TAP CHi CONG THlftfNG BAO DAM QUYEN CHINH TRI CUA PHU N0 d MOT SO QUOC GIA TREN THE GlCfl VA NHLfNG BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM DOI VCfl VIET NAM • MAITHIDIEUTHUY TOM TAT: Tu" trifdc den Dang va Nha Nifdc Viet Nam luon khlng dinh ung ho chinh sach binh dang gidi moi ITnh vifc cua ddi song xa hoi Dieu ditdc the hien thong qua viec ban hanh cac chinh sach, phap luat cu the cung nhit cac chifdng trinh hanh dong thiJc te Tuy nhi6n, thiTc tien thi^c thi phap luat cho thay van ton tai sif ba't binh dang Idn giija nam va niJ, dac biet la ITnh vifc chinh tri Bai viet de cap de'n nhiJng bal hoc kinh nghiem cua cac quo'c gia tren the* gidi de tCf dUa nhUng giai phap phi! hdp nham nang cao hieu qua bao dam t^ 16 phu nu" tham chinh, gop phan giup Viet Nam thiTc hien tot muc lieu thi6n ni6n kj thu' III: "Tang ciTdng binh dang gidi, nSng cao nang liic va vi the cho phu nff" Tilf khoa: Phu nO", quyen chinh tri, binh ddng gidi, bat binh dang gidi, cong bang, phap luat Kinh nghiem bao dam quyen chinh tri cua phu ni? d mot so' quo'c gia tren the' gidi /./ Kinh nghiem cua Phdn Lan Phin Lan la quo'c gia Bac Au c6 be day kmh nghiem thtfc hien binh dang gidi va trao quyen cho phu niJ hdn mot the'ky qua Van de difcfc the che hoa chinh sach, phap luat tif rat sdm, dac bietcdche'quanly,danhgia, giam sat ve ITnh vifc rat hieu qua Tai day, phii nil difdc lao cd hoi binh dang de tiep can va thu hifdng cac quyen ngu'di tren moi linh vi/c, bao gom ca chinh tri Phu nil" Phan Lan cd ddng gdp quan trong hoat dpng chinh tri vdi 50% vien Chinh phu, vien Hoi dong pho' va 47% nghi si la phu nCr Phan Lan diTdc danh gia la quo'c gia tien phong va'n de binh dang gidi, bdi day la qu6'c gia dau tien d chau Au trao cho phu wxi quy^n bau c^ va cung la quo'c gia dau tien tren the gidi trao quyen bSuciJchophu nffvaonam 1906, NiJ long tho'ng dau tien ciia Phan Lan (Ba Tarja Kaarina Halonen) la bieu tifdng ve binh dang gidi vdi hai nhiem ky keo dai 12 nam (2000-2012) Nhd nhQ-ng So4'Thang3/2020 chinh sach bao ve quyen ngu'di, dac biet la phu niJ, ba nhan dtfdc sif ung ho cua ddng dao ngtfdi dan va ba cungco ten danh sach "lOOphunif quyen life nha'l the gidi", Tap chi Forbes binh chpn nam 2009'" Hien nay, Phan Lan lie'p tuc cd mot tan thu Wdng chi mdi 34 luoi la ba Sanna Marin Ben canh do, Nghi vien cua Phan Lan cd nhieu phu niJ du'dc bau hen tuc hai nhiem ky de tham gia cong viec ciia Nghi vien, Trong nhiem ky hien tai, phu nu'gianhdrfdc93 tren long so'200 ghe cua Quo'c hoi, dal ty 16 47% tai cd quan lap phap Trong do, 48% ghe' Quo'c hoi nhiJng nff nghi sT difdi 45 tudi nam g\SX vdi ni? nghi sT du'di 30 tuoi Khong chi tham gia cac cd quan nhj nirdc ma phu niJ tich Q\ic tham gia hoat dong cua cac chinh dang Phan Lan la quo'c gia da dang vdi hdn 50 van dang vien cua cac dang phai khac cd nhffng chinh dang ty le ni? chie'm 3040%, nhu'ng cung c6 nhifng chinh dang so ludno ntjchia'm 70%, dac bi6t nhat hien la Chinh phu lien minh cua Phan Lan diTdc lap lir dang LUAT ca dang deu nhifng ngiTdi phu mX lanh dao Bon ngifdi ho la phu nu" difdi 35 tuoi Cac vien chiJc ni? bo may nha mldc cung chie'm ty 16 ti/dng do'i cao Trong nhieu nhiem ky cua Chinh phu via qua, cd nhieu vi tri Bo trtfdng B6 Ngoai giao va Qud'c phong deu phu nu" dam nhi6m Dac biet lan dau tien Phan Lan cd niJ thu tu'dng, dong thdi ba cung la Chu tich cua Dang cam quyen Trong he tho'ng cd quan ttf phap, ty 16 phu ni? lam viec cac toa an va cd quan cong to' cung kha cao Dd'i vdi chinh quyen dia phiTcfng, ndi chung niJ vi6n chu'c chie'm khoang mot nu'a Khong nhu'ng th6', phu nO" Phan Lan tham gia tich ciTc vao lye Iifdng quan dpi ca Luc quan va Hai quSn Hien nay, quan so'Phan Lan chifa den van ngifdi, nhu^g niJ bmh linh chi6'm den trieu ngttdi (chie'm ty 16 gan 20%), day la ty le cao nha't the gidi, cd nhieu niJ la si quan va sT quan cao cap Dac biet Bo tru'dng Bo Quo'c phong la niJ, nam ba da 62 tuoi, la niJ B6 trifdng Quoc phong dau tien tr6n the" gidi Tr6n pham vi toan cau, Phan Lan ddng gdp nhieu thong qua to chu'c Lien hdp quo'c ve binh dang gidi va trao quyen cho phu niJ (UN women) Cu the, vao nam 2014, Phan Lan da hd trd UN women 26,5 trieu euro de' chi phi cho si^ nghiep binh dang gidi De cd dildc nhilng qua neu tren, cfS che bao dam thirc thi quyen phu n& tren thifc t6' d Phan Lan thi/c sii ra't hieu qua Nha nifdc da rat chu de'n viec xay diTng va hoan thien bo may chuyen trach Chinh phu ve binh dang gidi, gom: Bo binh dang gidi phu trach ve ITnh viJc binh dang gidi, Thanh tra binh dang gidi Kinh nghiem ciia Na Uy Na Uy cung la quo'c gia chau Au rat quan tam den va'n de binh ddng gidi va coi la mot vS'n de tam phat trien quo'c gia Day cung la qud'c gia cd ty 16 phu nS tham gia lanh dao cao va kha sdm tren the' gidi, vu'dt qua ca Thuy Dien vaMy.TiJnam 1913,NaUy da cho phep phu nff tham gia bau cu' va de'n nam 1930 phu nfl da cd quyen flngcu" vao nghi vien Nam 1979, NaUy da ban hanh Luat Binh dang gidi, ndi dung chiJa du^ng nhu'ng quy dinh bao dam cho phu nff va nam gidi difdc binh dang phat trien Vi th6', phu nff Na Uy tham gia tich cffc vao ddi so'ng chinh tri, ty 16 nff nghi sTcua Nghi vien chie'm ty 16 39,4%, tham gia Chinh phu dat ty le 47%, c6 nff Bp trffdng so 19 Bp Na Uy cd Bd Gia dinh va Binh dang gidi ddng thdi cd Cd quan tra ve binh dang gidi va cho'ng phan biet dd'l xu" Nghj vien Na Uy da thong qua mot so'quy dinh phap luat bu6c cac cong ty l\i nhan phai bo nhiem it nhat 40% giam dd'c la nff Dong thdi difa cac che' tai \i( ly manh, nhff: do'i vdi cac doanh nghiep mdi khong cd du'dc 40% nff giam dd'c se khong difdc dang ky kinh doanh; do'i vdi cac doanh nghiep da ton tai, nam ke tff LuSt c6 hieu lye, ho phai tuyen du so' phu nff vao ban lanh dao, neu vi pham cac doanh nghiep bupc phai ddng ciia Dac bi6t, Luat Binh dang gidi nam 1979 cd mdt muc quy dinh: "Khi lap va bd nhiem, bau cuf cac vien cua mot cd quan nha nffdc, uy ban, hoi ddng, ban c6 til vien trd 16n thi mdi gidi phai cd dai dien vdi ty 16 it nhat la 40% Dd'i vdi uy ban cd til de'n vien tht phai cd dai dien ca hai gidi cac uy ban nay"'^' De bao dam cho nhffng quy djnh cua Luat Binh dang gidi difdc thffc thi, Na Uy tao thie't che' bao dam kha hiJu hieu, la Bp Gia dinh va Binh ddng gidi - cd quan du'dc Chinh phu giao cho chffc nang giam sat viec thu'c hien Ne'u cd quan, ddn vi nao khong dat ty 16 da quy dinh, Bp d l nghi Chinh phu khong cho phep lap Do vay, de'n nay, cd quan cac cap d Na Uy da dat dufdc ty le trung binh 43% nff Ben canh dd, mot cd quan tra ve binh ddng gidi va cho'ng phan biet ddi xu' trurc thupc B6 Gia dinh va Binh dang gidi ddi giiip Chinh phu nhan ddn khie'u nai hoac phat hien nhffng van de dang tdn tai de cung giai quye't Hdn nffa, Na Uy cd he tho'ng cac luat chuy6n nganh va cac luat lien quan khac, vdi cac dieu khoan thong nhat, dong bd cilng hffdng tdi muc tieu bao v6 quyen cho phu nff, Theo nhffng bd luat do, d Na Uy, nam va nff cung nghi hifu d tudi 67 Ne'u d6'n 67 tudi, mud'n lam viec ti6'p deu dffdc chap nhan Chinh phu khuye'n khich di lam tff 16 tudi, nghi hffu d tudi 74 va lam vi6c cang lau cang td't Tuy nhien, phu nff vtn cd quyen nghi sdm tff tudi 60 ne'u hp mud'n, Che'do nghi thai san va cham sdc cai cung dffdc Luat Binh ddng gidi bao dam rat td't Khi mang thai, n6'u ngffdi phu nff da di lam it nha't la thang vdng 10 thang thai se dffdc nghi che dp va hffdng Iffdng day du vdi so tiln khong qua lan so' tien bao hiem qudc gia cd ban Khi sinh nd, ngffdi me dffdc nghi 52 tuan hffdng 80% hoac nghi 42 tuan hffdng 100% Iffdng, Trong thdi gian nay, me phai nghi tuan trffdc sinh, bd Sd4-Thang 3/2020 TAP CHi CONG THIfSNC phai nghi tuan theo che dd ngffdi cha Ngoai ra, bd' va me dffdc nghi tff 10 de'n 20 ngay/nam cham 6'm (ke ca vdi eon nudi) Tff nam 1998, Na Uy cdn cd chffdng trinh trd cap tien nha tre cho tre em tff dd'n tudi, Ne'u gia dinh khdng gffi vao nha tre hoac cac gia dinh gffi dffdi 30 gid/tuan dffdc trd cap 3.000 NOK/thang (tifdng dffdng 7.500.000 ddng Vi6t Nam) Nhffng cd che' bao dam mang tinh thffc cha't ciia Nha nu'dc Na Uy dffa se tao rat nhieu cd hdi Idn khuye'n khich phu nff tham gia vao ddi sd'ng chinh tri mot each hieu qua nha't, 1.2 Kinh nghiem cua Thuy Dien Thuy Dien la qud'c gia Bac Au tien phong viec thiic day binh ddng gidi tren the'gidi, Hdn 100 nam trffdc day, Thuy Dien la mot qud'c gia nong nghiep ngheo vdi nen dan chu bi han che' Nhifng vdi sy nd Iffc ciia Chinh phu, hp da trai qua mot hanh trinh dai bat dau tff nhffng nam 1970 va dat dffdc nhffng tffu quan trpng nhff hdm Nam 1979, Quoc hdi ban hanh B6 luSt Binh dang v^ cd hdi cho nam va nff d thi tru'dng lao dpng, "cam phan biet dd'i xff ve gidi tinh d thi trffdng lao ddng va yeu cdu mpi nha tuyen dung, d khd'i nha nffdc va Uf nhan, deu phai tich eye quang ba cac cd hdi binh ddng ve viec tam cho nam va nff" Tff nam 1980, ngifdi ca cua Qud'c vffdng, ba't ke gidi tinh, se la ngu'di ke' vi dau tidn Thuy Dien cd nff Bd trffdng dau tien tff nam 1947 Nam 2008, Qud'c hdi Thuy Dien da thdng qua mot dff luat mdi, dd la Dao luat ve phan biet dd'i xff Dao luat thay the' cho eac dao luat trffdc dd, bao gdm Dao luat ve cac cd hdi binh ddng va Luat cd lien quan khac ve chdng phan biet ddi xff Dao luat nham dau hanh chd'ng lai sff phan biet, ddng thdi thiic day cac quyen va cd hdi binh dang ciia mpi ca nhan; xac dinh nhffng hinh thffc bi coi la phan biet ddi xff, bao gdm sif phan bi6t ddi xff mot each trye tie'p hay gian tie'p Dao luat cQng xac lap hang loat cac nguy6n tac va chuan mffc, theo dd nghiem cam sff phan bidt ddi xff dffdi tat ca cac hinh thffc, bao gdm dya tren gidi tinh, bao ve viec thu hffdng, tie'p can dd'i vdi cd hdi va cac quyen binh ddng cua phu nff va tre em gai ITnh vffc giao due, he thdng dich vu va phuc Idi xa hpi, viec lam, hffdng Iffdng Vdi nhffng no Iffc Idn ciia chinh quyen da mang lai nhffng qua dang ghi nhan va mot nffa sd 10 So 4-Thang 3/2020 Thii tifdng ciia nffdc da du'dc bd nhv