang vd ca sd vdn hod Vift Nam Nxb KHXH Hi Npi 10 Kevin Durkin (1995), Developmental Social Psychology (Tom If hgc xd hgi phdt triin), Blackwell Pulishers 11 Berry J.W, Foornga Y.H , Segall M.H., Dasen P.R (1992), Cross-culmral psychology (Tdm ly hgc xuyen vdn hda) Cambridge University Press development Human being and its society created culture which is an important and necessary factor to serve and develop people's psychology in general, and chiWren's psycholigy in particular Guttural contents is a sul^ect, a result chiWren need to grasp Thus, devetopment dt chikJren mentaHy could not seoarate cultural envHonment, life and social condition, especially in educative conditton Key words: Culture, psychotogy, devetopment