Di cu xuyen bien gioi cua cac toe nguoi thilu s6 & vung Tay Bac Vii Trudng Giang' ' H9C vi?n Chinh trj khu vyic I Email: giangnhanhoc@yahoo.com.vn Nh|n ngiy 10 thing nam 2017 Chip nh^n dang ngiy thing3 nSm 2017 Tom tat: Di cu xuyen bien gidi va quan ly di cu dii vdi cac tpc ngudi thilu s6 viing Tay Bic khong chi don thudn la van de di lai, cu tni va tiln hanh cac boat dpng sinh kl, hon nhan, ma cfin la van dl kinh te, xa hpi, vdn hoa, moi trudng, chinh trj, qufic phong, an ninh d vfing biln gidi quoc gia Co dang thfic di cu la: xudt canh lao dpng, xuat cdnh du hpc, xuat canh hgp thfic hoa hon nhan - gia dinh va budn ban ngudi qua bi€n gidi Nguyen nhan khien cdc tpc ngudi thieu so di cu, bao gIm cac nguyen nhan ve kinh tS - xa hpi, vdn hoa tpc ngudi, hogt dpng cua cac ton giao Tham gia quan Iy di cu co cdc thiet chl "quan phuong" va "phi quan phuong" Hogt dpng cua cac thiet che budc dau dgt dugc hipu qua Tir kh6a: Tdy BSc, di cu, bien gidi, tpc ngudi thilu sl Abstract: Cross-border migration and migration management in relation to the ethnic minori^ groups in the Northwestern region of Vietnam are not merely issues of travel, residence, livelihoods and marriages, but also economic, cultural, environmental, political issues and those of security and defense at the national border There are types of migration, including those of guest workers, overseas students, marriages and family reunions, and victims of cross-border ttafficking Migration of the ethnic minority people results from socio-economic reasons and those of ethnic cultures and activities of religions As for the two migration management institutions, one is in the administtative apparatus, and the other is not Both the two institutions have gained initial results Keywords: the Northwestern region, migration, border, ethnic minority groups LDgtvande Tay Bdc Vipt Nam Id vfing da dgng vl dan cu vd ljch sfi cu tiii cfia cdc tpc ngudi thilu so tiiupc nhilu nfadm ngon ngft khdc (Thdi-Kadai, Mfing-Dao, Tgng-Miln vd 40 Mfin-Khmer) Tay Bdc cung Id vfing lanh thfi cd dudng bien gidi vdi Trung QuIc vd Ldo Mpt s6 tpc ngudi Tay Bdc cd quan hi nguIn cpi vdi mfit s l tpc ngudi d ben biln gidi Vipt - Trung cflng nhu Vipt - Lao Cfi thl k i din cac tpc ngufii cd mdt cd d Vu Trudng Giang Viet Nam, Trung Qufic vd Lao nfau Tfadi, Mong, Dao, Tdy, Kfaa Mfi, La Hfi, Ha Nfal, Pfafi La, Gidy, Cong vd Si La Quan fae gifla nfafing nguoi dong tpc d hai ben bien gidi vdn dugc tri, vipc di cu van Id faipn tugng kfad phfi biln, dd vd dang cd nhiing tdc dfing khdc din ddi sfing kinfa tl, cfainh tri, xa hpi, vdn fada vd an ninfa qufic pfadng Bdi viet trinh bay cdc dang tfafic di cu, pfaan ticfa nguyen nfaan di cu, ddnfa gia vl quan Iy di cu cua tfailt cfal "quan pfauong" va "pfai quan pfauong" dfii voi cdc tpc ngudi tfailu sfi vung Tdy Bdc Cac fainh tfaiirc di cu* xuyen bien gidi cua cac tpc ngirdi thieu so Theo Cue Lanh sy - Bp Ngogi gjao, d Viet Nam faien cd hinh tiific di cu chinh: xudt cdnh lao dpng; xudt canfa du hgc; xuat cdnh ^ fagp tiific hda hfin nhdn - gia dinfa (bao gfim cd viec cfao/nfaan nufii) va bufin t)an ngudi qua biln gicd [3, tt.lT] Tgi vfing Tay Bac, so lieu xudt cdnfa/di cu du fapc vd hgp thficfafiafaonnhan - gia dmh hiln kfafing dugc cap nhdt thudng xuyIn, khd ndm bdt Bai vilt ndy phdn tich ba huih thfic di cu, gfim di cu di lao dpng, di cu bufin ban ngudi vd di cu hon nhdn Ddy cung la nhungfainhthiic di cu dat nfailu van dl cfao cdc nfad qudn ly xdfapifaipnnay Thu nhdt, di cu lao dpng Vipc dua ngudi lao dpng di lam vipc d nude ngoai la mpt chfi truong, cfainfa sdcfa Ion cfia Ddng va Nhd nude, gdp phdn pfadt trien kinh te va fin djnh doi sfing cfia ngudi ddn Tuy nhiln, lyc lugng lao dpng cfia cac tinfa Tay Bdc dugc dua nude ngodi lam vipc tfaeo dudng chinfa ngacfa tfaufing chiem ty le thap Tu nam 2009 din ndm 2014, todn vfing mdi xudt kfadu dugc trln 9.000 lao dfing, dgt kfaoang 10% so vdi cfai tieu dat [23] Trong do, thi truong xudt kfadu lao dfing "cfaui" d Tdy Bdc dien kfad nfapn nfajp Theo so lieu cfia Cyc Qudn ly Lao dpng ngodi nude (Bp Lao dpng - Tfauong binh vd xd hpi) "Tfi ndm 2011 din nam 2014, cd hen 20 vgn lao dpng da vd dang lao dpng trdi phep tgi Trung Qufic Trong dfi, 55% lao dpng CO trinh dp tieu hpc; 20% kfafing bilt chft; 55% ldm rupng; 30% khfing nghi; 30% di lao dpng thfing qua biln gifii, thoi gian lao dfing dudi tfaang chilm 60%; 65% di qua dudng tieu nggch, duong mdn; faon 45% Id cdc tpc ngudi thieu sfi, cfafi ylu d dp tuoi lao dpng" [24] Bao cdo cfia Ban Chi dao Tdy Bdc cfao bilt: "Tinh ttgng di cu ty cfia dfing bdo ddn tpc thilu so dien biln phfic tap; ttong nam 2014 da pfadt faipn 1.073 hp voi 5.563 nfadn kfadu di cu ty do, ttong di cu ttong nufifc 761 hp/4.047 kfaau, di cu di nude ngodi 312/1.726 khau" [25] (Bang 1) khu vyc bien gioi Viet - Lao, tinh lunh di cu xuyIn biln gidi ciing ddt nfaieu van dl, dfii hfii pfadi cd sy ngfaien cfin ngfaiem tfic va nfaiing gidi phdp hiiu hipu nhdm hgn cfal nhung tdc dpng tilu cyc Co nghiin cfiu cfai rdng: "Nfadt la d cac tinh Dipn Biln, Son La, Ngfap An, di cu ty gdn lien vdi truyin dao ttdi phep, mua bdn, van chuyen trdi phep cdc chat ma tfiy Bfi dpi bien pfaong cac tinfa phdt hien 126 fa6/641 khdu (tdng 65 fap/318 khdu so voi ndm 2014); ttong do, di cu sang Lao 71 fa6/35I kfaau, vdo kfau vyc biln gidi hp/I28 khdu, di cu di noi khdc 46 fap/162 khdu; kit hfin khfing gid thu 14 ngudi Hipn nay, d khu vyc biln gidi phia Ldo cd khoang 49.000 ngudi Vipt lao dpng ty do, gay nen mpt sfi tinh hmh phfic tap, pfaia Lao khfing qudn Iy dugc so dfii tugng tten" [26] 41 Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, so (113) - 2017 Bang 1: So lu(;mg cong dan Vi^t Nam xuat cAnh trdi p h ^ tir nam 2010 din thang 6/2016 tai mOt s6 tinh [18], [20], [21] N5m Ldo Cai Lai ChSu Di^n Bien Dan Dan Hd Giang Cao Bang Ddn DSn Dan Ddnn^i Ddn DdnnOi Ddn Ddn khu vyc djavd khu khu n$i khu n$i djavd khu n$i dja virc dia vtrc djavi biSn cdc thih vgc cdc tinh vtrc vdcdc bien vi bifin cdc gidi khdc bien khdc bien tinh gidi cac gidi tinh gidi khdc tinh gidi khac khdc 2010 58 03 100 28 1.370 366 815 111 2011 112 70 122 06 241 100 1.218 634 1.539 290 2012 60 20 89 113 22 2.431 956 1.215 204 2013 55 18 53 375 64 2.303 944 1.373 308 2014 79 31 119 2.113 400 2.188 872 7.125 892 2015 75 26 79 55 4.180 208 4.145 1.230 10.916 850 1-6/2016 62 11 115 4.258 300 2.685 1.763 5.120 579 Tha hai, di cu bufin b ^ ngudi Vipt Nam dugc ddnh gid la mpt nfafing qufic gia ma cdc logi hinh tpi pham hen quan din bufin ban ngudi (d|ic bipt Id phy nft vd tri em) phat triln tuong dfii phfic tap cd npi dja va xuyIn biln gifii, nhdt la ttong bfii cdnh md cfia vdfapinfapp Trong nfaihig ndm qua, ttIn dja bdn todn qufic, tinfa lunfa bufin ban ngudi (ddc bipt Id phy nu vd tte em) nude ngodi dien phfic tgp, da dang Tgi cdc tinh Tay Bdc, tinfa hinh tpi phgm bufin ngudi dien khd phuc tgp Khu vyc biln gioi cfia tinh Lao Cai gfim 26 xd, phudng vfii 383 tfafin, bdn vd tfi dan phfi vdi 17 tpc ngudi Ddy cflng la tinh cd nhiiu cfia khdu, nhilu duong tiiu nggch sang Trung Qufic Chinfa vi v§y, Ldo Cai ttd tfadnfa dja ban gay an vd trung chuyin ngn nhdn mua bdn nguoi M§c dfi cac co quan chfic ndng d dja phuong dd ddu tranh quylt lipt, sfi vy dilu tta, khdm pha dn cang cao song tinh ttgng mua bdn phy nfi van dien nhuc nfafii Dl ttanfa sy pfaat hipn, truy bdt cfia co 42 quan cfing an, bp dpi biln phdng, bpn tpi pham su dung nhieu thu doan nfau mfii gioi qua nfailu khdu trung gian kfaac nfaau, hoac sfi dyng giay thfing fadnfa qua cua kfaau Ngoai ra, chfing cdn cdu kit chdt chl vdi ngudi mua, ngufii bdn vd ngirdi mfii gidi dan ddt, chfi dpng Idm quen, tun cdcfa dy do, lira ggt, h?n giup dd dua di tim vipc lam cd thu nfagp cao ho^c lgi dyng phong tuc t|ip qudn cfia ngudi dan tpc tfailu sfi nhu: tyc keo vg cfia ngudi Mdng, d r l cfia ngufii Dao hiia hpn kit hfin, dy d5 ngn nhan lira bdn sang biln gidi Cdc dfii tugng thufing tim sfi phy nft cfi hodn canfa kfad kfadn, qud Ida Id tfai hodc nhflng ngudi nh^ da, cd tin, hdm Igi roi tilp can tdn tinh, ylu duong dl dy sang bien gidi Th$m chi chfing vd din nhd thdm dl bdt cdc tte em rdi Ip m? cua chung sang Trung Qu6c bdn vao cac dpng mgi dam hay ban cho nhftng ngudi ddn fing mugn vg Theo tdi lipu cfia Bg chi huy Bp dpi bien phdng tinfa Lai Cliau, mpt thfi dogn nfla Vii Trudng Giang cflng dugc bgn tfii phgm sfi dyng, dd Id dot nhdp nfaa ddn d l bdt cdc tre em vdo ban dim Hipn tugng ndy dugc gfai nfagn d mpt sfi xd thupc cdc huypn Phong Thfi va Sin Ho Thgm chi, cd bipt cd nhiing trudng hgp ke bat cdc lgi chinfa la ngudi rupt thjt cua ngn nfadn [27] Thu ba, di cu fafin nfaan Kfau vyc Tdy Bdc faipn cd nfaieu trudng fagp ngudi nude ngodi kit fafin voi nguoi Viet Nam, nhung khfing cd du gidy td tfiy than, kfafing ldm duoc ddng ky kit hfin Theo Bdo eao cfia Uy ban nhan dan tinh Dipn Biln: tinfa trgng kit hfin khfing gia tfafi cfia ngufii dan khu vyc bien gioi gifta faai nude Vilt Ldo ttIn da cd tfi nfailu ndm Trln dia bdn tinh hiln cfi 147 nguoi qufic tich Ldo (gfim cac dan tpc Mfing, Ldo, Kfaa Mu, Cfing) sang Viet Nam (cdc xd gidp biln gidi thupc cac huypn Dipn Bien, Mudng Cha, Nam P6, Mudng Nh6, Muong Ang va tfaanfa phfi Dien Bien) de lay vg (13 truong fapp), theo cfafing (124 truong fagp) Tong so ngufii ddn cfia tinfa Dipn Bien kit faon khfing gid thfi voi cong dan Lao (faipn dang cu trfi ttIn lanfa tfafi Ldo) Id 278 nguoi (gom cac ddn tpc Tfadi, Mfing, Ha Nhi, Kho Mfi, Lao; nam 96 nguoi, nfl 182 ngudi) [20] Nguyen nhan di cu* xuyen bien gidi cua cac tpc ngu'fii thilu s l 3.1 Nguyin nhdn Mnh te - xd hdi Vdi 350 pfaieu kfado sdt ^ kiln nguoi dan cac tpc nguoi tfaieu sfi miln nui phia Bdc vd ^ kiln cdn bp dja pfauong ve nfaung nguyen nhan kinh t l - xd fapi kfailn hp di cu xuyIn biln gioi, kit qud thu dugc co nhilu sy tuong dong v l -^ kiln Tfaeo "y kiln ngufii dan, Iy nguoi ddn cdc tpc nguoi tfaieu sd di cu xuyen bien gidi chiem ty lp cao nfaat la tfaieu vipc Idm (cfailm 93,3%) Nguyen nfaan cfailm t^ lp cao thfi hai Id tfailu ddt sdn xudt va mong mufin cd tfau nfa|ip caofaon(deu cfailm 33,3%) Y kien cac can bp dja phuang cung co sy tuong dfing vdi y kiin cfia nguoi ddn Tuy nfaien, theo cdc cdn bp, nguyin nhdn ngudi ddn di cu xuyen bien gidi chiem ty 11 cao nhdt Id mong muon cd tfau nfaap cao faon (cfailm 72,57%) Tiip tfaeo Id nguyen nfadn tfailu vipc lam (cfailm 70,29%) va nguyen nfaan xIp vj tri tfafi ba Id "thilu dat san xudt" (ehilm 46,86%) 3.2 Nguyen nhdn vdn hda tdc ngudi Nfailu nghien cfiu cfia cac nfaa ddn tfic fapc cfao tfaay, cdc tpc ngudi tfaieu so vfing Tay Bdc (nfau Tfadi, Nfing, Mfing, Dao, Ha Nfal ) diu Id nhflng tpc ngufii di cu (tu cdc quoc gia nfau Trung Qufic, Lao) sang miln nfii Tdy Bac Vipt Nam tfi nfailu thl ky trudc [22] Qua qua trinh sinfa sfing Idu ddi, cac tpc ngudi tfaieu sfi ndy diu trd tfadnfa cfing dan cua Viet Nam Tuy nfaien, mfii quan fap tpc ngudi xuyen biln gioi va nfaOng net bdn sdc vdn hda tpc nguoi vdn dugc tri Theo Bdo cdo cfia tfy ban nhdn dan tinh Dipn Biln, cdc tpc ngufii thilu s6 sinh sfing d biln gidi hdu hit diu cd quan hp ddn tfic, thdn tpc vfii ngudi dong tpc phia bin biln gidi Ndm 2013, d tuyin biln gidi Vipt - Ldo, 86 bdn cd quan hp than tpc vdi cdc bdn ben biln gidi vdi s6 ddn Id 692 hp/3.460 khdu (ttong dd, ngufii Mong co 86 bdn/6.573 h6/32.865 khdu; ngudi Thai cd 18 bdn/1.745 hp/ 8.725 khdu); tuyin biln gidi Vipt - Trung cfi ban/315 fap/1.575 Khoa hpc ^ hpi Vipt Nam, so (113) - 2017 ngudi Ha Nhi cd quan he tiian tpc voi cdc bdn bin biln gidi [7, tt.42] S6 lipu kfado sat tiiu dupe tiifing tin tii nfaftng gia ifinfa cd ngudi than di cu sang nude ngodi cfao thdy: ly ngudi ddn cac tpc ngufii tfailu s6 di cu xuyIn biln gidi nhm tfi gfic dp vanfafiatfic nguoi chiem ty 11 cao nhat Id ly "dugc d gan nguoi cling dan tpc" (cliiem 13,3%) Ben cgnfa dd, 1^ nguoi dan di cu xuyen bien gifii la cfi ngudi rfi di cfing (6,7%) vd ldy vg/cfafing (6,7%) bdt cap Ngudi ddn cfaua tfayc sy dugc faudng lgi tfi cdc chinh sdcfa nay, doi song vat cfaat vd tinh than cdn nhieu kfad khSn Day Id mpt ttong nhiing nguyen nfaan khiln ngudi ddn di cu den cac vfing ddt mdi de gidi quylt cac kfad kfadn ve kinfa tl - xd fapi, ttong dd di cu xuyIn biln gidi da va dang ttd thdnfa lya cfapn ciia nguoi dan 3.3 Nguyin nhdn tu ehinh sdch vd ca chi qudn ly cua Nhd nude viing Tay Bdc ndi rieng vd cdc tinh biln gidi phia Bdc ndi cfaung, ttIn co sd cdc moi liln kit ton giao - tpc ngudi, cdc cd nfaan ciing nfau cdc to chfic tfin gim> cdn co quan fap md rpng giao luu, quan fap xuyIn biln gioi vdi nhfing cd nhan, tfi chfic dfing tpc ngudi hodc khdc tpc nhung dfing tfin gido Thyc tl dang dien mpt cdcfa nfaanh cfadng ddi vdi bfi pfaan cdc tfic ngudi thilu sfi, dac biet Id doi vdi ngufii Mfing theo dgo Tin Ldnh Khdo sdt, phfing vdn cac cdn bp dia phuong d mpt so tinh mien niii phia Bdc (Lai Chdu, Hd Giang, Cao Bdng) cfao thdy, cd 38,57% ^ kiln cfao rdng nguyen nhan kfaien dfing bdo dan tpc thieu so di cu xuyIn biln gidi la di theo cdc t l cfafic tfin gido Kfado sdt tfayc te cfao tfady, cac cfainfa sacfa dd dupe triln kfaai cfailm dugc nfaieu sy lya cfagn cfia ngufii dan la cfainfa sdch hS ttg giao dye (84,9%); chinh sdch xdy dyng dipn, duong, trudng ttgm (85,5%); cfainfa sdcfa cho vay uu dai (85,4%) Tuy nhiln, nhiing ngudi dugc faudng lpi tfi cdc chinh sdcfa ndy cfal chiem ty lp rdt nhfi (vdi cdc tiling kl tuong fing Id 5,5%; 6,9%; 6,3%) Ben canfa dfi, nfaieu y kiln cfao rdng, mpt so chinh sdch ho ttg cdn chua dugc triln khai d dja phuang cfia hg, nfau: cfainfa sdch tgo vipc lam cho nguoi ngheo (65,1%); chinh sdch cap ddt vd nfaa d cfao fag ngfaeo (58,9%); cfauifa sdcfa kfaam cfau;a bpnfa mien phi (57,5%) D5c bipt, kfai ddnh gid vl chinh sdch giao rfing cho cdc hp gia ifflnh, 91,8% y kiln danfa gia chmh sdch phfi hgp Tuy nfaien, 57,5% ^ kiln cho rdng chlnh sacfa ndy van chua dugc trien kfaai d dja pfauongfapvd sfi nfaung nguoi dupe hudng lgi tfi chinh sdch ndy chi chiem 2,7% Nhu vay, qua khdo sdt y kiin cfia ngudi dan cho thdy, vipc triln khai vd tfayc hipn cdc cfainfa sach ho ttg phat triin viing cdc tpc ngufii thilu sfi van cfin nfailu han chl va 44 3.4 Nguyen nhdn td hogt ddng cua cdc tdn gido Thyc trang quan ly di eve xuyen bien gidi cua cae tpc ngaifi thieu so 4.1 Vai trd ciia thiit chi "quan phuang" qudn ly di cu xuyin bien gidi D i cfi tfafing tin kfadeh quan tfi co sd, chfing toi da tiln hanfa phdng vdn 350 cdn bp ttong hp thong chinh ti\, hi cdp thih din cdp huypn thupc cdc tinh Lai Chdu, Lao Cai, Ha Giang, Cao Bdng Theo so lipu vl vipc can Vu Trudng Giang bp lanh dgo cdp tinfa, fauypn ty ddnfa gid ve qudn 1^ di cu xuyIn biln gioi cfia cdc tpc ngudi tfaieu sl, 6,3% cfao rdng sy qudn ly di cu Id rdt tfit; sfi tuong fing d mfic dp tot Id 20,8%, d mfic kfaa tfit Id 48,3%, d mfic dp binfa tfaudng Id 14,9%, d mute dp cfaua tit la 9,7% (Bang 2) nhu huong udc, quy udc, ludt tyc, tap quan, tfiy thupc theo tfing dja phuong Bdng 3: Ddnh gid vl nhftng to chfic tham gia qudn \f hogt dpng di cu xio'ln biln gidi theo ^ kiln c ^ bp [4] Bang 2: Ty ddnh gid cua can bp lanh dgo vl mfic dp quan Iy di cu xuyen bien gidi cua cdc tpc ngudi thieu so [4] S6lupng TJie ngudi d6ng ^ (%) Mi^cdO RAtt6t 22 6,3 Cdc td chih; cd S6 lupng vai trd qudn ngudi ddng 1^ di cu •i Tdchi^cddng 303 86,57 Chlnh quyln 342 97,71 H$i phy nQ 275 78,57 H$i n6ng ddn 247 70,57 H$i cuu chiln T6t 72 20,8 binh Khdt6t 169 48,3 Dodn Binh thudng 52 14,9 Chuat6t 34 9,7 4.2 Vai tro ciia thiet chi phi quan phuang qudn ly di cuxt^in biin gidi Tfailt chl "phi quan phuong" Id ca cdu khfing ndm ttong fap tfaong cfainh thfic Nfad nude I|p Day la fap thfii^ ty tri Idng xd [9, tt.73-78] d cdc dia pfauong viing Tdy Bdc, thiit che "phi quan pfauong" bao g6m: gid ldng, trudng hg, thdy cung, thdy mo, thdy tdo va cdc he tfafing truyin tfaong khdc 175 50,00 239 niSn HOi ngudi cao 68,29 186 tudi Theo f kiln cfia nhflng ngudi duge phdng van, cdc to cfafic ciing cd vai ttd ttong quan ly di cu xuyen bien gidi (Bdng 3) Tflf(%) M^tUjln Khdc 53,14 274 78,29 16 4,57 Gid ldng Id ngudi kfafing gift vai ttfi quylt djnfa vl kinfa tl, nfaimg cfi dnfa hudng rat Ifin ve m^t tinfa tfadn dfii vfii ngufii dan ttong tfafin, ban Trong tfing sfi 350 cdn bp dugc fadi d cdc dia pfauong tfaupc cdc tinfa Cao Bdng, Hd Giang, Lao Cai vd Lai Cfaau, cd 240 cdn bp ddnh gid cao (d mfic dp rdt quan ttgng) vai trd cfia trudng thon, trufing bdn ttong vipc kiem sodt vipc di cu xuyen bien gidi tgi dja phuong (Bang 5) Bdng 5: Danh gia cua can bp vl vai ttfi cda trudng bdn quan ly di cu xuyIn bien gidi [4] Vai trd ciia trudng bdn Tong s6 ngudi S6 lupng ngudi qudn ly di cu dupe hdi ddng^ Rit quan trpng Quan frpng Kh&ng cd ^ kien 350 350 350 Tfl5(%) 240 66,0 109 31,2 0,28 45 KhoahQC xa hpi Vipt Nam, so (113) - 2017 Gid Idng, trudng bdn, ngudi cfi uy tin Id nhftng ngudi dugc dfing bdo ttong lang, ban tm tuong, tin nfailm mfit cdcfa ty nguypn faogc bdng sy rang bupc cfia phong tyc tap qudn, cd dia vj hogc cd trinh dp nhan tiific, cd dieu kipn kinh tl, cd cdcfa gidi quyit hdi hda cdc mfii quan hp ttong gia dinfa, cpng dong vd xd hfii Gid ldng, ngudi cd uy tin dugc dfing bao den bay tfi tam tu, nguyen vpng, tranh thu y kiln de gidi quylt cdc vdn dl liln quan Trong sfi 350 cdn bp cdc dia phuang dugc phfing vdn, cd 286 nguoi (chilm 81,71%) ddnfa gia vai ttd cfia nguoi cd uy tin ttong vipc qudn Iy di cu xuyIn biln gidi d vj tri thfi tu; 256 nguoi (chiem 73,14%) ddnh gid vai ttd cua gia ldng d vj tri thfi ba (sau vai ttd cua trudng bdn, gid lang), (Bang 6) Bang 6: Danh gia cua can bp ve vai tro ciia tiiiet che phi quan phuong quan ly di cu xuyen bien gidi cua cac tpc nguditiiieuso [4] Jll Thi^t chl phi quan phuemg cd vai trd Tyl4 (%) q u ^ 1^ di cu Tnrdng bin 314 Thky cimg, ibky mo 89,71 38 10,86 Gia ling 256 73,14 Nhftng ngirdi cd uy tfn 286 81,71 Trudng hp 252 72,00 Huong irdc, quy udc 223 63,71 Luat t\ic, phong tyc, t^pqu^ 158 Cupc hpp chuhp 172 iCh^c to^ 45,14 the 49,14 2,00 Tuy nfailn, ben cgnfa nhfing m$t ticfa cyc nlu ttIn, nfaieu gid ldng, trufing ban vfing cdc tpc nguoi thilu so d nhiiu dja phuong, cdn hgn che vl trinfa dp hiiu bilt dudng loi, chfi truong, chinh sdch, phdp luat cfia Ddng, Nha nude, tinfafainfakinfa t l - xd hpi cfia dja phuang, cua ddt nufirc Hp tfaudng bi chi pfafii bfii tinfa cdm ddng tpc, cyc bp kfai gidi quyet cong vipc Kfado sdt thyc tl cfao thay, huong udc, quy udc cfia tfafin bdn ddng mpt vai ttfi quan ttgng sau vai ttfi cfia trudng thdn, trufing bdn, gid Idng, trudng hg Do do, d l kiem sodt dugc tinh ttgng di cu ty qua biln gioi, ngodi vai ttd van dpng eua trudng ban, trudng thfin, gid ldng, cdn phdl hoan thien hinh thfic huong udc, quy djnh riing cho moi tfafin, bdn, qua dfi ndng cao y thfic chdp faanh pfadp lugt cfia ngudl ddn dja phuang Di cu xuyen biln gifii vd qudn ly di cu dfii vfii cac tpc ngufii thilu s6 vfing Tdy Bdc khong cfai don tfaudn Id vdn d i di lai, cu tni vd tiln fadnh cdc hogt dpng sinfa ki, hon nhdn d bin bien gidi, md cdn la van de ve kinh te, xa hpi, vdn fada, mfii trudng, cfainh trj, quIc phfing, an ninh d vung biln gidi qufic gia Nfadm fagn chl tinh trgng di cu qua bien gifii, cdn thyc hipn dfing bp cdc chfi truang cfainfa sdch cfia Ddng, phdp luat ciia Nha nude; chfi ttpng cfing tdc tuyin truyen, gido due v i cdc quy djnh phdp \v4t xuat n h ^ canfa, chinh sdch xuat khdu lao dpng; tgo diiu kipn cho dfing bdo cac tpc ngufii thieu s6 cai thipn vd nang cao doi song vat chat, tinh thdn, I n djnh doi song; tdng cufing cong tdc kilm tta, kilm scat; tdng cuong nguIn lyc ddu tu cho cdc fauypn, xd bien gidi; tgo vipc ldm, tSng thu nfagp, fin djnh dfii song nfaan ddn d kfau vyc bien gidi; nang cao nhpn thfic cho dfing bdo cac tpc nguoi tfailu so V u Trudng Giang T d i lipu t h a m k h a o viing bien gi&i Vi^t - Trung tit 1990 den na/\ Tnrdng Dgi hpc Khoa h^c xa hpi v i Nhin van, [1] Ban Chl d?o TSy BSc - Hpi Li6n hipp phg ntt H i Npi Vipt Nam (2015) "TTiuc trgng lao dgng ddn [11] Dai h9c QuIc gia H i Npi (2011), Lao ddng di tdc thieu so vimg Toy Bac ldm thui qua bien tru phdp lugt qudc ti vd Viet Nam, Nxb gidi" Hi Giang Lao dpng xS hpi H i Npi [2] Chlnh phu (2014), Ngh; djnh vi Quy che khu vuc [12] Sd Npi vy tinh Son La (2015), Bdo cdo tinh bien gidi ddt liin nude Cgng hda xd hgi chu hinh ngudi di lao d^ng tif vd cu tri bdt nghTa Vigt Nam, sd 34, ngdf 29 thdng 4, H4 NPi hgp phdp tgi nude ngodi tren dfa bdn tinh, [3] Cyc Lanh sy - Bp Ngo^i giao (2011), "Bdo cdo tdng quan vi tinh hinh di cu ciia cdng ddn Vigt Nam nude ngodr, Hk Npi [4] Vu Trudng Giang (Chii nhipm) (2016) Bdo Son La [13] Nguyin Thj Thanh Tim (2003), "Mpt s6 quan diem 1;^ thuydt vl di dSn v i phu nQ di cu", Tgp chf Khoa hgc viphv nii, so cdo tong hgp ket qud nghien cuu de tdi cdp Bg [14] Thu mdng Chfnh phii (2007), Qt^it dinh vi ndm 2016: Di cu xuyen bien giai cda cdc tgc vige phe duygt Quy hogch xdy dung vimg bien ngudi thieu so tdc dgng den dn dinh vd phdt gidi Vigt - Trung den ndm 2020, sd 1I51/QD- trien kinh te - xd hgi a viing Tdy Bdc Vift Nam hign H i Npi [5] Ding Thi Hoa, Nguyin H i D6ng (2015), "Hon nhSn xuyen bien gidi d cic tinh mien niii Vipt Nam hipn nay", T§p chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Vigt Nam, so TTg ngdy 30 thdng 8, H i Npi [15] Thii tirdng Chfnh phii (2013), Qt^it djnh phi duyet de dn thifc hign thda thugn giiia Chinh phu nude Cdng hda xa hdi chd nghia Vigt Nam vd Chinh phu nude Cdng hda ddn chu nhdn ddn Ldo ve vige gidi qtQ>et vdn di ngudi di cu tu do, kit hdn khdng gid thu viing biin [6] D S van Hda, Trjnh K h k Th5m (Chu bien) (1999), Nghiin ciru di ddn d Vigt Nam, Nxb Ndng nghipp H i Npi [7] U Thi Hirdng (2014), "Thyc tr?ng h6n nhan / , H i Npi [16] Thu tudng Chfnh phii (2014) Chi thj vi ndng cao higu lycc, higu qud qudn ly nhd nu&c ve xuyen bien gidi cua cic tpc ngudi Nfing, Thdi cdng tdc ddn tgc, so28/CT-TTg ngdy 10 thdng v i Hmong d hai tinh Cao Bang v i Dipn BiSn", 9, H i Npi T9P chf Ddn tgc hgc, sd [8] Nguyin Chi Huy^n (Chii bien), Nguon goc lich [9] gi&i hai nu&c, so 2627/QD-7Tg ngdy 31 thdng [17] Vucmg Xuin Tinh, Nguyin Vin Minh (Chii nhipm) (2010), Bdo cdo thu&ng niin 2009: sir tdc ngudi viing tien gidi phia Bdc Vi$t Quan hg ddn tgc & mien niii phia Bdc vd Nam, Nxb Van hda din tpc, H i NPi B&c Trung bd Vi$t Nam, ViPn Din tpc h(?c, Duong van Hgp v i D Hang Nga (2013), " T H i Npi chiic quan phuong v i phi quan phuong [18] Tinh iiy Lio Cai (2015), Bdo cdo tinh hinh ddn kit cdu x i hpi ling xS truygn thong huyPn Phd tgc vd vige td chiic trien khai th\rc hign edng Yen (Thii Nguyfin)", Tap chi Khoa hge vd tdc ddn tgc tren dja bdn tinh Ldo Cai, so Cdng nghg, s6 109 484/BC-TU ngdy 31 thdng 3, Lio Cai [10] Nguyin Thj Le (2010), Lugn vdn Thgest: "Cdc [19] Dio Thj Huyin Trang (2014), Ludn vdn Thgc tgc ngt^i xuyin bien gidi vd vdn di phdt triin st: Tdp tytc hdn nhdn ciia mgt sd ddn tgc xuyen 47 Khoa hgc xa hpi Vipt Nam, so (113) - 2017 biin gi&i Viit - Trung, Tnrdng D^i hpc Khoa hgc xa hpi v i NhSn vin, H i Npi [20] Uy ban nhSn dSn tinh Di?n Bien (2015), Bdo cdo vi tinh hinh di or tu kit hdn khdng gid thi viing biin gidi eua tinh Dign Biin ngdy n thdng 4, Difn Bien [21] Uy ban nhin din tinh Lai Chiu (2015) Ddnh gid kit qud thtfc hign ehinh sdch ddn tgc, cdng tdc ddn tgc giai dogn 2011-2014 vd iinh hinh trien khai thyre hign chinh sdch ddn tgc ndm 2015, Lai ChSu [22] Vi§n DSn tpc h^c (2014), Cdc ddn tgc It nguoi a Viet Nam (edc tinh phia Bac), Nxb Khoa hpc x i hpi Hi Npi [23] http://vov4.vov.vn/TV/chinh-sach-dantoc/xuat-khau-lao-dong-ke-hoach-l 0-ket-qual-cll99-50524.aspx [24] http://vi'ww.baohagiang.vn/xa-hoi/201511/hoithao-thuc-trang-lao-dong-nu-dan-toc-thieu-sovung-tay-bac-lam-thue-qua-bien-gioi-646397/ [25] http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/Pri ntStory.aspx?distribution=31568&print=true [26] http://www.bienphong.com.vn/tang-cuongphoi-hop-bao-ve-bien-gioi-viet-nam-lao-ngaycang-chat-che-va-hieu-qua/35153.bbp [27] http;//www.baomoi.com/ban-chi-dao-tay-bacto-chuc-hoi-nghi-tong-ket-cong-tac-nam-2015 [28] http;//]aocai.gov.vn^n-giao-tin-nguong-trongcac-dan-toc-doc-bien-gioi-viet-trung, ngiy 18/03/2013 [29] ht^://laocai.gov.vn/vung-bien-gioi-^et-tninggiao-thoa-tu-goc-nhin-dia-van-hoa-toc-nguoi ngiy 18/3/2013 [30] http://cema.gov.vn/cac-dan-toc-nam-o-hai-benbien-gioi-viet-nam, ngiy 01/12/2008 ... huih thfic di cu, gfim di cu di lao dpng, di cu bufin ban ngudi vd di cu hon nhdn Ddy cung la nhungfainhthiic di cu dat nfailu van dl cfao cdc nfad qudn ly xdfapifaipnnay Thu nhdt, di cu lao dpng... gioi vdi nhfing cd nhan, tfi chfic dfing tpc ngudi hodc khdc tpc nhung dfing tfin gido Thyc tl dang dien mpt cdcfa nfaanh cfadng ddi vdi bfi pfaan cdc tfic ngudi thilu sfi, dac biet Id doi vdi ngufii... ttgng di cu ty cfia dfing bdo ddn tpc thilu so dien biln phfic tap; ttong nam 2014 da pfadt faipn 1.073 hp voi 5.563 nfadn kfadu di cu ty do, ttong di cu ttong nufifc 761 hp/4.047 kfaau, di cu di