HE THONG DAM BAD CHA lUONG GIAO DUC THE KHDYET TAT CDA HDA Ki VA MHT Sfi OAI HOC KINH NGHIEM DJIl Vfil VIET HAM PGS TS NGUYEN XUAN HAI* Theo sd lieu bao eao eua cac tinh, thanh phd, nam hpe 2012 2013,[.]
HE THONG DAM BAD CHA lUONG GIAO DUC THE KHDYET TAT CDA HDA Ki VA MHT Sfi OAI HOC KINH NGHIEM DJIl Vfil VIET HAM PGS T heo sd lieu bao eao eua cac tinh, phd, nam hpe 2012-2013, tai Viet Nam ed khoang hon 500 ngan tre khuye't tat (TKT) hien dang dupe di hpe deae tardng chuyen biet va hda nhap Vdi sd lupng cang nhieu TKT de'n trudng, vain dedat khdng chi la dam bao ve sd lupng huy ddng tre Idp ma cdn can tao dieu kien eae em cd the' hpe tap mdt each ed cha't lupng, cd duqc mpt cudc sd'ng ddc lap, hda nhap vdi cdng ddng, xa hdi Bai viet tap taing phan anh mdt ketqua nghien cim thude De tai Khoa hpe Cdng nghe cap Bd, la su hop tac song phuang giira Trudng BHSP Hi Ngi Trudng Bai hgc Sain Marcos va Trudng Bai hgc Missouriciia Hoa Ki (1) Nghien cifu dupe tie'n hanh d tardng dai hpc, trudng tieu hpe, tmdng trung hpe va tmng tam hd trp cap quan tai bang Texas (Hoa Ki) thdi gian thang va 16/2013 Cac ketqua nghien cifu the'hien toco ban (xem saddl): Cic dao Iu9t: 1) "Khong mpi Ire nao ngoai tnfdng hgtf ("No Child Len Behind") Geoge W Bush, 2002; Viec lam ho^c trdve gia dinh 2) Giao due ngudi khuy&'l (individual Disability Education Act IDEA) TS NGUYEN XUAN HAI* 1) Cac dao luat a) Luat "Khdng mdt tre nao ngoai trudng hgc" (No Child Left Behind Act) lien quan de'n giao due d clip Hen bang (ban hanh vao nam 2002) tao nhieu thay ddi Idn eiing nhu nhieu tranh eai giao due (GD) edng cua Hoa Ki Luat da the' hien rd: nen GD bit bude phai dam bao tat ea tre em - khdng phan biet qud'c tjch, tdn giao, ngdn ngit, dieu kien kinh te, hoan canh xa hpi deu phai cd dupe nen G D tdt va dat dupe ki thi chua'n; yeu cau hpc sinh (HS) vanhatrudng phai ehiing to sir tie'n bdthda dang quatung nam hpe (Adequate Yearly Progress) thdng qua vlec kie'm tra, danh gia trinh theo mdt "muc thude" can ban (Standardized Testing) Luat cung uy quyen cho cae bang xac djnh muc tieu ve ket qua hpe tap ma tre em phai dat ve miifc dp dpe hie'u, lam toan tu idp 3-8 va dupe kie'm djnh bing eac bai thi dupe ehuan hda Nhifng bien phap kie'm djnh ehait lupng cac trudng va eae bien phap khac sau dd dupe thu thap va dua vao bao cao hang nam eua bang Neu mdt trudng nao dd khdng chirng td duqc su tien bd se dua vao "danh sach cac trudng khdng daf, bi dang edng bao vacha me HS ed quyen chuye'n hpsang hpc trudng khac Neu khdng cd suthay ddi, trudng dd se bj tdchde lai hoac bj ddng cua (tuy nhien, de'n rait hiem xay trudng hpp nay) Mac dii he thd'ng cae trudng d cac bang va dia phuang cd su linh boat dang ke vlec eai thien cha't lupng cua minh, nhung Luat quy dinh HS duqc chuye'n khdi eac trudng khdng dat chat lupng de va eae ePsd se khdng dupe nhan eac khoan hd trp Phu huynh ed the' chuye'n em sang cac trudng cdng khac hoac cac tmdng ban cdng Hp eung dii dieu kien dedupe tu vain va cung cap cac dich vu dac biet khac b) LuatGD ngudtikhuyet tat (\ndN'\dua\ Disability Education Act-IDEA) (2) da quy dinh tat campi TKT Sadd Tong quan mo t\inh dam bao chat lugrng TKT cua Hoa Ki 26 Tap chi Gido due so 326 * Khoa Giao due dac biet, TnrOng Dai hoc sir pham Ha Npi (ki2-1/2014) deu dupe hudng Ipi tu"GD edng mien phi phu hpp"; sach bai tap, tai lieu hudng din, dTa VCD, he thd'ng yeu eau cae tmdng xay dung kehoach GD rieng eho phan mem may tinh, ) Ldp hpc dupe thiet ketheo tdng tre va slp xep eac em vao mdi trudng Idp hpe it ndi dung mdn hpc chu khdng thie't ketheo md hinh mdt Idp hpc phue vu eho viee day hpe nhieu mdn hpc cd"rao can" nha't TKT se khdng dupe hpc hda nhap neu khdng Sau gan 30 nam nghien cifu vathuc hien, Luat da Chung m Inh ring G D eho TKT se bleu qua ban bSng dupe mdt hdi ddng gdm GV, cha me va nhan vien each: • Oat ki vpng cao d tre va dam bao vlec eho tre hanh ehinh quyet djnh Khi da dupe quye't dinh vao dupe tie'p can td'l da vol chuang trinh GD phdthdng; Idp hda nhap, tre tie'p tuc dupe xac djnh vao hpc tdng -Tang cudng vai trdcua cha me HS va dam bao rang loai Idp vdi eac trinh dp khac nhau, nhu: - Ldp hgc hda nhap (inclusion): TKT hpc gia dinh tre cd co hdi tham gia vao vlec G D tre; - Tao nen GD dac biet phii hpp va eac djch vu ed lien mdi trudng phdthdng, Idp hpc cd mdt giao vien giao quan vacac dung euhd trp va giiip dd Idp hpe due dac biet (GVGDOB) hd trp rieng Idp Tre binh thudng danh eho TKT, bait eu nao cd the'; cd lan/tuan Idp hpe rieng denhan suhdtrpcua - Hd trp viee phat trie'n chuyen mdn sau ehait lupng G VG DOB Ldp khdng cd Idp trudng hay ban can su Idp, mdi em phai tu quan li, tu chiu trach nhiem ve eao eho nhirng ngudi lam vlec vdi TKT ban than 2) Hi thd'ng hd trg GD TKT - Ldp hgc bo sung ndidung hgc tap cie mdn hgc a) Binh gii tre vi ki hoach GD ci nhin Sau m dt thdi gian hpc, neu tha'y tre khdng tie'n bd, GV se tie'n (content mastery): danh cho TKT hpc tap nhe, khdng hanh viee danh gia tre Hdi ddng danh gia gdm: mdt ddi hdi trp giiip ea nhan eua mdt G V dd'i vdi mdt tre nha tam li hpe, mdt nha ngdn ngif, mdt chuyen gia mdi - /.dip ngudn (resource classroom): G VG DOB danh gia ve kha nang dpe, viet eua tre Ket luan vetinh trang tre phai dua vao ykien eua tdng vien Sau hudng din cho nhung TKT hpc tap vdi nhirng ndi dd, tifng tre duqc lap Kehoach GD ci nhan vdi mpt dung eac em khdng the' hpc dupe Idp hpc hda nhdm "da chuyen mdn" (eua quan) gdm 01 GV, nhap Vdi nhifng ndi dung khac, tre lai trdve Idp hpc nha tam li hpe, chuyen gia danh gia va nhan hda nhap vdi eae ban khac Ldp dinh cho nhirng TKT nang (homeroom vien hanh ehinh Hdi ddng danh gia boat dpng hoan toan ddc lap vdi cae nha trudng Vi vay, tre de'n resource): TKT phai hpc cung vdi GVGDOB tat ca cae mdn co ban (Toin, Bgc hiiu, Ngdn ngit, Tunhiin trudng, G V da biet can lam gi cho tre Thdng thudng, ban Ki hoach GD ei nhin ciia tre viXahdi, ) Cac em cdthe'tham gia cac hoatddng se dupe hdi ddng chuyen mdn quan danh gia lai vao hpe tap, vui chal khac eiing vdi cac ban trudng -tcp/rocc/7t/yen/b/er(self-class): danh cho nhifng thdi die'm ket thiic nam hpe Vlec danh glaketquaGD hay si/tien bd cua TKT dupe thuc hien mdt lan/thang, TKT rat nang hoac ddi hdi cd su hd trp y te, cae em tai phdng may tinh tai nha trudng (hoac tai gia dinh hpe rieng ca d Idp hpc vdi su hd trp cua thdng qua he thd'ng may tinh ket nd'i chuong trinh) GVGDOB (thdng thudng mdi Idp ed GV chinii va2 b) Hgc 12 nam phd'thdng hoac cic chuang trinh (hoac nhieu ban) GV hd trp) - Ldp chuyin giao (transitional class): danh eho can thiep tu3 tud'i trd lin Tre em thudng bit dau di hpc d nha miu giao tiif len tudl va tie'p tuc hpe tre hpc khdng cdng Idp hpe phdthdng het trung hpc (Idp 12) de'n 18 tud'i Cap tIe'u hpe bit vain de hanh vl cam xiic Tre ed the' hpc Idp hpe dau tif Idp miu giao de'n Idp (hoac Idp 6; mpt so gap eae vain de/tinh hud'ng cang thang, sau trudng den Idp 8) Cac trudng tmng hpe thudng bit dd lai chuye'n ve Idp hda nhap; hoac hpc ket hpp ca hai mdi trudng dautuldp9-12(3) Thdng thudng, mdt Idp hpc thude mdttrong trinh Cd ehuan kie'n thdc va kTnang chung (cda bang) va cd nhieu sach giao khoa khac Phdng GD- ddtrenedtu5-15em Cac Idp hpe hoa nhap cd dac die'm: - Khdng OT quan se chpn khoang 20 nha xuait ban va xin y kie'n cua G V quan Quan se lua chpn sach giao ed chuong trinh danh rieng cho tifng trinh dp eua tre; ed nhieu ykien lua chpn de'glangday.Thdng thudng, GV hoan toan ehu ddng dieu chinh chuang Phdng GD-OT quan tie'n hanh vlec theo djnh ki trinh cho phii hop vdi trinh dp cua mdi em, phii hpp nam/lan dd'i vdi tat ca cac mdn hpc hoac cap nhat vdi muc tieu ke hoach giao due ea nhan; - Ndi dung thudng xuyen vdi tung mdn hpc Ngoai ra, cd rat nhieu day hpe tre hoan toan phu thude vao trinh dp cung hpc lieu khac hd trp cho day va hpe mdn dd (nhu: nhu su tie'n bd cua tifng em, khdng phu thude vao (ki2-1/2014) Tap ehi Gido due so 326 27 chuang trinh chung (khdng ap dung dd'i vdi eac Idp theo eac ITnh vuc phat trie'n tam sinh li cua TKT (nhu tinh cam - xa hdi, nhan thdc, hanh vi, ngdn ngif, ) hda nhap hay chuyen giao) Ben canh dd, nha tmdng tdchde cae eude hpp gia Ngoai ra, eung khdng cd tmdng chuyen biet danh rieng cho tufng loai TKT (tuy theo tung trudng ma cd dinh HS mpt nam/ lan va eac cupc hpp "cdng ddng" eae loai hinh giao due theo chuang trinh tren); mdt (hpp djnh ki thang/lan hoac can thiet) gdm cha me sdcac tmdng cd cac phdng trj lieu (ngdn ngu, hanh vi, TKTvatrecdnhu eau dactDiet,GVGDDB, tinh nguyen tam van ddng, am nhae, kTnang sd'ng, kTnang nghe vien eiing ban bacthao luan va thd'ng nhat each cham ng^hiep, ) va phdng tu van (tam li tinh cam, su cang sdc, GD, hudng dan tre tai nha tmdng, gia dinh Mpt so' bai hpc kinh nghiem doi vdi Viet thang, ) - tiiy thude vao nhu eau cua tung dd'i tupng TKT hay treed nhu cau dac biet cda nhatmwig; khdng Nam rut tu ket qua nghien cifu 1)Suiinh hoat viee hieu khainiem "GD cd chinh sach "luu ban" dd'i vdi tat ca mpi tre, dd cd TKT (du tre khdng dat dupe chua'n hay khdng cd hda nhap " deae nha truang ciia Hoa /f/ttie' hien d tie'n bd, cae em vin duqc len Idp vdi y nghTa la eiing dp6 chuang trinh GD dac biet cua mdi nha tmdng GD hda nhap cd nhieu muc dp khac va mue dp cao tud'i, eiing dac die'm tam sinh li) c) Trung tam ngudn ci'p ^uan.'danh cho nhung nhat la TKT duqc hpe cung vdi eac ban khac khdng TKT dac biet nang, khdng the'theo hpc tai mdt khuyet tat ldp song eae em vin phai dat chuan chuong trinh cua trudng hda nhap; la noi eung cap kie'n thdc, kT nang theo quy dinh ehung 2) Ldp hgc duge thiit ketheo ngi dung mon cac djch vu can thiep, phue hdi ehde nang, trj lieu, giao due, hudng nghipp eho TKT Cac tmng tam ngudn hgc ma khdng theo md hinh "mdt Idp hpc day hgc nliu mdt he thd'ng song song vdi he thd'ng cac ntiieu mdn hpe" Dieu giiip eho vlec tap tmng trudng hda nhap Sau TKT ket thuc 12 nam hpc d ngudn luc Idp hpc theo dac trung bd mdn; tre se di day, eac em dupe chuye'n tie'p len chuong trinh hd trp chuye'n nhieu tu Idp sang ldp khac se giup cac em ed thii han vdi suthay dd'i khdng khi, mdi trudng nam d) Chuang trinh hdtrg3 nim Chuang trinh hoan Idp hpc thudng xuyen mdt hpe tap tai trudng 3) Ldp khdng cd Idp tmdng hay ban can si/ldp ma toan chinh phu tai trp ve mpi dieu kien toehde hoat ddng cho cac TKT sau da hoc xong 12 nam d phd mdi HS phai tuquan ii, tuehju trich nhiim veban thdng hoac dtrung tam ngudn Cac em tie'p tyc dupe than vdisuhudng din cuaGV Dieu giiip cho trj lieu, hpe nhung kTnang sd'ng, kTnang nghe nghiep vlec hinh pham ehait het sure quan trpng cho tre CO tjan thdi gian nam Sau thdi gian hpc, chinhtham gia cudc sd'ng xa hdi, cudc sd'ng nghe nghiep phu se ho trp tim vlec lam cho nhifng em ed du kha cae em da trudng nang nghe nghiep Nhifng em khdng cddu kha nang 4) Mdi trudng edit nhat mgt GVGDBB, lam vlec nghe nghiep se trd ve sd'ng vdi gia dinh sau da ea ngay, dupe dao tao bai ban (td cac trudng dai hoc/ nhan dupe dao tao ve cae kT nang sd'ng co ban cao ding), ddng thdi ed nhieu kinh nghiem va pham (tuphucvu, lam bep, giatglu_, dpn dep nhaciia, ) chat khac 3) Biiu kiin dam bao hdtrg M dl tmdng cd it nhat 5) Khdng phan biit vechedg uu dai doi va 01GVGDDBvamdtsdGVhdtrp(dca'ptmnghpcse GVGDBB so vdieac GVkhae Hpdeu dupchui5ng ed nhieu ban; tham ehi cd tmdng cd tdi GV) Hp chi che dp luang phii hop vdi trinh dp dao tao, nang li/c can tdt nghiep Idp 12 va dupe bdi dudng cap chdng ehi thue leva kinh nghiem nghe nghiep Dieu co lien hanh nghe; lam vlec ca n^ay, duqc dao tao bai ban (td quan de'n vlec nhin nhan su da dang ciia ngudi hoc cac tmdng dai hpc/cao dang), cd nhieu kinh nghiem va ma khdng ed suphan biet pham chat khac Khdng cdsu phan biet ve che dduu daidd'ivdiGVGDOBsovdicacGVkhac Mpt sd bai hpc kinh nghiem tren day hi vpfig se Quan ed nhdm da chuyen mdn, hoat ddng cd tinh ehait luu ddng, hdtrpcho cae trudng cdTKT hoac tre ed nhu eau dac biet d cac trudng hda nhap theo dinh ki va theo nhu eau TKT cua tung trudng Cac tmdng dao tao GV cd chuang trinh dao tao GV va nhan vien hd trp GD dac biet Cae chuong trinh khdng dao tao chuyen sau ve mdt ITnh vuc eho TKT (nhu khiem thinh, khiem thi, khuye't tat tri tue, ) ma 28 Tap ehi Gido due so 326 dupe cac nha quan li, GV quan tam, luu y tien trinh dd'i mdi can ban, toan dien nen G D, co ITnh vuc GD TKT cua Viet Nam giai doan hien nay.Q (1) DS tai: "Nghiin ciiu kinh nghiim cua Hoa Ki vi ddm bdo chdt luang gido due tre khuyet tdt tri tul - gidi phdp di xud't eho Viet Nam " Hap ddng thiJC (^em tiep trang 17} (ki2-1/2014) ... vuc GD TKT cua Viet Nam giai doan hien nay.Q (1) DS tai: "Nghiin ciiu kinh nghiim cua Hoa Ki vi ddm bdo chdt luang gido due tre khuyet tdt tri tul - gidi phdp di xud''t eho Viet Nam " Hap ddng thiJC... ket nd''i chuong trinh) GVGDOB (thdng thudng mdi Idp ed GV chinii va2 b) Hgc 12 nam phd''thdng hoac cic chuang trinh (hoac nhieu ban) GV hd trp) - Ldp chuyin giao (transitional class): danh eho can... kTnang chung (cda bang) va cd nhieu sach giao khoa khac Phdng GD- ddtrenedtu5-15em Cac Idp hpe hoa nhap cd dac die''m: - Khdng OT quan se chpn khoang 20 nha xuait ban va xin y kie''n cua G V quan