INTRODUCTION
Aims
Through this graduation thesis, there are 3 main aims that I would like to bring to:
- Helping Vietnamese people understand thoroughly the future of the world under Covid-19 effects.
- Providing a suggested translation and analysis for English-majored students, particularly those who study English translation, to read and refer.
- Improving everyone’s translation skills and analytic abilities.
Objectives
By finishing this paper, I has expected to gain numerous valuable things:
- Knowing how to use words and structures which are appropriate to report related to SARS-CoV-2 variants
- Knowing more about terminologies and concepts of Covid-19, as well as medical and biological fields.
Scope of the Study
In this graduation paper, I presented a suggested translation from the source language in English to the target language in Vietnamese of parts 4 &
The report "SARS-CoV-2 Variants" by PHG Foundation, updated on March 11, 2021, highlights significant mutations in the virus that may impact transmissibility and vaccine efficacy It emphasizes the importance of genomic surveillance to track these variants and informs public health responses Additionally, the report discusses the implications of these variants for ongoing vaccination efforts and potential changes in treatment protocols Understanding these variants is crucial for managing the COVID-19 pandemic effectively.
Parts 4 and 5 of the report "SARS-CoV-2 Variants" provide a comprehensive analysis of the virus's impact from four distinct perspectives This translation focuses on the insights presented in these sections, highlighting the evolving nature of SARS-CoV-2 and its implications for public health.
There are six parts of the report; however, because of time limitations, the two final parts, referring to the impact of SARS-CoV-2, of the report
“SARS-CoV-2 variants" are picked It has about 4000 words with 10 pages.
There are 6 parts of this report I chose from the report:
- Chapter 2: SARS-CoV-2 variants and mutations
- Chapter 3: Impact of variants on diagnostics
- Chapter 4: Impact of variant identification on public health measures
In these 6 chapters, the text I choose to translate is chapter 3 and chapter 4.
Parts 4 & 5 of the report “SARS-CoV-2 variants" is released by PHGFoundation for FIND on 11th March 2021 It was published at link https://www.finddx.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/COVID-variants-report-FINAL-12MAR2021.pdf
Method of Study
In my scientific research, I employed qualitative methods to fulfill my objectives I began by gathering data and documents pertinent to translation theory, followed by an examination of English grammar and relevant idioms Finally, I analyzed the source text through the lens of the established theory.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Translation Theory
In fact, based on each linguist's point of view, there are many definitions of translation, some of which are:
Translation, as defined by Nida (1969), involves reproducing the closest natural meaning of the source language (SL) material in the target language (TL), prioritizing accuracy over stylistic elements from both languages.
According to Larson (1984:3), translation involves utilizing semantic structures to convert the form of the original language into that of the target language This process allows the translator to effectively transfer the meaning of the original text.
In Catford's view (1965:1), it is "the process of replacing a text in one language with a text in another."
Newmark (1988: 5) defines translation as the process of conveying the meaning of a text into another language while preserving the author's intended interpretation.
Translation involves transferring meaning between languages, with written language termed "translation" and spoken language termed "interpretation." Its primary goal is to convey the original message while considering cultural and geographical differences inherent in each language.
Based on terms of extent, levels, and ranks, Catford (1965) divided translation into following categories.
This distinction relates to the extent of SL text which is submitted to the translation process.
In an understandable way, full translation is known as every part of SL is replaced by TL.
For example: SL: But in fact, all was for my ambition.
TL: Nhưng thực ra tất cả là dành cho tham vọng của anh.
In this translation script, it is so easy to observe that the translator translated every word in SL into TL, including the preposition or the conjunction.
On the other hand, in partial translation, some parts of SL text are left non-translated.
SL: Năm 2021 đã chứng kiến những sự mất mát đau thương do Covid- 19.
TL: Covid caused many grievous losses in 2021.
It is clear that the TL lacks some components of SL, the phrase “đã chứng kiến” is non-translated.
This distinction relates to the levels of language involved in translation. Total translation is the replacement of SL’s grammar and lexis with the equivalence in TL at all levels.
SL: The collapse of education is the collapse of a nation.
TL: Sự sụp đổ của giáo dục là sự sụp đổ của một quốc gia.
In this translation, every levels of the SL are replaced by TL Each lexis has an equivalent version in TL, and so does the grammar.
Restricted translation is the replacement of SL textual material with equivalent target-language material at only one level (phonologically or graphologically).
Brazil is just a name of a southern American country, so it is translated into Bra-xin, which is only at phonological level.
2.1.2.3 Rank-bound and unbounded translation
This distinction relates to the rank in a grammatical (or phonological) hierarchy at which translation equivalence is established.
The grammatical hierarchy is structured from the smallest unit to the largest, encompassing morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, and sentences In rank-bound translation, the choice of target language equivalents is restricted to a single rank, such as word-for-word or morpheme-for-morpheme equivalence.
SL: It rains cats and dogs.
TL: Nó mưa những con mèo và những con chó.
The translation relies solely on a rank of word-for-word equivalence, resulting in a target language (TL) sentence that reflects the meaning of each individual word Consequently, the overall semantic meaning of the entire sentence remains unclear.
Unbounded translation can move freely up and down the rank scale.
SL: It rains cats and dogs.
TL: Trời mưa như trút nước.
In this translation, there is more than one rank of grammar is submitted, cats and dogs, an idiom, is translated in rank of group It makes the sentence semantical.
Principles and Methods of Translation
There are many Principles of Translation, but this graduation paper only refers to some general principles Here are some general principles that are relevant to all translations:
Accurate translation is essential for conveying the original text's underlying meaning It's important to avoid adding or rearranging words unnecessarily, even though some aspects of the meaning may be transposed.
For example: He was limp with fatigue.
Anh ta mệt đến độ không đứng lên nổi
To maintain coherence between the target language (TL) and the source language (SL), it is essential that the sequence of words and ideas aligns closely In English, achieving emphasis or primary stress can be accomplished through the inversion of word order and the use of varied sentence structures.
For example: Anna is not only beautiful but also incredibly talented.
Anna không chỉ xinh đẹp mà còn vô cùng tài năng.
Language varies significantly in formality depending on the context, such as in business correspondence To effectively navigate these variations, translators must identify and differentiate between formal expressions and fixed phrases.
For example: “Thanks”, “I am most grateful”, or “I would like to express my gratitude…”
All of them have the same meaning: “Cảm ơn”.
A common criticism of translation is that it often lacks a natural flow This issue arises because translators are heavily influenced by the original text in their word choices and perspectives To achieve a more authentic translation, one effective method is to temporarily set aside the source material and translate from memory This technique encourages natural thought processes in the translator's first language, which may be hindered when focused solely on the source language text.
Sales received a boost due to a government tax reduction aimed at new homebuyers.
Idiomatic expressions pose a significant challenge for translation due to their unique meanings Examples include similes, metaphors, proverbs, slang, jargon, colloquialisms, and phrasal verbs When a direct translation isn't possible, consider using inverted commas to retain the original expression.
Example: Nhạc "pop" (Because there is no referent for pop in Vietnamese) b keeps the original expression but include a literal explanation in brackets.
Example: Rừng vàng biển bạc "prosperous wealth" c substitute a similar term
Example: Great minds think alike Ngưu tầm ngưu, mã tầm mã d utilizes a plain prose or non-idiomatic translation.
Example: Take your time! Cứ thong thả!
A good translation should maintain the original style, but if the text is poorly written or features repetitive content, the translator has the discretion to make necessary improvements for the reader's benefit.
Example: He ate, and drank, and talked, and asked during the meal.
Anh ấy vừa ăn uống luôn miệng nói, hỏi suốt cả bữa ăn.
Word-for-word translation, often referred to as interlinear translation, displays the target language (TL) text directly beneath the source language (SL) words This method typically maintains the original word order of the SL, translating each word individually and often out of context.
Tin tưởng vào bản thân
Literal Translation is a translation technique that focuses on converting the grammatical structure of the source language (SL) into the closest equivalents in the target language (TL) This method often involves translating polysemantic words individually and out of context while still adhering closely to their literal meanings.
For example: A long row of shells
Một hàng dài của vỏ sò
Translators strive to maintain the original form of the text while accurately conveying its contextual meaning They work within the constraints of grammatical structure, resulting in translations that may exhibit certain grammatical and lexical irregularities This approach ensures that the translation remains comprehensible while reflecting the nuances of the source material.
For example: Don't suit with me:
Semantic translation method have to care about the aesthetic value of the
The translation process ensures complete fidelity to the original text, avoiding deviations, puns, or repetitions It prioritizes the reader's experience in the target language, allowing for a more flexible and creative interpretation while maintaining 100% accuracy This approach emphasizes adherence to the rules of the source language, resulting in a coherent and engaging final product.
For example: The act of sowing seeds of love touches people's heart
Hành động gieo mầm yêu thương chạm đến trái tim của con người.
Freestyle translation, often utilized for plays and poetry, allows for a more creative adaptation of the source material While the themes, characters, and plots are generally maintained, the cultural elements of the source language are transformed to resonate with the target language audience, resulting in a rewritten text that captures the essence of the original work.
For example: Tâu Bệ hạ!
This approach replicates the substance of the original work while omitting its stylistic elements, resulting in a paraphrase rather than a direct translation Often referred to as "infra-lingual translation," this method can be verbose and pretentious, making the text appear as if it has not been translated at all.
For example: Have a nice day!
Chúc một ngày tốt lành!
This produces the message of the original again but tends to distort the nuances meaning by referring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
For example: as strong as horse
This method attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both context and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.
For example: I was allowed to go shopping by my mom.
Mẹ đã cho tôi đi mua sắm.
SUGGESTED TRANSLATION
4 Impact of variant identification on public health measures
4 Tác động của việc xác định biến thể đối với các biện pháp sức khỏe cộng đồng
[P1] The new VOCs 1 identified are more transmissible, leading to higher infection rates and higher levels of hospitalizations, increasing pressure on healthcare systems.
Whilst current public health measures such as infection prevention, social distancing and mask wearing are still effective, there is a need for adjustment to counteract increased transmissibility.
Các biến thể đáng lo ngại (VOC) mới đã được xác định là có khả năng lây lan cao hơn, dẫn đến tỷ lệ nhiễm trùng và nhập viện gia tăng, gây áp lực lớn lên hệ thống chăm sóc sức khỏe Mặc dù các biện pháp y tế cộng đồng hiện tại như phòng chống lây nhiễm, giãn cách xã hội và đeo khẩu trang vẫn phát huy hiệu quả, nhưng cần có sự điều chỉnh để đối phó với sự gia tăng khả năng lây nhiễm.
Concerns persist regarding the emergence of variants that may facilitate immune escape, potentially increasing the risk of reinfection within a shorter period compared to other variants A UK-based study, known as SIREN, investigates this critical issue.
Có lo ngại rằng các biến thể virus có thể phát sinh, dẫn đến hiện tượng thoát miễn dịch và làm tăng khả năng tái nhiễm trong thời gian ngắn hơn so với các biến thể trước đó Điều này có thể gây ra tình trạng tái nhiễm ở những người đã từng mắc bệnh.
Dự án SIREN-một nghiên cứu được
1 Các biến thể đáng lo ngại
2project, is studying immunity and reinfection in healthcare workers.
In the UK, research is being conducted on immunity and reinfection among healthcare workers, where any COVID-19 positive cases in this group are sequenced This genetic sequencing will enhance the understanding of the risk of reinfection from various variants within communities.
In response to emerging variants, many countries have implemented stricter public health measures to curb their spread These measures include closing schools and workplaces, canceling public events, limiting gatherings, halting public transport, enforcing stay-at-home orders, launching public information campaigns, restricting internal movements, and controlling international travel.
Để đối phó với các biến thể mới của virus, nhiều quốc gia đã áp dụng các biện pháp xã hội và sức khỏe cộng đồng chặt chẽ hơn nhằm làm chậm sự lây lan Những biện pháp này bao gồm việc đóng cửa trường học và nơi làm việc, hủy bỏ các sự kiện cộng đồng, hạn chế tụ tập đông người, ngừng hoạt động của phương tiện công cộng, giới hạn ra ngoài, triển khai các chiến dịch truyền thông, cũng như kiểm soát di chuyển nội địa và quốc tế.
[P4] With the situation changing rapidly on a daily basis, a summary of some of the measures being taken
[P4] Với tình hình thay đổi nhanh chóng hiện nay, dưới đây mô tả bản tóm tắt một số biện pháp đang được
The evaluation of immunity and reinfection capabilities of SARS-CoV-2 is outlined below, with the Our World in Data website offering a global overview of these measures Additionally, countries have responded by implementing or enhancing genomic surveillance efforts, which will be discussed at the conclusion of this section.
4.1 Public health measures 4.1 Biện pháp y tế cộng đồng
In response to the emergence of Variants of Concern (VOCs), various public health measures were implemented or enhanced However, a recent report from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) highlights that pandemic fatigue may hinder public acceptance and adherence to these health and social measures It is crucial to address this issue as the pandemic continues to evolve.
Một số biện pháp y tế cộng đồng đã được triển khai hoặc tăng cường để ứng phó với sự xuất hiện của các VOC Tuy nhiên, theo báo cáo gần đây của trung tâm kiểm soát và phòng ngừa dịch bệnh (ECDC), sự kiệt quệ do đại dịch có thể ảnh hưởng tiêu cực đến sự chấp thuận và tuân thủ các biện pháp y tế cộng đồng và xã hội, điều này cần được xem xét và giải quyết cẩn thận khi đại dịch tiếp tục diễn biến.
[P6] Phong tỏa chẽ hơn và trên diện rộng
Các quốc gia châu Âu bao gồm Đức,
The UK implemented a tier system to enforce regional restrictions in areas experiencing rising COVID-19 cases, particularly those affected by the B.1.1.7 variant This system primarily targets regions in the south-east and east of England, as well as emerging hotspots in south Wales and Cumbria.
Hà Lan và Đan Mạch đã mở rộng các biện pháp phong tỏa, trong khi Vương quốc Anh áp dụng hệ thống phân cấp để hạn chế khu vực có sự gia tăng ca nhiễm Các biện pháp này tập trung chủ yếu vào biến thể B.1.1.7, đặc biệt là ở miền Đông Nam và Đông nước Anh, cùng với các điểm nóng mới nổi ở miền nam xứ Wales và Cumbria.
[P7] Initial allowances for movement and household mixing over the
Christmas period were reduced and made stricter with the emergence of the new variant A national UK lockdown was implemented in early
2021 once analysis demonstrated that these measures were not eliminating spread of the variant.
Việc di chuyển và thăm hỏi trong dịp lễ Giáng sinh đã bị hạn chế hơn trước do sự xuất hiện của biến thể mới Vào đầu năm 2021, một cuộc phong tỏa toàn quốc tại Anh đã được áp dụng sau khi phân tích cho thấy các biện pháp này không ngăn chặn được sự lây lan của biến thể.
Travel restrictions and border closures have been implemented globally to curb the spread of Variants of Concern (VOCs), particularly following the suspension of flights from the UK, South Africa, and Brazil In an effort to control the situation, South Africa has closed all land borders and mandated testing prior to entry.
Hạn chế đi lại và phong tỏa biên giới đã được thực hiện trên toàn cầu để ngăn chặn sự lây lan của các biến thể virus mới (VOC) Các quốc gia như Anh, Nam Phi và Brazil đã đình chỉ các chuyến bay quốc tế, trong khi Nam Phi phong tỏa tất cả biên giới đất liền và yêu cầu kiểm tra sức khỏe trước khi cho phép nhập cảnh.
Four variants have been identified, characterized by 23 mutations from the original Wuhan strain, with eight of these mutations occurring in the spike protein These variants have been linked to rising case numbers in several countries, including Portugal and Ireland.
Germany, now require a negative coronavirus test before entry.