Đặc trưng cơ bản về điều kiện tự nhiên vùng chiến trường bạch đằng năm 1288

TET TRONG NGUON CQI VI~T 32-Tucdi cho Iet- Netdepvan h6a lau dai cua nguaiVi~t 34- Xuan ve n6i chuyen Tet 36- Danh nhan Vi~t Nam tuoiTY 38- Nhung Ie h9i dau xuan a Hai Phonq TRiTHO'cvATHC11 CUQC 46- Nqay cuoi narn, nhan nhu dieu gl 47- Hanh phuctronq tam ta HQI NH~P vA PHAT TRIEN 50- Nhung so an tuqng ve kinh teVi~t Nam narn 2019 52-Tong quan kinhte+lai Phonq 2019- Nhln WNgh! quyetXV KHOA HQC vA O'NG DVNG 54-10 sl,lkien khoa hQCva cong ngh~ noi bat narn 2019 58- Nhung cong ngh~ noi b~tt9itrien larnthanhtuu ung dunq khoa hoc, NGHIEN CO'U- TRAO a61 61- GS.TS.TRAN DUC THANH: D~c trunq co ban ve dieu kien W nhien vung chien tnronq B9ChDang nam 1288 72- PGS.TS.DAa MINH QUAN, PGS.TS.VUONG DUC PHUC: Nqhien ceu h~ thong dieu khien buoc chan vit cua tau Thai Blnh Duong KHOA HQC vA O'NG DVNG 77- Tam huyetvoi nqhe, het long VI hoc sinh thanyeu, 79- Vien nqoc sang man rnoi nci dat cang VAN H6A-vAN NGH~ 83- Gieng lang van h6a Vi~t 86- Phat giao Hai Phonq tfch cue tham gia conq tac dam bao an sinh xa hoi 90- Nguai anh cua bien 98-Chu9ttrong tuc nguthe giOi 100-Trang thcxuan * Bili bao khoa hoc dang tren T~p chi di dU'C1cchinh sua, hoan thi,n theo gap y cua phan bi,n NGHIEN CUll THAD 001 D~ctru'n9cd ban ve dieu ki,n t~ nhien vung chien truang B,ch Dang nam 1288 THE BASIC FEATURES OF THE NATURAL CONDITIONS OF THE BACH DANG BATTLE IN 1288 Abstract T6mtat Chien tnronq 1288 narn tal khu trung tam cua vunq ora song Bach Dang Hien nay, vunq ora song nay co cau true vunq ora song hlnh pheu (estuary) - mot vunq cua song hlnh pheu nhiet dai qio rnua co thuy trieu nh~t trieu bien d9 Ian dien hlnh cua the giai Nhunq xay chien tran, vunq cua song co cau true chau tho (delta) va bat dau chuyen dich sang qua trlnh hlnh pheu hoa $0 vai nqay nay, nhleu yeu to W nhien d vunq ora song ay tl1 dong chay quyet dlnh, nen e6 tfnh thuan nqhich ngay, phu thuoc VaG o!a hlnh bo, huang rnua kho, tharn chf oen Ian tal khu vl,le song Ru(>t va ora song bo, lu6ng lach [2] Dong chay rnanh VaG cac thanq 6, 7, 12, 1, yeu VaG cac thanq 3,4,8, va rnanh nhat rnuc nuoc dao o(>ng len - xuonq rnuc trieu trung rat r(>ng ora ngang qua blnh, Toe 0(> dong khoanq W O,l-l,8m/s, trung blnh 10-30cm/s Tai Nam Trieu, tee 0(> dong chay xuonq cue o~i rnua rnua e6 xu the chung Ian gap 2-3 Ian Lon trieu xuonq [5, 14] Mua kho, toe 0(> dong chay e6 gia tr] trung blnh 20 - 35 em/s, gia tr] cue dai e6 the dat 80 em/s, huang dong chay thee true long dan Thai gian chay xuonq chlern 60 - 70%, toe 0(> dong chay xuonq dong eung qiarn han Toe 0(> chay hau het tal cac khu vue hon VCS, dong chay trieu yeu dl va vai tro dong chay khonq oang ke, phfa khu vue thuonq luu cua song Bach Bang e6 gia tr] Ian nhat, Khu vl,le phfa luu mua the hien r6 rang Mua he, dong chay huang dong chay xuonq e6 huang NTN va dong chay len oong bac toe 0(> 10 -15em/s, rnua oong dong chay e6 hLJ'ang nquoc Iai Vao rnua kho, tal khu vue phan huang tay nam, toe 0(> 20 - 30em/s luu 90em/s va chay len cue dai 60cm/s 68 Phfa nqoai So 203+204- Thang 1+2/2020 ¥U enl'f- ora song Chanh, dong chay ooi huang nen !(i)!(i) •• I- , / cuu - TRAQ 801 NGHIEN toc d(> dong chay day nh6 hen so vai khu vl/c long dan chfnh cua song Bach Dang (hlnh 8) Mua rnua toc d(> dong chay trung blnh toan bo khu vue tfnh toan c6 gia tr] dat 30 - 35 cm/s chay len ~a 40 - 50 cm/s chay xudnq Khi chay xuonq, dong chay hru song Bach Dang c6 su hap luu cua cac song Da Bac, Gia, Ru(>t Lon va d6ng trieu nen gia tri cue dai c6 the dat 100 120cm/s Khu vue phan luu tal ora song Chanh va hop luu ora song Ru(>t l.on gia tri van tee dang ke ca chay len va chay xuonq Toc d(> dong chay thuonq Ian nhat trieu dang xuonq qua Hinh 7O Rung ngQp mc;'ln (duoc va vet du) rnuc trieu trung blnh ruroc VCS Ham ll1qng tram tfch 10' lung thien khoanq r(>ng 10-1000g/m3• Vao rnua mua, tram tfch 10' lung khoanq 53-215g/m bien luc trieu xuonq, va khoanq 20-50g/m 1uc Ve mua trieu len kho, tram tfch 10' lung trleu xuonq dat va dat 56-148g/m3 trieu len, 42-92g/m H~ sinh thai So vci HSTVCS chau tho, HSTVCS hlnh pheu c6 nhCtng d~c diem khac biet nhu hoa tron nuoc song - bien tot hon nen ruroc phan tang yeu, d(> man thuonq thai cao hon (0 rmrc Iq man), cac dai sinh dlen the ve phfa h:JC dja (chau tho dien hlnh Hinh 7 Rung ngQp mc;'ln (btin chua) dien the ve phfa bien); cau true quan xa sinh v~t on dinh hon va da danq sinh h9C (da danq cac h~ sinh va da danq loai) cao hen Cac h~ sinh thai Co' Nhan xet ve hoan canh tU'nhien xay chien tr~n 1288 ban VCS Bach Dang bao gom [12]: 1- nh6m Nhu v~y, ve phan vunq tu nhien, VCS Bach Dang thuoc vunq yen be Dong Bac, narn canh ria dong bac chau tho song Hong hien dc;ti thai cac HST luc dia: HST doi nul: HST dong bang; HST cac thuy virc nuoc nqot (ao ho, song lach v.v.) va HST dao: 2- nh6m cac HST vunq trieu ora song bao gem: HST rung ng~p man: HST bai trleu: HST bai cat bien; HST bai trieu ran da; HST day memo HST rung ng~p man la mot nhCtng HST Co'ban cua HSTVCS hlnh pheu Bach Dang, chiem phan dien tfch Ian Day la mot HST tieu bieu cho vunq cua song nhlet dai, uu the la cac loai marn quan, vet du, dl1ac voi, ban chua, trang ng~p man thuonq day, c6 y nghia va suoRung chi cao 2- 4m, nhunq Ian ve moc rat da danq sinh h9C, sin.h thai, tang cl1ang bol tl,l va phonq chong thien tai HST man VCS Bach Dang c6 hai quan the thuc vat d~c trl1ng: Ouan the diroc va vet du phan bo vunq ruroc man Iq va quan the ban chua vunq mroc Iq nhat (hlnh 10va 11) rung ng~p Nhln nhan g6c d(>ljch sutl/ nhien, hien Bach Dang c6 cau true VCS hlnh pheu dien hlnh va d(>c I~p Wang doi vci vunq cua song chau tho song Hong hien dai Nhl1ng khoanq khoanq 5- tram nam tnroc, n6 la mot bo phan cua chau VCS tho song Hong, c6 be bien boi tu Ian xa bien hon hien Qua trlnh hlnh pheu h6a VCS Bach Dang bat dau khoanq quan h~ - tram narn qua Moi cua Kinh Thanq Long vai h~ thong Blnh da thay dOi thee thai gian, song Hong- Thai phu thuoc vao su bien doi cua ban than h~ thong song Dl1ang nhu c6 mot xu the kha ro rang la W dau Conq nquyen den h~ thong song Hong - Thai SInh da chuyen nquon phu sa cua rnlnh dan W phfa DB ve phfa TN de bol dap nen nhCtng dong ~uAn(!j(lW -rr- !S!S So 203+204 - Thang 1+2/2020 69 • / I • bang rnau mb va Ijch sll khai ven bien cOng chuyen dan [1] pha cac vunq dat mot W vunq be DB ve TN Nhu v~y, tran thuy chien Bach Dang narn xay tren doan Pha Rung- song Chanh la 1288 rnoi truonq VCS chau tho, rna song nqay co Ie nonq hem va hep hon nqay Chfnh mo ta cua Nguyen Trai cuon du dia chi cOng cho thay song Bach Dang thai N Le hep va nonq hon the thap hen hien tren duai nlla met Ve thuy trieu, da co nhCtng tu lieu the hien kha nanq bien d¢ dao d¢ng trieu hien tal Ian hon qua 'khu S - nghln narn tnroc (d¢ cao cac vet 16m an mon tren vach da voi H~ Long co kern thee tuoi tuyet doi C14 phan tkh W va hau ha) Dir doan rang, che d¢ nhat trieu deu va quy luat dao d¢ng thuy trieu thee lich mat trang khonq thay doi so vai nqay nay, nhunq d¢ Ian trieu thai chien tran bay gia nhieu Trong bal "Phu Bach Dang Giang" 1288 co the nho hon hien khoanq 0,2 - O,Sm cua Truong Han Sieu cOng co cau: "Ba lau san sat; Tuy nhlen, tat ca nhCtng dieu hoan toan khonq Ben lach diu hiu :: Nhom cay lau lach, co cay say (Phragmites) thuonq rnoc (j dam lay, bal hoac Iq nhat, kha boi ven song ruroc nqot bien (j ven be chau tho, thuoc nhorn hoa thao, khonq thuoc nhom su vet (Mangroves) Neu mo ta (j bai "Phu Bach Dang Giang" la chuan xac thl VCS Bach Dang thai chien tran 1288 qua that la VCS chau tho ruroc Iq va Iq nhat, khonq phai la VCS hlnh pheu mroc man va Iq man nhu nqay Ve cac HST, HST rung ng~p m~n ay uu the la cay ban chua (hlnh 11) xen lau s~y, khonq rnau thuan gl vai khung canh trieu len hun9 vi (j VCS ay: "Bat nqat song klnh muon darn: Thuot tha duoi trl mot rnau" tro cua thuy trieu tran danh, nhunq hau nhu chua thay noi den vai tro cua cac yeu to khac, d~c biet la vai tro Da nhleu '1 kien noi den vai quan tronq cua dong chayva qio chay tren hlnh va so hoa cac gia tr] thuc tren hlnh 10 the hien huang va toe d¢ dong chay tren doan chfnh song Mo hlnh dong dong Bach Dang, noi true long co huang chu dao Bac- bien duac vet, Ian ban chua nhu nqay Tuy Nam vao nhien, rung su vet day d~c (hlnh 10) gan nhu dong co huang chay chu dao Bac Nam tren song khonq the I¢i b¢ xuyen qua Vi v~y, rung ban chua Bach Dang co toe d¢ Ian hon han dong chuyen va lau say de giau quan va thuyen rnanq chuan b] cho tran danh chfnh NhCtng HST go doi bay gia huang vao song Chanh Neu co cac be Ilia tha troi tren song Bach Dang, tY I~ troi vao ora song Chanh ay co the la phd bien HST rung rnua nhiet dai ratthap nquyen sinh, rat nhieu cay go lim, cho phep khai thac nhanh mot khoi luqng dang ke de dl,fng len tran dia CQC Nho co qua trlnh ng~p chlm va hlnh pheu nqay trieu cuang trieu xuonq Ta thay, Cac be Ilia chi co the troi vao ora song Chanh "muon" duqc qio huang Tay, tuonq tV nhu Gia Cat Luqng "muon" qio huang Dong tran Xfch Bfch Nhunq dieu gan nhu khonq the xay hoa rna rnanq luai song VCS Bach Dang ft b] thay tran chien 1288 Thong tin tren bang va doi, khacvoi dong song Ian chau tho Ian nhusonq Hong (Vi~t Nam), hay Hoang Ha (Trung Ouoc) lien hlnh cho thay, vao mua dong nhorn qio huang dong (j day chiem uu the tuyet doi ve tan xuat va tuc chuyen dong thee cac chu kY co d¢ dai thai tee d¢ so vci gio nhom huang tay, Vi v~y, cac be Ilia khac Tuy nhlen, true dong song Bach tren song Bach Dang neu tha troi tV thl gan nhu Dang co the da di chuyen hang tram met va thai toan b¢ troi xuoi phia cua Nam Trieu va troi lech gian chien tran Ghenh Coc co the khonq phei la nci true ve Thuy Nguyen dong song dl qua Bang chirnq la true long song Dang Chanh, chi la mot nhanh nho cua song Bach Dang rna cOng da dich chuyen long mot vai tram met ve phfanam thuoc phla bo tay song Bach Tran danh xay vao mua Dong, kha nang co nhieu suong mu tren song thu~n Iqi cho bf m~t chuan bj va tac chien, quan h~ giCta gia m~t trai Ve ml,fc nuac bien, nhieu tai li~u nghien cuu (ngay dem) va gia thuy trieu (nuac cuang - nuac cua chung toi da chung minh ml,fC nuac bien chan rang) duqc bo trf hqp 1'1toi da Boi canh thai tiet tinh khoang nghln nam truac thap hon hi~n mua dong co the co co mua phun, nhung rat hiem tren duai m¢t met va vao thai chien tr~n 1288 co co mua Ian, nen cac be haa cong phat huy tac 70 So 203+204 - Thang 1+2/2020 ~ujn(!AinW TlJ· !(i)!(i) NGHIEN dunq va dam bao tfnh chac chan cho conq nghia cua cua tran danh rat cao cuu - TRAG 801 tran danh can Ian hen nCta K~TLU~N Qua nhieu buoc chuan b] kY Iu'ong rna quan tronq nhat la xay d\,lng tran aia CQC,thl danh hoa conq bang tha be Iva la buoc cuoi cunq quyet dinh thanq lQ'i cua tran danh, C6 the, khac vai tran aia CQCcua chien tnronq nam 938 c6 chirc nang chfnh la "pha" - nrc la darn thunq thuyen gi~c Nam Han chunq rut chay ve phfa luu trieu rut, tran dia coc nam 1288 chu yeu c6 chuc nang "can" thuyen gi~c va bien phap quyet dinh la thieu chay cac chien thuyen dich chunq b] don tu lai tnroc chirc nang can, c6 the c6 nhCtng doan CQCdonq noi tren m~t nuoc va aii diroc phu vunq biii CQC.Vai co nquy trang Ngay ca biii CQCsong Chanh dii thay rang day cunq chi la bai CQCearn tren vunq bai boi thap, chira phai la cho tren long chfnh cua song au'Q'c phat hien, qua phan tfch dau la biii coc chfnh cua chien tnronq 1288? Thea phan tfch nhu tren thl ft kha nanq la song Chanh, song Rut, rna biii coc tlm thay canh tai khu trung tam cua VCS Bach Dang Hien nay, VCS c6 cau true vunq cua song hlnh pheu (estuary) - mot vunq cira song hlnh pheu nhiet aai gi6 rnua c6 thuy trieu nhat trieu bien a(>lan aien hlnh cua the giaL Nhunq xay chien tran, VCS c6 cau true chau tho Chien tnronq 1288 nam (delta) va bat dau chuyen dich sang qua trlnh hlnh pheu h6a So vai nqay nay, d~c diem dieu klen tu nhien VCS ay c6 nhieu yeu to baa ton - tuonq tu mang tfnh ke aiemaii ban van thua, nhunq cunq c6 nhCtng a~c thay aoi nhieu Trang ba nh6m yeu to C