Vai trò của du lịch sinh thái với giảm nghèo ở các tộc người thiểu số ở việt nam

CHUYEN MUC SU HOC - NHAN HOC - NGHIEN CLfU TON GIAO VAI TRO CUA DU UCH SINH THAI VOI GIAM NGHEO d CAC TOC NGU-ai THIEU S6 O VIET NAM NGUYEN TH! M'NH NGUYET' Du Ijch sinh thai dwac xem la "chia khda" cupc chien chong ddi ngheo, bao ve moi trwdng va thuc day phat triin bin virng Mdt nhirng dac trwng ca ban, cung la nguyen tac va muc tieu hwdng tdi ciia du lich sinh thai dd la mang lai lai ich cho edng dong dia phwang Viet Nam cd tiim nang phong phu phat triin du lich sinh thai nhw he thing vwdn quoc gia va khu bao ton thien nhien, thung lung, ruong bac thang, cao nguyen, viing ho, miet vwdn, sdng nwde, hang ddng, he sinh thai viing ven Nham tang ewdng vai trd cua du lich sinh thai vdi giam ngheo d cae tpc ngwdi thiiu so, bai viet dwa mot so di xuat vi quy hoach tong thi phat triin du lich sinh thai ca nwde; xa hdi hda nguon von dau tw cho phat then du tich sinh thai; dao tao nguon nhan iwc la ngwdi dan dia phwang di tham gia vao cac hoat ddng du lich sinh thai Tir khda: du Ijch sinh thai, giam ngheo, tdc ngu'di thilu sd Nhan bai ngay: 25/7/2019; dwa vao bien tap: 27/7/2019; phan bien: 29/7/2019; duyet dang 4/9/2019 1.BATVANDE sinh thai la "chia khda" cugc Du Ijch sinh thai (Ecotourism) la loai chiln chdng ddi ngheo, bao ve mdi hinh du ijch ben viJng, la sy k i t hpp trydng va thiic day phat trien b i n du Ijch thien nhien cd trach nhiem, hd w n g (Tong cue Du Hch, 2013) trg cac muc tieu bao tdn mdi trydng Mgc dii Viet Nam da dat dype nhtrng ty nhien va cac gia trj van hda ban dja tyu dang ke cdng tac phat trien cdng ddng Ngay 3/1/2013, gjjrn ngheo, nhien, ngheo To chirc Du Ijch T h i gidi cua Lien hgp nhdm tdc ngydi thilu sd van la thach qudc (UNWTO), cdng nhan du Ijch thirc Idn Nam 2015, ty le hg ngheo da chilu d nhdm tdc ngydi thilu sd la • Vien Khoa hoc xa hdi vung Nam Bd 35,7%; cac tdc ngydi thilu sd cd ty le NGUYSN THI MINH NGUYET - VAI TRO COA DU L|CH SINH THAI hd ngheo cao nhy La Hu 84,9%; Hmdng 82,9%; Chirt 72,3%; Bru-Van Kiiu 71,8%; Xtieng 69,9% (UNDP, Irish Aid, Oy ban Dan tdc, 2017: 57) Day manh giam ngheo d nhdm tdc ngydi thilu so la van d l Dang va Nha nydc Viet Nam ludn coi trpng Thdi gian qua, du lich sinh thai d Viet Nam da triln khai d nhiiu dia phyong Nhtrng noi cd t i l m nang phat triln du Ijch sinh thai nhy Sa Pa (Vydn Qudc gia Hoang Lien), Ban Pac Ngdi (Vydn Qudc gia Ba Be), ban Khanh (Vydn Qudc gia Cue Phyong), ban A Don (Vydn Qudc gia Bach Ma), xa Ta Lai va xa Dak Lua (Vydn Qudc gia Cat Tien) la nhii'ng khu vyc cd ddng tdc ngydi thilu sd Du Ijch sinh thai cd vai trd quan trpng gdp phan giam ngheo, nang cao ddi sdng mdt bd phan tdc ngydi thieu sd Tir nghien cu'u ty luan v l vai trd cua du lich sinh thai vdi giam ngheo va thye tien giam ngheo d tdc ngydi thieu sd thdng qua du Ijch sinh thai, bai vilt se de x u i t mgt sd djnh hydng giai phap tang cydng vai trd cua du lich sinh thai vdi giam ngheo d cac tdc ngydi thieu sd KHAI NIEM DU LjCH SINH THAI VA DOI NGHEO - Khai niem du lich sinh thai Nam 1991, Hiep hdi Du Ijch sinh thai Qudc t l (The International Ecotourism Society - TIES) - to chirc du Ijeh sinh thai qudc t l d i u tien, dya djnh nghTa v l du Ijch sinh thai ngan gpn nhung tyong ddi bao quat va trd nen kha biln:"Du Ijch sinh thai la du Ijch cd trach nhiem d i n cac khu vyc ty nhien, k i t hpp vdi bao ve mdi trydng va cai thien phiic Igi xa hdi cho ngydi dan dja phyong" ( d i n theo Megan Epier Wood, 2002: 9) Hiep hdi Du Ijch sinh thai cua Hoa Ky nam 1998 djnh nghTa: "Du Ijch sinh thai la loai hinh du Ijch cd trach nhiem tdi nhirng khu vyc ty nhien, hilu b i l t v l Ijch sir van hda va lich sir t y nhien ciia mdi trydng, dyge sir dung d l bao ve mdi trydng, eai thien phuc Ipi xa hgi va kinh t l eho ngydi dan dja phyong" (din theo Le Huy Ba, 2009: 83) a Viet Nam, thang 9/1999, Tong cue Du Ijch Viet Nam da phdi hgp vdi To chirc Bao tdn Thien nhien t h i gidi (lUCN) va Oy ban Kinh t l - Xa hgi Chau A - Thai Binh Dygng (ESCAP) to chirc hdi thao qudc t l v l xay dyng khung chiln lyge phat trien du Ijch sinh thai Hdi thao dya djnh nghTa: "Du Ijch sinh thai la loai hinh du Ijeh dya vao ty nhien va van hda, ed giao due mdi trydng, ddng gdp cho nd lyc bao tdn va phat trien ben vii'ng, cd sy tham gia tich eye cua cdng ddng dja phyong" ( d i n theo Le Van Minh, 2016) V l mat phap ly, theo Luat Du lich, tai Dieu 4, Chyong I: "Du Ijch sinh thai la hinh thirc du Ijch dya vao thien nhien, g i n vdi ban s i c van hda dja phygng vdi sy tham gia cCia cdng ddng n h i m phat trien b i n vii'ng" (Qudc hdi nyde Cong hoa Xa hdi Chu nghTa Viet Nam, 2005: 10) - Quan niem ve doi ngheo Theo Ngan hang T h i gidi, ddi ngheo la tinh trang "khdng cd kha nang d l TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI sd (253) 2019 dat dyge mire sdng tdi thilu, dyge b i n g nhu c i u tieu diing co ban hoac thu nhap ca nhan c i n thilt d l thoa man cac nhu c i u dd" (dan theo Nguyin Anh Cydng, Pham Qudc Thanh, 2014: 43) Tir khai niem ddi ngheo, dac d i l m va nguyen nhan ddi ngheo dyge phat hien cac nghien cu'u, cho thay ngydi ngheo khdng chi ngheo tiln ma cdn ngheo nhilu thir khac, nhy: ngheo vdn ngydi, ngheo vdn xa hdi, thilu s y giiip ciia mang lydi an sinh xa hdi ; ddng thdi, la nhii'ng ngydi sdng dilu kien thilu thdn cae nhu c i u CO ban v l : an, mac, hpc tap, di lai, cham sdc sire khde, mdi trydng (Phan Quoc Anh, Nguyen Thj Yen, 1994) Viet Nam thira nhan djnh nghTa chung v i ddi ngheo ciia Hdi nghj Chdng ddi ngheo khu vyc Chau A - Thai Binh Dyong, ESCAP td chirc thang 9/1993 tai Bangkok (Thai Lan), ddi ngheo "la tinh trang mdt bd phan dan cy khdng dyge hydng va thoa man cac nhu c i u co ban cua ngydi ma nhu'ng nhu c i u da dyge xa hdi thira nhan theo trinh dp phat triln kinh t l - xa hpi va phong tuc tap quan ciia dja phygng" (Thu tydng Chinh phii, 2003: 17) Ddi dype hilu la tinh trang mdt bd phan dan c y ngheo sdng dydi mire tdi thieu va thu nhap khdng dii dam bao nhu c i u v l vat ehit d l tri cude sdng (Giang Thj Dung, 2014:32) Mac dii cd nhiing quan niem khac v i ddi ngheo, nhyng nhin chung cac quan niem dd d i u dype phan anh tren cae khia canh khdng cd hoac it dype hydng thu nhO'ng nhu c i u co ban d mire tdi thilu eua ngydi; mire sdng t h i p hon mire sdng trung binh cua cy dan dja phyong; thilu hoac khdng cd co hdi lya chgn d l tham gia vao qua trinh phat triln cua cdng ddng Viet Nam, tir nam 2015 trd ve trudc, viec lydng ngheo ciia qudc gia su" dung phyong phap lydng ngheo dgn chilu dya vao mire thu nhap hoac chi tieu ciia c y dan Tuy nhien, each tilp can ciing da bpc Id nhilu han e h l Tir nam 2016, Viet Nam da chuyen ddi phyong phap tilp can lydng ngheo sang tilp can ngheo da chilu, ap dung cho giai doan 2016 - 2020 vdi ITnh vyc theo 10 chi sd lydng, bao gdm 1) y t l (tilp can cac djch vu y t l , bao hilm y t l ) ; 2) giao due (trinh giao due cua ngydi Idn, tinh trang di hgc cua tre em); 3) nha d (chit lypng nha d, dien tich nha d binh quan d i u ngydi); 4) dieu kien sdng (nydc sach va ve sinh) va 5) tilp can thdng tin (sir dung d|ch vu viln thdng, tai san phuc vu tilp can thdng tin) Theo each tilp can nay, hd dype cci la ngheo da chilu nlu thiiu hut tir 3/10 chi sd lydng trd len VAI TRO CUA DU LjCH SINH THAI VOI G I A M NGHEO Du Ijch sinh thai la mdt loai hinh du Ijch b i n virng cd vai trd quan trgng ddi vdi xda ddi giam ngheo Trong cac khai niem, djnh nghTa v l du lich sinh thai da ham chira mdt dilu kien quan NGUYEN THI MINH NGUYET - VAI TRO COA DU LICH SINH THAL trpng 66 la "mang lai iai ich cho epng ddng cu' dan ban dja", cung la mpt nhOng dac tru'ng ca ban cua du Hch sinh thai'^\ Trong nguyen t&c hoat dpng cua du Ijch sinh thai'^' cung cho t h i y vai tro cua du lich sinh thai vai giam ngheo, la "tao ca hpi viec lam va mang lai lai ich cho cong d6ng dja phu-ang", day vi>a la nguyen tac, vCfa la muc tieu hu'ang tai cua du lich sinh thai Sa d6 ciiu true cua du Ijch sinh thai cung lam sang to han vai tro cua du Ijch sinh thai vai giam ngheo, mpt phan khong the thiiu eua du Ijch sinh thai la "ho tra cong d6ng" Sff dd Sc dd cliu true du lich sinh th^i Theo Anna Spenceley, Caroline Ashley va Melissa de Kock (2009 20), du Itch tac dpng tai ngu-ai ngheo a ba khia canh: 1) tang them thu nhap, 2) ph^t trien kinh t^ dia phu'ang/nong thon va sinh k§ cua nguai dan va 3) tac dpng tai moi tru-ang t y nhien va van hoa Du Ijch sinh thai phat trien tao nhi§u ca hpi viec lam cho cong d6ng nguai dan dja phtrang Nguai ngheo co the tham gia cac hoat dpng tryc tiep hay gian t i i p du Ijch de tang thu nhap, gop phSn x6a doi giam ngheo Sa dd Su tham gia true tilp va gian tiep cua nguai ngheo du Ijch Ngudn' Spenceley, Ashley, Melissa de Kock, 2009; 35 Nguon: Pham Trung Luang va cac tac gia, 2002: N§u nhu cac loai hinh du Ijch khac it quan tam d§n viee h6 trg epng dong, thi ngup'c lai du Ijch sinh thai thu hut ea nguai dan dja phuang tham gia vao cac hoat dpng dich vu du Ijch va nguai dan huang mpt ph§n lai nhuan tu cac hoat dpng du Ijch Du Ijch sinh thai eon danh mpt ph4n dang k l lai nhuan dong gop vao viee eai thien moi truang song cua opng d6ng dja phuang {Pham Trung Luang va eac tac gia, 2002: 12) Theo Sa d6 2, nguai dan dja phuang CO the tham gia tryc tiep vao cae hoat dpng du lich sinh thai nhu lam huang dan vien, cheo thuyin dua du khach dl tham quan, dam nhiem eho nghi cho du khach, cung ung cac nhu cku v§ thuc pham, hang luu niem cho du khach ; va tham gia cac hoat dpng gian tiep, nguai ngheo lam viec cac nganh cung ung cho djch vu du lieh sinh thai, chang han: va ban rau cho eac nha hang, khach san; theu, may chan, drap cho cac nha nghi epng d6ng; xay dyng va trang tri khach san TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI s6 (253) 2019 Hoat ddng du lich sinh thai phat triln keo theo s y phat triln ciia cac nganh, ITnh vyc lien quan, nhy viec khdi phuc, bao tdn, phat triln va tieu thu cac san pham thu cdng truyln thdng, cac hoat ddng van hda van nghe truyln thdng Thdng qua viec tao them viee lam va mang lai Ipi Ich cho cdng dong dia phygng, nhCrng nd lye bao tdn va phat huy gia tri ty nhien va van hda khu vyc se dyge phat huy bdi chinh ngydi dan dja phyong Ngydi dan dja phygng se nhan thirc dyge sy gan k i t hiru co giCra viec bao tdn va cugc sdng ciia hp, chinh hg se la ngydi chii thye sy, ngydi bao ve trung cac gia trj ty nhien va van hda noi diln hoat ddng du Ijch sinh thai Cac gia trj ciia tai nguyen du Ijch sinh thai dyge bao ve va phat huy se cang phat then boat ddng du Ijeh sinh thai tai dja phyong Thdng qua du Ijch sinh thai, co sd t i n g va cac dilu kien djch vu edng cdng dyge quan tam phat triln, dd cai thien d i l u kien sdng ciia ngydi dan dja phygng THLfC T l i N GIAM NGHEO & CAC TOG NGLfOI THl6U S THONG QUA DU LICH SINH THAI Viet Nam, tir nam 1975 den nam 1980, Nha nydc chya cd d i l u kien td chirc hoat ddng du Ijch Nhu'ng nam sau dd, mdt sd noi da chii ddng ddn t i l p du khach nydc va mdt sd it du khach qudc t l Tir nhii'ng nam 1995 d i n nam 1996, hoat ddng du Ijch sinh thai mdi bat d i u d mdt sd tinh, phd, nhy: TPHCM, phd H u i , thu dd Ha Ndi, Quang Ninh, Ba Ria - Vung Tau, Nha Trang, Binh Ttiu$n ( T h i Oat, 2003: 124) Ban dau, vdi mdt sd bai bao khoa hpe v l du ijch sinh thai dyoc cdng bd tir giii'a d i n cudi nhO'ng nam 1990, du Ijch sinh thai bat d i u dyge chu y d c i p dp qudc gia, vdi s y tham gia ciia Tcng cue Du lieh Viet Nam cung nhilu td chirc qudc t l tai Viet Nam nhy UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), UN-ESCAP/ESCAP (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific), WWF (World Wide Fund) va lUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Cac hdi thao dyge td chirc xoay quanh nhii'ng van de phat then du Ijch sinh thai, nhy; 'Du Ijch sinh thai vdi phat trien du Ijch b i n viJng d Viet Nam" (nam 1998), "Xay dyng chiln lyge qudc gia v l phat trien du lich sinh thai d Viet Nam" (nam 1999), "Phat triln du Ijch sinh thai khu dy trii' sinh quyin: co hdi va thach thire" (nam 2004) la nhii'ng d i u hieu byde d i u cho t h i y s y quan tam rong rai hon v l phat triln du Ijch sinh thai d Viet Nam (Le Thu Hyong, 2016: 5) Tuyen bd H u i v l Du lich van hda va xda ddi giam ngheo thang 6/2004 la d i u mdc cua Viet Nam v l quylt tam xda ngheo thdng qua du Ijeh Theo "Chiln lypc phat triln du Ijch Viet Nam d i n nam 2020, t i m nhin d i n nam 2030" dyge Thii tydng Chinh phu phe duyet theo Quylt djnh 2473/QD-TTg 30/12/2011, vdi muc tieu "Phat trien du Ijch nhim tao them nhilu viec lam cho xa hdi, gdp NGUYSN THI MINH NGUYET - VAI TRO CDA DU L|CH SINH THAI p h i n giam ngheo", "Phat triln du Ijch n h i m gdp p h i n phat triln t h i chit, nang cao dan tri va ddi sdng van hda tinh t h i n cho nhan dan" (Bd Van hda The thao va Du Ijch, 2011' 19) Ddng thdi "Quy hoach tdng the phat triln du lieh Viet Nam d i n nam 2020, t i m nhin d i n nam 2030" dype Chinh phii phe duyet theo Quylt djnh sd 201/QD-TTg, 22/01/2013, chi rd "phat then du Ijch trd nganh kinh t l mui nhpn, tao dpng lyc thiic d i y phat triln kinh t l - xa hdi", muc tieu da dat ra, d i n nam 2020 du lich CO ban trd nganh kinh t l mui nhgn tao ddng lyc thiic day kinh t l xa hgi; d i n nam 2030 Viet Nam trd qudc gia cd nganh du Ijch phat triln, gdp p h i n giai quylt cac v i n d l , " v l an sinh - xa hdi: tao them nhilu viec lam cho xa hdi, gdp phan giam ngheo, dam bao an sinh va giai quylt cac v i n d i xa hgi" (Thii tydng Chinh phii, 2013:5) Viet Nam cd t i l m nang phong phii d l phat triln du Ijch sinh thai, theo quy hoach d i n nam 2020 ca nydc cd 176 khu rirng dac dung, bao gdm 34 vydn qudc gia, 58 khu bao tdn thien nhien, 14 khu bao tdn loai/sinh canh, 61 khu bao ve canh quan va khu rirng nghien cyu, thye nghiem khoa hgc (Thii tydng Chinh phii, 2014); he canh quan thien nhien sdng nydc va miet vydn d Ddng bang sdng Ciru Long; thung IDng, rupng bac thang va cao nguyen d miln niji phia Bac; hang dgng, viing hd (cac hd ty nhien va hd thuy dien); sinh thai viing ven dd Tuy nhien, cdng tac nghien ciru, diiu tra CO ban va quy hoach phat triln du Ijch sinh thai cdn nhilu ban c h i (Vu Thj Thoa va Do Viet Dung, 2013; Le Van Minh, 2016) Thdi gian qua, du ijch sinh thai da phat triln d nhilu dja phyong nhyng nhin ehung ehya phat triln tyong xirng vdi t i l m nang Theo bao cao k i l m tra hoat dpng du Ijch sinh thai tai cac vydn qudc gia va khu bao tdn thien nhien nam 2017 ciia Tong cue Lam nghiep, sd 176 khu rirng dac dung hien cd, cd 61 khu da td chii'c kinh doanh hoat ddng du Ijch sinh thai (bao gdm 25 vydn qudc gia va 36 khu bao tdn thien nhien) Tong doanh thu tir hoat ddng du ijch sinh thai d cac vydn qudc gia, khu bao tdn thien nhien dat tren 114 ty ddng, tang 48% so vdi nam 2015 (77,3 ty ddng); nop ngan sach Nha nydc 32 ty ddng (Van Hao, 2018) Nhii'ng ddng gdp cua du Ijch sinh thai vdi giam ngheo va eai thien ddi sdng cho mdt bg phan tdc ngydi thieu sd nhy d huyen Sa Pa (Lao Cai) - noi sinh song cua cac tpc ngydi thilu sd Hmdng, Dap Do, Xa Phd, Ha Nhi, Tay, Giay Hoat ddng du Ijch sinh thai d Sa Pa phat trien dem lai ngudn thu nhap quan trpng cho eac hd tdc ngydi thilu sd ngi day Theo thing ke, cac diem du Ijch d Sa Pa cd t i e xda ddi giam ngheo nhanh g i p l i n so vdi cac thdn, ban khdng lam du Ijch, ngudn thu ciia cac hd lam d|ch vu du Ijch cung cao g i p tir l i n so vdi cac hd khac, dat tir 25 d i n 60 trieu ddng/hd/nam (Khanh Trang, 2018) TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI s6 (253) 2019 Ngydi Hmdng tham gia vao mdt sd boat ddng du Ijeh nhy dan dydng, hydng d i n tham quan, khuan vac hanh ly, xe dm, eung c i p djch vu lyu trii homstay, cung cap lyong thye, thye p h i m , bilu dien van nghe, san x u i t va ban hang lyu niem ; dac biet, ngydi Dao Dd cd djch vu t i m la thudc nui rirng Hoang Lien dyge du khach ya thich Ban Cat Cat cd 112/360 ngydi tham gia boat ddng du ijch (ty le 31,2%> dan sd); ban Ly Lao Chai ed 102/516 ngydi (ty le 19,8% dan sd; ciia 22 hd tdng sd 28 hd ban) tham gia cac boat ddng du Ijch Toan huyen Sa Pa cd 154 co sd homestay, tap trung d cac xa Ta Van, Lao Chai, Ban Hd, Ta Phin dem lai ngudn thu hang chuc ty ddng mdi nam cho cdng ddng Nhy xa Ta Van, hien ed hgn 40 hd (28,6% sd hd xa) lam homestay, mdi nha cd sire ehu-a - ngydi, trung binh vao miia cao diem phuc vu tir 200 - 300 khach/ngay, gia lyu trii dao ddng tir 100 150 nghin ddng/dem Mdt sd nganh n g h i truyen thdng eiia cac tdc ngydi thieu sd dype khdi phuc va phat trien theo hydng san x u i t hang hda nhy nghi theu det tho cam va lam dd cham khic bae cua ngydi Hmdng, nghi thudc nam cua ngydi Dao Do Thdng qua trao ddi hang hda, giao djch vdi du khach, kha nang n i m bat nhu c i u , gia ca th| trydng eua cac tdc ngydi thilu sd d i n dype nang len (Qudc Hdng, 2017) Cao nguyen da Ddng Van trai rpng tren b i n huyen Meo Vac, Ddng Van, Yen Minh va Quan Ba (Ha Giang), noi c y trii cua ngydi Hmdng, Ld Ld, Cd Lao, Pu Peo, Bd Y, Giay Tir nam 2015, tinh Ha Giang da tap trung phat triln du Ijch tai Cao nguyen da vdi vide phat trien va md rpng dien tich trdng cay hoa tam giac mach Mua le hdi hoa tam giac mach (thang 10 d i n thang 12) hang nam dem lai thu nhap cao cho hang nghin hg dcin tai day Thu nhap tir hoat ddng vui choi va chup hinh eua du khach d vydn hoa tam giac mach la 10 - 15 nghin ddng/ du khach, nhii'ng cd sd lypng du khach Idn, mdi vydn hoa Tam giac mach thu v l tir 1,5 - trieu ddng/ngay Nhd day manh phat trien du Ijeh da gdp phin thiic day phat trien kinh t l xa hdi, giam ngheo cho cac tdc ngydi thilu sd d khu vyc Cao nguyen da Ddng Van (Pham Van Phu, 2019) Huyen Tjnh Bien la dja ban du Ijch trpng d i l m ciia tinh An Giang vdi nhilu d i l m du Ijch h i p d i n , dac biet la du Ijch sinh thai d Nui C i m va rirng tram Tra Sy Ci Tjnh Bien, dan sd ngydi Khmer chi dirng sau ngydi Kinh Byde d i u , ngydi Khmer d day da tham gia vao cac hoat dgng du Ijch nhy kinh doanh djch vu an uong, chd thuyin dya khach tham quan, ban hang dac san dja phyong, lyu tru homstay Thd cam cua lang det Van Giao khdng ehl noi tilng nydc ma cdn dyge x u i t khau sang nhiiu qudc gia nhy: My, Australia, Phap, Thai Lan, Campuehia vdi thyong hieu "Silk Khmer" nen dyge d i u ty, phat triln mat hang lyu niem dac NGUYEN THI MINH NGUYET - VAI TRO COA DU L|CH SINH THAI tryng ciia viing d i t Tjnh Bien Tham gia vao hoat ddng du lich giiip ddng bag Khmer tang thu nhap, bao t i n lang n g h i truyln thing cua dan tdc va gdp p h i n da dang san phim du Ijch ciia dja phyong (Dao Ngoc Canh, Nguyin Thj My Duyen, 2019) Xa Ta Lai (Tan Phil, Ddng Nai) cd 1.825 hd, 7.172 nhan khiu, dd 39% la tdc ngydi thilu sd (chii y l u la ngydi Ma, Xtieng va Tay) Cac tdc ngydi thieu s l d khu vyc Vydn Qudc gia Cat Tien ndi chung va xa Ta Lai ndi rieng vdn la c y dan ngheo K i t qua khao sat nam 2001 d khu vyc V y d n Qudc gia Cat Tien'^' cd tren 60,2% cy dan sdng dydi ngydng ngheo, sau tac ddng ciia tran lu vao thang 10/2000, ty le ngheo d cae tdc ngydi thieu sd ban dja (Ma va Xtieng) len tdi 80,7% va cac tdc ngydi thilu sd khac (Tay, Nung ) la 77,6% (Tdn Tii Anh va cac tac gia, 2003: 109) Tryde nam 1996, d xa Ta Lai chya hd gia dinh nao cd dien lydi qudc gia Sau nhu'ng nd lyc cua Dang, Nha nydc va cac to chirc cho cdng tac giam ngheo, dd chii trpng phat triln sinh k l g i n vdi boat dgng du Ijch sinh thai, ddi sdng cua cac tdc ngydi thilu sd d xa Ta Lai da cd nhtrng thay doi sau sac Nam 2015, xa Ta Lai hd ngheo cdn 313 hd (ty le 18,3% sd hd toan xa) va hd can ngheo la 170 hd (ty le 9,9% s l hp toan xa); rieng ty le hd ngheo d ngydi Ma va Xtieng ( i p 4) x i p xi 30% va ngydi Tay ( i p 7) la 20% sd hg d tirng tdc ngydi thilu sd (Uy ban Nhan dan xa Ta Lai, 2015) Nam 2011, Quy Bao t i n Thien nhien t h i gidi (WWF) da tai trg xay dyng Nha ddn t i l p khach du lieh Ta Lai tai i p ed sire chira 30 ngydi d l giup edng ddng cac tdc ngydi thilu sd d Ta Lai tham gia vao hoat ddng du Ijch sinh thai d khu vyc Vydn Qudc gia Cat Tien Dy an da to chCre nhilu Idp tap huin eho mdt bd phSn ngydi Ma, Xtieng va Tay v l ky nang phuc vu du Ijch, nhy; bilu d i l n cdng chieng, mua hat dan tdc, hydng d i n , phuc vu budng, n i u an; td chirc cac dgt tham quan, hgc tap d Khu Du Ijch thac Dam Bri va Khu Du Ijeh sinh thai Niii Voi (tinh Lam Ddng); tham gia hgi chg hang det tho cam d Ha Ndi; td chirc eac Idp nang cao nhan thirc va nang lyc cho cae tdc ngydi thilu s l tham gia hoat dgng du Ijch Nam 2015, nha cdng ddng da ddn tilp 1.911 lygt khach tham quan (tang 730 lypt so vdi eiing ky), trcng dd, khach luu trii cd 672 ngydi (Oy ban Nhan dan xa Ta Lai, 2015) Theo nghien eiru ciia chiing tdi (xem Nguyen Thj Minh Nguyet, 2016), hoat ddng du Ijch da dem lai thu nhap cho ngydi dan cdng ddng, cu t h i : - To Hap tac du lich Ta Lai: mdi khach lyu trii thu dugc 150.000d/ngay, tre em mire thu bing 50% ngydi Idn, tong sd tiln thu dype d i n nam 2015 la tren 40 trieu ddng To hpp tac da dau ty mua s i m toan bd thung rac cdng cdng dat i p d l dam bao ve sinh mdi trydng, d i u ty xay dyng them mdt nha dai 10m, tong sd vdn khoang 25 trieu ddng (theo phyong TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOl sd (253) 2019 thu'c ddng chi tra vdi cdng ty kinh doanh du Ijch la 50%> - 50%), d l tang kha nang phuc vu khach lyu trii, dy k i l n hoan vao giu'a thang 7/2016 s l t i l n cdn lai se cho ddng bao vay vdn de phat triln san xuit (PVS K Y l u , 2016) Dpi cong chieng: vdi dpi cdng chieng, moi dpi cd ngydi, mire thii lao la lOO.OOOd/ngydi/dem diln - Nhan vien To Hop tac du lich Ta Lai: cdng ty du Ijch ehi tra lygng, dong bao hilm y t l , bao hilm xa hdi cho nhan vien - Khdi phuc nghe det thii cong truyin thong: hoat ddng du Ijch sinh thai d xa Ta Lai phat triln To Det thd cam Ta Lai dyge lap va cang phat trien, da tao viec lam cho hon 50 phu nii' ngydi Ma San pham san xuat phuc vu du khach va theo don dat hang Thang 6/2016, Nha tilp ddn khach du Ijch Ta Lai dat hang 30 bp khan an (gdm khan ke chen, dua; khan bpc, hop dyng giiy an) Cac san pham det thu cdng truyln thing san x u i t dyge ban tai thdi dilm 2016 vdi mire gia nhy sau: m i n - 3,5 trieu/tim; xa rong 500.000d/eai; vay, ao nil' 650.000d/bd; ao nam 15a000d/ cai; vi nam 30.000d/cai; vi nu' 40.000d/ cai; khan 200.000d/cai; day deo tay 30.000d/cai; tui riit: 35.000d/cai; bang dd dpi d i u 45.000d/cai Udc tinh thu nhap trung binh ciia hd tii' nghi thii cong truyln thdng, ma chii yeu la nghe det la khoang trieu ddng/nam, hd cd thu nhap cao nhit la trieu ddng va thip nhit la 200 nghin ddng (Nguyin Thj Minh Nguyet, 2016: 86) Hoat ddng du Ijch tai xa Ta Lai khdng chi tao thu nhap on d|nh, ma ddng bao cdn dyge trang bj kiln thire, ky nang hoat ddng du Ijch, giup ddng bao hieu bilt them, ty tin hon d l tham gia vao boat dgng du l|ch, gdp Bang Cong viec va m u c l u a n g hang thang cua nhan vien r d H a p tac du Ijch Ta Lai STT Ho va ten Tdc ngudi Vj tri lam viec Mu-c lu-ang (d/th^ng) KYeu Ma To tru'ang 4.000.000 K^ch Ma Bac ve 2.400.000 eilu Ng Stieng Bao ve 2.400.000 Ka Ban Ma Tap vu 3.000.000 Trieu Thi Tai Tay Dau bep 3.600.000 Ly Thi Bu'd'm Tay Dau bep 3.600.000 Ly Thj Thanh Tay To tru'dng b^p an 3.600.000 Ly Van Tinh Tay Phu trach cac hoat ddng: dapxe, cheo thuyen 3,600.000 Ly Thi Tam Tay Dau bep 10 Ka Hu'cng Ma Hu'd'ng d i n t i i n g Anh 3.600.000 Tra lyong hu-dng d§n cho du khach nu'o'c ngoai Nguon K Ylu, To trudng Td Hgp tac du Ijch Ta Lai, phdng vin 28/6/2016 NGUYEN TH! MINH NGUYET - VAI T R CGA DU LjCH SINH THAL ph§n bao ton va phat huy van hoa truydn thSng Ve sinh moi truang, he th6ng thong tin lien lac va dudng giao thong xa dugc cai thien dang ke, dac biet cau be tong kien co b I c qua song Ddng Nai ket n6i ip nci ngud'i Ma va ngud'i Xtieng sinh s6ng vo'i ben ngoai, dup'c xay dung nam 2018 thay th§ cho c^u tam, pha K^T LUAN TO' nhung van d§ ly luan va thuc tien cho th^y du Hch sinh thai eo vai tro quan trong phat trien kinh t§ - xa h6i cong dong cu dan dia phuang, gop ph^n giam ngheo Viet Nam co ti^m nang phong phu de phat trien du lich sinh thai, nhien, phat triin du lich sinh thai hien chua tuang xLPng vdi t i i m nang Thuc ti^n cho th^y, du lich sinh thai da eo nhung dong gop nhat djnh cho giam ngheo va cai thien ddi s6ng d mpt bp phan cac tpc ngudi thieu s6 Nham tang cudng vai tro cua du Ijch sinh thai vdi giam ngheo, mpt so d i xuait dup'c dua nhu sau: - Nghien cuu, dieu tra ca ban va quy hoach tong the phat trien du lich sinh thai pham vi ca nude; - Xa hpi hoa nguon von dau tu cho phat trien du Ijch sinh thai De phat trien du Ijch sinh thai, ngoai y i u t6 tai nguyen du lieh sinh thai va su tham gia cua cong dong, c i n phai dam bao d i u tu cac d i i u kien v i ca sd ting nhu giao thong vein tai, thong tin lien lac, ve sinh moi trudng ; va cac djch vu h6 trp- cho du lich sinh thai - Xay dung chinh sach, k i hoach dai han dao tao nguon nhan luc la ngudi dan dja phuang d i tham gia vao cac hoat dpng du Ijch sinh thai Muc tieu chinh eua du Ijch sinh thai 1^ tao viec lam, chia se Ip'i ich cho cong ding dja phuang thong qua cac nguin thu tu hoat dpng du Ijch, tw giup ngudi dan giam ngheo b i n vung Vi vay, dao tao va hudng d i n ngudi dan dja phuang tham gia vao cae hoat dpng djch vu du Ijeh sinh thai la h i t sue can thiit • CHU THICH ''" Ti> nhi>ng djnh nghTa ve du lich sinh th^i, cho thay du lich sinh thii cP m6t s6 die tru'ng ca ban (Pham Trung Luang vi Cctc tac gia, 2002: 7) nhu sau; - Du-a vSo thien nhien va c^c nen v§n h6a ban dia - Chu trpng vao su' nang cap vS tri thi6n nhien, quan ly tai nguyen bin vOng - H5 tn? cho cong tcic bao ton thien nhi&n - Mang lai lai ich cho cong dong dia phu-ang - NSng cao hieu biet cua du kh^ch v i m6i tru'ang thien nhien v^ vSn h6a ban dja - Dam bao cho nhu cau thu'ang thiJc cua thi he mai sau khong bj anh hu-ang bai du kh^ch horn '^' Hoat dong du l|ch sinh thcii can tuan theo mgt s6 nguyen tac sau day (Pham Trung Lu'ang v^c^ct^c gia, 2002 19-21): TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOl so (253) 2019 - C6 hoat d6ng giao due va diln giai nham nSng cao hieu biet ve moi tru'ang, qua d6 tao •jf thUc tham gia vSo c^c n6 luc bao ton - Bao ve moi tru&ng va tri he sinh thai - Bao ve v^ ph^t huy ban sic van hoa - Tao ca h6i vi$c l^m va mang lai loi ich cho cOng dong dja phuong '^' Khao sat 300 ho vao thang 7/2001 v i thu nh§p cua ho 12 thang tru'6'c cugc khao sat, d c^c xa Ta LSi {D6ng Nai), DSng Ha (Binh Phu-t^c) va Phudc Cat (Lam D6ng) TAI LIEU TRICH D A N Bp Van hoa, T h i thao va Du Ijch 2011 Chien Iwac phat trien du lich Viet Nam den nam 2020 tim nhin d4n nam 2030 Ha Ngi Dao Ngoc Canh, Nguyen Thi My Duyen 2019 "San phim du Ijch dac thO dua vao cong dong ngudi Khmer d An Giang", http://wwvi/.vtr.org.vn/san-pham-du-lich-dac-thudua-vao-cong-dong-nguoi-khmer-o-an-giang,html, truy cap ngSy 20/6/2019 Fennell, D.A 2001 "A Content Analysis of Ecotourism Definitions" Current Issues in Tourism Vol 4, No 5, pp 403 - 421 Giang Thj Dung 2014 Ph^t trien khu kinh te cwa khau vdi xda ddi giam ngheo d tinh Lao Cai Lugn an Tiin sT Kinh t i , Vien Nghien cuu Quan ly Kinh t i Trung uang ILO 2012 "Bg cong cu hudng dSn giam ngheo thong qua du hch", ban djch tiing Vi|t cua Du an Chwang trinh phat triin nang Iwc du lich cd trach nhiem vdi moi trwdng va xS hdi Khanh Trang 2018 Du lich cdng ddng: sinh ke mdi cho dong bao dan tdc thieu so midn nui phia Bic http://vietnamtourism.gov.vn/index.php/items/27078, truy c$p 20/7/2019 Le Huy Ba 2009 Du lich sinh thai Ha Ngi: Nxb Khoa hgc va Ky thu$t L§ Thu Hu-ang 2016 Ca sd dia ly hoc phuc vu phat then du lich sinh thdi dwa vao cdng dong vung Ddng Bac Vi^t Nam T6m tit Luan an Tiin sT, nganh Dia ly T^i nguyen moi trudng Hgc vien Khoa hgc va Cong nghe L6 Van Minh 2016 "Tiim nSng phat triin du Ijch sinh th^i tai Viet Nam", Tap chi Mdi trwdng, s6 6, http://tapchimoitruong.vn/pages/article.aspx?item=Ti%E1%BB%81m-n% C4%83ng-ph%C3%A1t-tri%E1%BB%83n-du-l%E1%BB%8Bch-sinh-th%C3%A1i~ t%E1%BA%A1i-Vi%E1%BB%87t-Nam~41505, truy cap 20/4/2019 10 Nguyen Anh Cudng, Pham Qu6c Thanh 2014 "X6a doi giam ngheo vS giam bat binh dang xa hgi d Viet Nam" Tap chi Khoa hpc xa hdi Vi$t Nam s6 (82): 43-52 11 Nguyin Thj Minh Nguyet 2016 Sinh k4 ben vwng cua Ccic tdc ngwdi thieu s6 d khu vwe Vwdn Quoc gia Cat Tien vdi yeu cau bio ton va phat trien bin virng Bao cao d i tai cap Bg 2015 - 2016 Vien Khoa hgc xa hgi vung Nam Bg 12 Pham Trung Luong (chu bien) va cac tac gia 2002 Du lich sinh thai nhwng van di ly luan va thwc tiin phat trien d Viit Nam Ha Npi: Nxb Giao due 13 Pham Van Phu 2019 "Ha Giang: phat triin du lich gop phin xoa doi giam ngheo", http://laodongxahoi.net/ha-giang-phat-trien-du-lich-gop-phan-xoa-doi-giam-ngheo-1311 64 NGUY£N THI MINH NGUYET - VAI TRO CCjA DU LjCH SINH THAI 921.html, truy cap 20/6/2019 14 Phan Quic Anh, Nguyen Thj Yen 1994 "Chinh sach dan s6 - k i hoach hoa gia dinh, cham soc sUc khoe ba me tre em m6i quan he vdi xoa d6i giam ngh6o d Viet Nam", Hoi nghi quic t i v i dan s6 va phat triin, Cairo 15 Quic hpi nude Cong hda Xa hpi Chu nghTa Vi#t Nam.'2005 Luat Du Ijch, S6 44/2005/QH11 14/6/2005 16 Quic Hdng 2017 "Du Ijch cdng ddng d Sa Pa", https://wwvi/.nhandan.com.vn/ vanhoa/item/33143702-du-lich-cong-dong-o-sa-pa.html, truy cap 10/6/2019 17 Spenceley, Anna; Ashley, Caroline va Kock, Melissa de 2009 Chwang tinh xda ddi giam ngheo bSng du lich: Hap phin dao tao ca ban Gia-ne-vc, Trung tam Thuang mai T h i gidi 18 T h i Dat 2003 Du lich va du Itch sinh thai Ha Ndi: Nxb Lao dgng 19 Thu tudng Chinh phu 2003 "Chiin luac toan dien v i tang trudng va xoa ddi giam nghdo" Ha Ndi 20 Thu tudng Chinh phu 2013 Quyit dinh Phd duypt Quy hoach tdng the phat thin du lich Viet Nam din nam 2020, tim nhin din nam 2030 22/1/2013 Ha Ndi 21 Thu tudng Chinh phu 2014 Quyit djnh Phe duyet Quy hoach he thong nrng dac dung ca nwde din nam 2020, tim nhin din nam 2030, Quyit dinh so 1976/QD-TTg 30/10/2014 Ha Ndi 22 Tdn Tu Anh va cac tac gia 2003 Cac yiu td kinh te - xa hdi cua cic cdng dong cw dan khu vwe Vwdn Quoc gia Cat Tien anh hwdng din van de bao ton thien nhien va phat trien ben vwng Bao cao dh an Vi$n Khoa hgc xa hpi vung Nam Bg 23 Tdng cue Du Ijch 2013 "Dai hdi ddng Lien hiep qudc: du tjch sinh thai la 'chia khoa' d i xoa doi giam ngheo va bao ve mdi trudng", http.//wvw/.vietnamtourism.com/ index.php/news/items/8651, truy cap 10/12/2014 24 Tdng cue Du Ijch 2017 "Du hch t h i gidi tiip tuc tang trudng bin vUng", http://vietnamtourism.gov.vn/index.php/items/23687, truy cgp 10/6/2019 25 UNDP, Irish Aid, Oy ban Dan tpc 2017 Tong quan thwc trang kinh te - xa hdi cua 53 dan tdc thiSu s6 Bao cao dii an Ha Ndi 26 Uy ban Nhan dan xa Td Lai 2015 Bao cao tdng kit cdng tac nam 2015, phwang hwdng cdng tac nam 2016 Ta Lai 27 Van Hao 2018 "Du Ijch sinh thai bin vung: logi hinh du Ijch cua tu'ong lai", https://dantocmiennui.vn/du-lich/du-lich-sinh-thai-ben-vung-bai-1-loai-hinh-du-lich-cuatuong-lai/178862.html, 13/8/2018, truy cap 10/8/2019 28 Vu Thj Thoa va Dd Viet Dung 2013 Phat tnen du lich sinh thai a Viet Nam http://wwAiv.vtr.org.vn/index.php?options=items&code, truy cap 30/12/2013 29 Wood, Megan EpIer 2002 Ecotourism: Principles, Practies and Policies for Subtainability, United Nations Publication  ... phat then du Ijch sinh thai, nhy; 'Du Ijch sinh thai vdi phat trien du Ijch b i n viJng d Viet Nam" (nam 1998), "Xay dyng chiln lyge qudc gia v l phat trien du lich sinh thai d Viet Nam" (nam 1999),... hu'ang tai cua du lich sinh thai Sa d6 ciiu true cua du Ijch sinh thai cung lam sang to han vai tro cua du Ijch sinh thai vai giam ngheo, mpt phan khong the thiiu eua du Ijch sinh thai la "ho... niem du lich sinh thai Nam 1991, Hiep hdi Du Ijch sinh thai Qudc t l (The International Ecotourism Society - TIES) - to chirc du Ijeh sinh thai qudc t l d i u tien, dya djnh nghTa v l du Ijch sinh