Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
TiM HIEU M d HiNH GIAO DUG NGHE NGHIEP A MOT S t NOtiG VA BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM D 6 | V 6 | VIET NAM O PHAN CHI THANH* ThS D O THE HLTNG* 1 Khdi nif m md hinh (MH) gido dye nghe nghif p (GDNN) GDNN Id m[.]
TiM HIEU Md HiNH GIAO DUG NGHE NGHIEP A MOT S t NOtiG VA BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM D | V | VIET NAM O PHAN CHI THANH* ThS D O THE HLTNG* Khdi nif m md hinh (MH) gido dye nghe trudng dgi hgc, chilm khodng 37% ddn so HS); nghif p (GDNN) - GD sou trung hgc/GD dgi hgc (fren 19 tudi): GDNN Id mgt «hf thdng con'' eua hf thd'ng sou GD trung hgc bdc II, HS ed f h l vdo trudng gido dye (GD) qudc ddn Khi nghien cuu MH dgi hge, cao ddng hogc cd f h l tham gia vdo thj GDNN, edn xdy dyng hai logi md hinh chuyen trudng lao dgng hodc «he thd'ng GDNN tilp biff sou: 1) Qudn li nhd nude ve GDNN: qudn If tyc" (continuing vocational training) Giira ba hdnh chfnh, ddu tu tdi chfnh, lien thdng frong nude khdi thj trudng lao dgng, trudng dgi hge, hf - khu vyc vd qudc t l , kilm djnh chd't lugng ddo tgo thd'ng GDNN tiep tyc ed su lien fhdng, «fhd'm (OT), phdp ludt, trao ddi nhdn Iyc khu vyc vd qud'e thd'u" vdi t l , ddnh gid hieu qud ben ngodi, thief ldp chud'n Nhu vdy, cd the thdy: HS phd thdng d CHLB OT, ; 2) Cdc co sd GDNN: td chirc, DT, ddu tu tdi Dire dugc phdn luong khd sdm - tir sau chinh, lien kit doanh nghiep, lien kit thj trudng thdng casd - vd dugc coi nhu mgt «truyln fhdng", loo dgng, lien fhdng frong khu vyc GDNN vdi khu diln fy nhien vd tgo dugc fhdnh cdng cd sy vyc GD hdn Idm, ddnh gid ben trong, ddm bdo ddng thudn cua HS, phy huynh vd cuo xd hdi chd't lugng GD, Hoi MH chuyen bif t ndy tdc dgng Nhd nude ed nhilu chinh sdch khuyin khich, tgo qua Igi vd ed quan he mgt thiet vdi dilu kien cho sy phdn ludng ndy Chi cd khodng Tim hieu MH GDNN mdt so' nude 37% HS sou trung hgc bgc I tham gio vdo bdc 1) Md hinh GD vd DT nghe d Cong hda dgi hgc, d3% cdn Igi dugc djnh hudng vdo Uin bang (CHLB) Due CHLB Due Id nude edng GDNivl nghifp phdt friln, ed MH «GDNN kep" (Dual b) MH DVET hi thd'ng GD vd DTNN d Voeafional Education and Training - DVET- Dual CHLB Due Dgc trung eo bdn nhd't eua VET d gial VET) DVET dugc coi Id mdt «dgc sdn" eiia qudc dogn Secondary Level II (Ong vdi lira tudi tu 15-19) gio ndy vd dang dugc nhilu nude xem xet de Id cd su hgp tdc chdt che ve ddu tu giira khu vyc «nhdp khdu" edng vd khu vyc tu nhdn (Dual- kep/song song/ a) Hi thd'ng GD-DT d CHLB Dire gom: - GD cdng fdc): khu vyc cdng ddu tu vdo cdc trudng tieu hge (d-10 tudi); - GD trung hgc bgc / (10- DN todn thdi gian (full-time) vd bdn thdi gian / l d tud'i) vdi logi hinh: Lower Secondary Khu vyc tu tham gio vdo VET thdng qua cdc hgp Grammar School [trudng cd tfnh hdn ldm cao) ddng thyc hdnh nghe - loo ddng bdn thdi gian Intermediate School (frudng ft tfnh hdn ldm nhd't) (tgi nhd mdy/cdng ti/xi nghifp h/ nhdn) vd Lower Secondary School (trudng dgi trd - cd dugc ki vdi hgc vien cdc trudng OT nghi bdn thai the dugc phdn fhdnh mdt so logi hinh khde); gian Nhd nude thdnh ldp Nhd nude cd nhi/ng • GD trung hgc bdc // (15-1 tudi) cd cdc logi dilu lugt quy dinh cy f h l trdch nhifm, nghTa vy hinh: Hf thd'ng GDDN kep (gdm: frudng doanh vd quyin Igi ciio khu vuc tu nhdn dd'i vdi sy nghifp nghifp (DN) bdn thdi gian vd trudng DN ciio phdt frien GD-OT NN cdng ti, chilm khodng 51 % ddn sd HS), Trudng 2) Md hinh gido dye kT thudt - nghe nghiip DN fodn thdi gian (ehilm khodng 12 % ddn so (GDKT-NN) d Nhgt Ban GD KT-NN d Nhdt hgc sinh (HS)) vd Trudng Upper secondary grammar school (trudng phd thdng frung hgc * Viea Kboa hpc giao diic Vl«t Nam hdn Idm nhdm tqo ngudn «ddu vdo" cho cdc ** Tnrcing Bai hpc sir pham ki thu$t Nimg Yci Tap chi Glao due s6 9 (kt i • la/aoia) # Bdn dugc hinh thdnh vd phdt trien sdm frong qud frinh cdi cdch GD Idn thir nhd't (nhirng ndm 90 ciio t h i ki XIX) D i n ndm 1951, de ddp ung nhu cdu phdt trien GDNN frong thdi ki ddy mgnh cdng nghifp hdo, Ludt thue ddy GDNN dd dugc ban hdnh Idm co sd phdp If eho qud trinh hifn dgi hdo, chudn hdo (chuong frinh, thilt bj) cdc iogi hinh GD KT-NN Tu 1957, Nhdt Bdn dd cd ehinh sdch tdng trg cd'p (10%) luong eo bdn cho dgy KT thudt (KT) vd DN d cdc trudng frung hgc bdc coo cho phu hgp vdi tien bd cdng nghf vd nhu cdu nhdn Iyc thj trudng lao dgng Khung chuong frinh qudc gio chi cd phdn co bdn: Myc tiiu DT vd Cdc ngi dung chinh 3) GDNN d Singapore a) Trong nhung ndm cud'i thdp niin dO, nin kinh t l Singapore cd budc chuyen chiln luge Idn tir sdn xud't thay f h l nhdp khdu song cdng nghifp hda hudng v l xudt khdu Chinh phu Singapore tdp trung phdt trien cdc ngdnh sdn xud't ddi hdi nhilu loo dgng vd dOng Igi f h l lao Tu ndm 1958, cdc chuong frinh GDNN (mdn dgng re d l thu hut ddu tu nude ngodi Chfnh Cdng nghi] bdt budc dd dugc duo vdo frudng sdch GD giai dogn ndy cd myc tieu chfnh Id frung hge eo sd (THCS) (thyc chd't Id cdc chuong cung cd'p loo dgng Idnh nghi vdi sd lugng Idn frinh kit hgp gii/a GD vdn hda phd fhdng vd cho nen kinh t l DT KT vd DN dugc dua vdo DT nghi phd biln d cdp hge ndy) Khodng 70% chuong trinh gidng dgy ti> cd'p THCS HS theo hgc cdc khdo phd fhdng d l thi vdo Ngodi cdc trudng dgy vdn hda, bdn hf fhdng coo ddng, dgi hgc vd khodng 2d% theo hudng trudng THCS mdi dugc thdnh ldp vdo ndm 1961 OTNN d bdc trung hgc Den nhOfng ndm dO, (bao gdm: ede trudng DN, cdc trudng KT, cdc GDNN d Nhdt Bdn chii y l u phdt friln fren n i n trudng thuong mgi vd ede hge vifn DN) Den tdng GD phd cdp bdt budc ndm (sou THCS) ndm 1972, sd lugng HS ddng kf hgc tgi cdc Trong thdi ki ndy, de ddp ung nhu edu coo ve trudng DN dgt mdt phdn ba tdng sd HS THCS nhdn luc loo ddng KT, Chfnh phii Nhdt Bdn dd (theo chi tieu dgt ciio Chfnh phu) cd chinh sdch ddu tu tdng gdp ddi sd trudng LTnh vyc hge nghe (apprenticeship) cung c6 trung hgc KT bgc cao (Technical High School) nhirng thay ddi Idn Bd Gido dye Singapore chii vd fhdnh lap logi hinh trudng cao ddng cdng dgng kit hgp vdi cdc cdng ti qudc gia vd da nghi (College of Technology) vdi dd'i tugng qudc gio td chirc cdc khoa hgc nghi keo ddi tir tuyln sinh Id HS tdf nghifp THCS vd dugc OT 3-4 ndm Hgc vien cd f h l ddng kf ede ehuong frong ndm Ody thue chd't Id mgt hinh thuc trinh hge nghe cd nhdn hay theo nhdm Chuong phdn luong vd Id mdt logi hinh lien thdng true trinh ed nhdn dugc tiln hdnh tgi cdc cdng ti da tiep giua GD phd' thdng trung hgc vd GDNN d qudc gia (hogc cdc cdng ti nude) cd quy trinh coo ddng md Idn, frong cdc chuong trinh theo nhdm Oe ddp ung nhu cdu da dgng, thudng xuyen chii yeu kit hgp vdi cdc cdng ti nude logi thay dd'i ciia ede nhd su dyng loo ddng vd theo vira vd nhd Ngodi ro, ede trudng cung dd kit kjp sy tiln bd cuo khoa hgc - cdng nghf, cdc hgp vdi bo cdng ti da qud'e gia tgi Singapore Id ndi dung thich hgp v l cdng nghf fhdng tin vd Tbta, Rdllei vd Philips md ba trung tdm DT vdi mdy tinh cOng dd dugc chgn lge dua vdo chuong nguyin tac hogt dgng Id «Chinh phu cung cdp trinh cdng nghf d trudng THCS vd cdc ehuong tdi ehinh vd co sd hg tang, cdc edng ti ddm nhdn frinh GD d cdc frudng trung hgc bdc coo (phd viic xdy dyng, dieu hdnh vd sogn gido trinh gidng thdng hodc KT) Ndi dung OT KT-NN d cdc trudng dgy" Hgc vien cd ndm hgc If thuylt tgi frung frung hgc KT edn dugc cdp nhdt cdc finh vyc tdm vd ndm thorn gio thue hdnh tgi edng ti tiln bg khoa hgc - cdng nghf (nhu: co dien tu; Chfnh phu se trd luong cho cdc hge vien frong CO difn tu ung dyng ) dudi dgng cdc ehii de giai dogn thue hdnh, bCi Igi ngudi hgc se phdi tieh hgp Idm vife cho cdc cdng ti da qudc gla vd cdc cdng Cdc chuong trinh GD KT-NN cung ti/ng co tl thudc qudn li cuo chfnh phu thdi gian ft sd DT xdy dung fren co sd khung ehuong frinh nhd't Id ndm sou hg kit thuc khoa DT li thuylt qudc gia (Notional course of Study) ciia Bd Gido tgi frung tdm Kit qud eua qud frinh cdng nghifp hda vdl sy dye quy djnh Chuong trinh chl tilt dugc thiet k l cho tung khdo DT vd dieu chinh thudng xuyen ddng gdp ddng ke eiia GD OT ngudn lye Tap chi Giao due so 9 (ki i la/aoiai dd giup Singapore dgt tdc dd tang irudng L>Uf dgt 9,4% mdi ndm vd ngn thd't nghifp gidm ti If d muc eao (h/ 6% frong ndm 1970 cdn 3,3% frong ndm 1979) b) Trong giai dogn tdi cdu true nen kinh ti' Xudt phdt tu thue t l ciia mdt dd't nude ngheo tdi nguyen, chi dya chii yeu vdo nhdn lye d l phdt friln kinh t l , dd'i difn vdi nhu edu co hda, tu ddng hdo vd thdng tin hda nin cdng nghifp, chinh phli Singapore dd quyet djnh ddi mdi chiln luge GD-DT hudng ngudn nhdn lye ddp irng nhu cdu ngdy mdt coo ciio nin cdng nghifp Thay dd'i quon frgng nhd't Id vife fhdnh ldp Uy ban gido dye kT thudt vd DT ehuyin gia (Council for Professional and Technical Education) gdm cdc eo quan ciia chfnh phii v l GD-OT vdi myc dich chinh Id ddm bdo eho ngudn nhdn Iyc boo gdm cdc chuyen gio, KT vien vd cdng nhdn Idnh nghi ludn ddp ung yeu cdu phdt friln cua nin edng nghifp v l sd lugng, chdt lugng vd trinh chuyen mdn Thay vi vife duo ro nhirng ehinh sdch chung eho hf fhdng GD, Uy ban dd de ro nhi/ng fhoy ddi v l mdt chiln luge rieng eho tirng trudng dgi hgc, eao ddng vd hgc vifn DN Chiln luge mdi ciia GD-OT Id: ndng coo ti If loo ddng c6 frinh dd, cung cd'p cdc khdo DT tgi chuc (continuous training) vd OT Igi (retraining); md rdng vd cdi thifn chd't lugng GD cd'p III vd GD sou CO sd Cdc ehuong trinh ndng coo frinh vd kTndng cua Iyc lugng lao ddng gdm: ndng eao frinh tilng Anh, khd ndng su dyng mdy vi tinh, cdi thifn khd ndng ngdn ngir vd fodn hgc eho edng nhdn; ndng coo nhi/ng kT ndng vd'n cd vd trang bj nhi/ng kT ndng mdi, giup dd cdng nhdn phdt friln khd ndng giao tilp, khd ndng gidi quylt vd'n d l , ; cd cdc ehuong trinh hud'n luyfn ddnh rieng cho ede cdng nhdn tren 40 fudi nhdm giup hg thich nghi vdi qud frinh tdi co cd'u nin kinh fleung nhu nhirng thay dd'i nhanh chdng v l mdt cdng nghf 1988; nguge Igi ti If loo ddng fri dc tdng h> 38,2% nam 1980 len 40,9% ndm 1988 c) Trong thdp nien 90 Chinh phu Singapore tdp trung hon vdo cdi cdch hf thdng GD d bdc phd thdng trung hgc vd DN sou phd thdng co sd Myc tieu dgt ro Id d i n ndm 2000, ti If HS giifa ede logi hinh OT se Id 25% cho ede hgc vifn GD KT, 40% cho cdc frudng coo ddng KT vd 25% eho cdc CO sd DT dy bj dgi hgc Nam 1992, Viin Gida dye kT thudt ddi phy frdch fodn bd linh vyc DT cdng nghifp vd DN cho cdc HS tdf nghifp phd thdng eo sd cd bdng O-level vd bdng Nlevel Vdi 10 hgc vifn KT frye thugc, logi hinh ndy mdi ndm gdp phdn OT tu 10.000-11.000 hge vien Ben egnh dd, Nhd nude dp dyng nhilu chfnh sdch nhdm khuyin khfch cdc cdng ti tu to chuc cdc khdo DT vd DN cho nhdn vien vd edng nhdn qud trinh Idm vife Ddng thdi, Vien Gido dye kTthugtcung kit hgp vdi ede edng ti thyc hifn MH «hge nghe song song" Tgi ddy, ede hge vien se tham gia thue tdp vd dugc trd luong tgi edng ti frong qud trinh hgc li thuylt se diin ro tgi cdc hgc vifn DN thudc Vifn hodc tgi cdc hgc vifn OT ciing chirc ndng Ndi dung hgc nghi dugc md rdng din cdc tTnh vyc nhu kTndng bdn hdng, chdm sdc sire khde vd du ljch Bdi hgc kinh nghiem dd'i vdl V i f t Nam Thyc te eho thdy, mgc du ed mdt sy da dgng v l MH GD vd DTNN d ede nude; Igi cd nhCrng sy khde biet v l c h l chinh trj, tdn gido, Ijeh su, vdn hdo, frinh kinh te d mdi qudc gia, song ed f h l rOt mgt so bdi hge sou dd'i vdi GDNN d Vift Nam: 1) Nhd nude vd xd hgi can nhgn thuc dugc vai trd quan trgng cua khu vuc GDNN dd'i vdi su nghiip phdt trien KT-XH Tdng eye fhdng ke Clio cdc nude phdt friln d l u ed thd'ng ke ddnh gid ddng gdp ciia hf fhdng GDNN ddi vdi su nghiep phdt trien KT-XH eua qud'e gio Xd hdi se ddng thudn coo vife ddu tu cho hf fhdng GDNN nlu dugc gidi trinh v l hifu qud ciia vife Vi vdy, d i n cud'i thdp ki 80, n i n kinh t l Singapore cd nhung budc tiln vugif bdc Tdc tdng frudng fro Igi muc cao (9,7% frong giai dogn ddu tu 2) Hi thd'ng GDNN phai dugc col Id «hd 1987-1989 Singapore trd fhdnh qudc gia dong phdt friln thu hut nhilu ddu tu frye tilp nude ngodi thd'ng con' he thd'ng CD, hi thd'ng KTnhd't (khodng 2,3 ti USD mdi ndm) Tdng frudng XH qud'e gia, khu vuc vd quoc ti' Do dd, cdn v l kinh t l dd gdp phdn tgo them 346.000 viec cd sy lien fhdng frong ngi bd ciio he thdng GDNN Idm frong nhung ndm 80 Ti If lao ddng chdn toy vd glCra hf thd'ng GDNN vdl hf thd'ng GD qudc gidm ti> 40,4% ndm 1980 xudng cdn 35,3% ndm t l Vi dy: ndm 2011, CHLB Due nhdn thdy, cdn Tap chi Giao due so 9 (u i • la/aoia) I • cdi td hf thdng GD qudc gia nhdm tdng cudng su lien thdng tu khu vuc GDNN sang khu vuc GD hdn Idm; xde djnh voi trd quan trgng ciia y l u fd «trinh NN thyc t l " ddi vdi sy phdt triln ciia sue sdn xudt, trinh sdn xud't Ndi edeh khde, qudc gio ndy rdt coi trgng nhirng ngudi dd qua thuc t l sdn xud't, coi dd Id «md vdng" cdn phdi khoi thdc 3) Tgo nguon «ddu vda' cho hi thd'ng GDNN: cdn cd su «phdn ludng" HS phd thdng vdo hai «ludng" chinh: GDNN vd GD hdn Idm O nhilu nude, su phdn ludng ndy Id «nua cudng buc - nua thuylt phye": nhd trudng fhdng qua kit qud hge fdp vd ndng luc eua HS md phdn bd HS vdo cdc logi frudng thich hgp; cha me HS dugc gidi frinh edng khoi v l ndng Iyc ciio em; bdn thdn HS fhOa nhdn sy ddnh gid v l ndng Iyc vd dugc tu vd'n NN td't, Vi dy: ti If hdn Idm/NN d Due Id khodng / - cd nghTo Id: chi cd khodng 30% HS THCS dugc djnh hudng vdo cdc trudng dgi hge hdn Idm, edn khodng 70% cdn Igi se vdo ktiu vyc GDNN 4) Cdn ddu tu cdng tv ki't hgp cho GDNN (chu y l u Id nhd nude - doanh nghifp tu nhdn) Li do: - Rd't ton kem ddu tu vdo cdc trudng DN vi hf fhdng thilt bj rd't ddt tiln, Igi phdi thudng xuyen fhoy ddi d l hifn dgi vd ddng bg hdo frong thilt bj; - Doanh nghifp rd't «nhgy edm" vdl khoa hgc - cdng nghf, vdi thj trudng hdng hda vd cdc ludt If v l tdi chfnh Nhd nude cd ngudn Iyc Idn nhung Igi phdi ddu tu vdo nhilu ngdnh nghi ed tfnh sdng edn eiia mgt qudc gio nen mdt «dd f r i " nhd't djnh, thilu sy ndm bdt kjp thdi thj trudng hdng hda so vdi cdc doanh nghifp tu nhdn; - Doanh nghiep gidi quylt vife Idm eho loo dgng tgi dja phuong; ed dugc lye lugng lao ddng vdi frinh fay nghi thfch hgp, cd the su dyng vd khdng phdi DT Igl; - Nhd nude cd dieu kifn tgp frung ddu tu vdo khu vyc quan trgng, edn vd'n ddu tu Idn md khu vyc tu nhdn khdng the (hogc khdng mudn) ddu tu Nhd nude cung edn ed hf thd'ng ede Ludt quy djnh nghTo vy cung nhu quyin Igi ciia khu vyc tu nhdn ddu tu vdo GDNN 5) Trong xu hudng fodn edu hdo, di chuyin ngudn nhdn Iyc qudc t l , can chu y tdi nhdn to' h^i nh^p quoc te: cdc chud'n DT qudc t l , ndng lye/phd'm chat cdt Idl, sy cdng nhdn/thua nhgn # Idn ddi vdi cdc chung chi/bdng cd'p ve OTNN, vd'n de ngogi ngir d) Nhd nude vd doanh nghiip c6n tgo nhieu viec Idm, cd thu nhdp du sdng cho khu vuc GDNN Thuc t l , vife Idm vd thu nhdp ludn Id hai y l u to quan trgng fdc dgng den moi thj frudng lao ddng, dd y l u to thu nhdp Id quon trgng nhdt Chdng hgn, d CHLB Due, mgt ngudi ed bdng trung cdp/cao ddng nghi cd f h l cd thu nhdp hdng thdng cao hon mgt kT su Dilu ndy cho thdy, qud'e gia ndy rd't coi frgng nhOng ngudi dd trdi qua thue tien NN vd tao eho hg nhilu co hgi d l hge len d cdc trinh eao hon.Q Tai lieu tham khao Trin Kiianh Diic Plidt tri^n gido diic nghi nghibp nhdm ddp ling nhu cdu nhdn lire & nude la irong qud trinh cong nghiip hda hiin dai hda vd h^i nhdp qud'e te Ki ytfu Hpi ihiio Ichoa hoc (d4 liii B2010-3790CT), 2012 Hoang Ngpc Vinh "GO rO'i cho giao dgc ngh4 nghiep - Cin tim mO hinh quin li Ihich hpp" hllp://www.sggp.org.vn/giaoduc 2010 H6ng Le Thp "Giao due ngh4 nghibp p Nh^t Ban: Chia ichpa di vap hien dai hda" http://www tapchithoidai.org 2008 "Giao due Singapore: ndi long di IchOa chilt" http://vnn.vietnamnet.vn The Dual Vocational Education and Training System in Germany Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training Berlin, 2011 International Standard Classification of Education - UNESCO Institute for Statistics Toronto -Canada 201 \ Vocational Training and Employment in China, Japan, S Korea - UNESCO Institute for Statistics Toronto - Canada, 2011 SUMMARY Vocational education has been play a leading position in the development of human resources through training for the country But today Vietnamese human resources are in a serious imbalance in the structure as well as the quality of training Which career orientation would vocation education be proposed for the process of international integration In Vietnam ? This study will clarify vocational education models applied in some countries and withdraw experiences for Vietnam in the training of human resources to meet social needs as well Tap ehi Glao due so 9 (ki i • la/aoia) ... hgc kinh nghiem dd''i vdl V i f t Nam Thyc te eho thdy, mgc du ed mdt sy da dgng v l MH GD vd DTNN d ede nude; Igi cd nhCrng sy khde biet v l c h l chinh trj, tdn gido, Ijeh su, vdn hdo, frinh kinh. .. thich nghi vdi qud frinh tdi co cd''u nin kinh fleung nhu nhirng thay dd''i nhanh chdng v l mdt cdng nghf 1988; nguge Igi ti If loo ddng fri dc tdng h> 38,2% nam 1980 len 40,9% ndm 1988 c) Trong thdp... 1979) b) Trong giai dogn tdi cdu true nen kinh ti'' Xudt phdt tu thue t l ciia mdt dd''t nude ngheo tdi nguyen, chi dya chii yeu vdo nhdn lye d l phdt friln kinh t l , dd''i difn vdi nhu edu co hda,