AN ANALYSIS OF THE SUGGESTED TRANSLATION OF PARTS 4 5 OF FROM THE REPORT LONG TERM EVOLUTION OF SARS COV 2 BY PHG FOUNDATION, 2021

DO THI HUE – GRAD DUY TAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH UATIO N PAPER IN ENGLI SH LINGU ISTICS DO THI HUE - 2022 AN ANALYSIS OF THE SUGGESTED TRANSLATION OF PARTS &5 OF FROM THE REPORT LONG TERM EVOLUTION OF SARS- COV-2 BY PHG FOUNDATION, 2021 GRADUATION PAPER IN ENGLISH LINGUISTICS DA NANG – 2022 DUY TAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH GRADUATION PAPER AN ANALYSIS OF THE SUGGESTED TRANSLATION OF PARTS &5 OF FROM THE REPORT LONG TERM EVOLUTION OF SARS- COV-2 BY PHG FOUNDATION, 2021 Major: English for Translation - Interpretation SUPERVISOR : BUI THI KIM PHUNG, M.A STUDENT : DO THI HUE CLASS : K24NAB7 STUDENT CODE: 2320310610 DA NANG – 2022 Graduation Thesis Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Throughout the writing of this graduation paper, I have received a great deal of invaluable guidance, advice, and encouragement I would first like to thank my supervisor, M.A Bui Thi Kim Phung, who has given me guidance on shaping, correcting, and completing the paper Your insightful feedback pushed me to sharpen my thinking and brought my work to a higher level Next, I would also like to thank all my teachers at Duy Tan University for their valuable guidance throughout my studies You provided me with the skills as well as the knowledge that I needed to choose the right direction and successfully complete our graduation paper Finally, I would like to thank my parents and friends for their all support and encouragement You are always there for me Da Nang, March 2022 Do Thi Hue Code: 24203100786 Graduation Thesis Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in the whole or in part from a thesis by which have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the thesis This thesis has not been submitted for award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution Danang, March 30th 2022 Do Thi Hue Do Thi Hue Code: 24203100786 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A ABSTRACT This graduation thesis mentions the Vietnamese translation of the report “SARS-CoV-2 variants, 2021” written by PHG Foundation, a paper presented by a group of academics on variants of SARS-CoV-2 It was considered on March 2021 and updated on 11 March 2021 Since its discovery, the virus has spread globally, causing thousands of deaths and having an enormous impact on our health systems and economies In this review, I will summarize the impact of variant identification on public health measures and the impact on vaccines for the health's everyone The thesis includes the theoretical background, the original version, the suggested translation, and analyzes a few difficult terms on specific medical topics that are specialized terms related to SARS-CoV-2 variants as well as a phrasal verb In addition, I also analyze some difficult structures that make it difficult for me to translate, such as complex sentences and dummy subjects This document is released as preprint publications that have provided the government with rapid evidence during an emergency Phylogenetic analysis is essential to understand SARSCoV-2 variants, whereas homology modeling is important for vaccine strategies and therapies Highly sensitive and specific diagnostic assays are key to case identification, contact tracing, identification of the animal source, and implementation of control measures Do Thi Hue Code: 24203100786 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A ABBREVIATIONS A: adverbial Adj: adjective C: complement Conj: conjunction NP: noun phrase O: object P: paragraph S: subject SL: source language TL: target language V: verb Vmod: modal verb Vpp: verb in past participle form Do Thi Hue Code: 24203100786 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ii ABSTRACT iii ABBREVIATIONS .iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.Rationale 2.Aims and Objectives .2 2.1 Aims 2.2 Objectives Scope of the Study 3.1 Text Features 3.2 Text Length 3.3 Text Organization .3 3.4 Text Source Method of Study .3 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Translation Theory 2.1.1 Definition 2.1.2 Categories 2.2 Principles and Methods of Translation 10 2.2.1 Principles of Translation 10 2.2.1.1 Meaning .10 2.2.1.2 Form 10 2.2.1.3 Register 11 2.2.1.4 Source Language Influence 11 2.2.1.5 Idiom 11 2.2.1.6 Style and Clarity 12 2.2.2 Methods of Translation 12 Do Thi Hue Code: 24203100786 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A 2.2.2.1 Word-for-word Translation 12 2.2.2.2 Literal Translation 12 2.2.2.3 Faithful Translation 12 2.2.2.4 Semantic Translation 13 2.2.2.5 Adaptation 13 2.2.2.6 Free Translation 13 2.2.2.7 Idiomatic Translation 14 2.2.2.8 Communicative Translation .14 CHAPTER 3: SUGGESTED TRANSLATION 15 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS 51 4.1 Lexical Analysis 51 4.1.1 Words or Phrases without Suitable Meaning in the Dictionary 51 4.1.2 The Specialized Terms and Acronyms 53 4.1.3 Words with Multi-meaning 55 4.1.4 Phrasal Verbs 56 4.2 Structural Analysis 57 4.2.1 Simple Sentence 57 4.2.2 Compound Sentence .57 4.2.3 Complex Sentence 59 4.2.4 Compound-Complex Sentence .62 4.2.5 Passive Voice 63 4.2.6 Dummy Subject .65 CHAPTER 5: DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS 67 5.1 Difficulties 67 5.1.1 Lexical Factor .67 5.1.2 Language’s Structure Factor 68 5.1.3 Too Long Sentence 69 5.2 Solutions .69 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 71 Do Thi Hue Code: 24203100786 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A 6.1 Conclusion 71 6.2 Suggestions 72 6.2.1 Suggestion for Students 72 6.2.2 Suggestion for Duy Tan University and the Faculty of English 72 REFERENCES 73 SUPERVISOR’S COMMENTS 74 Do Thi Hue Code: 24203100786 Graduation Thesis Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.Rationale Currently, the World Health Organization (WHO) report said that many countries have recorded consequences from COVID-19, including politics, economy, as well as society It is sure that most people around the world have basic information and knowledge on Covid-19 However, what I knew is what has happened in the past and present, the future is obscure Many people are in ambiguity of a world in the next stage such as our economy, our health, and especially developments of the pandemic It is wondered whether there would have any new variant of the virus Fortunately, the PHG Foundation Group for FIND has published SARS-CoV-2 variants with predictions based on the practical situation Besides, in the progress of translation of this document, I recognized that it has numerous exciting words and structures These could cause unnecessary misunderstanding if the readers not have excellent reading comprehension, especially the ability of lexical and structural analysis, an essential skill of English-majored students In addition, there are many terminologies in medicine and biology, actually causing mistakes in unprofessional people Moreover, my work may help those who study translation major because of my obvious analysis of difficult words and structures For the above reasons and the limitation of time, we decided to translate parts & of this document in order to widely spread these predictions, thanks to which our citizens would have a general vision and the best preparation for the next stage Do Thi Hue Code: 24203100786 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A Main clause: The apparent adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 to mink was alarming Adverb clause: because continued evolution of the virus in an animal reservoir could potentially lead to recurrent spill-over events of novel SARSCoV-2 from mink to humans and other mammals The adverb clause functions as an adverb of reason Suggested translation: Sự thích nghi rõ ràng SARSCoV2 chồn hương đáng báo động tiến hóa khơng ngừng Vi-rút quần thể động vật có khả dẫn đến lây nhiễm SARSCoV2 từ chồn sang người động vật có vú khác Example 19: This suggests that the vaccine will be less effective against the B.1.1.7 variant if it possesses the E484K mutation [P64] Independent clause: This suggests that the vaccine will be less effective against the B.1.1.7 variant Adverb clause: if it possesses the E484K mutation The adverb clause plays the role of an adverb of condition Suggested translation: Điều cho thấy vắc-xin hiệu biến thể B.1.1.7 biến thể B.1.1.7 sở hữu đột biến E484K 4.2.4 Compound-Complex Sentence As the name suggests, compound-complex sentences are the most difficult to understand At least two independent clauses and one dependent clause make up a composite – dynamic phrase In layman's words, an individual clause will stand alone as a statement, while a dependent clause cannot Do Thi Hue 60 Code: 24203100786 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A Example 20: With the situation changing rapidly on a daily basis, a summary of some of the measures being taken are described below; the Our World in Data website provides an overview of these measures globally [P4] With the situation changing rapidly on a daily basis (1), / a summary of some of the (A1) S1 measures being taken (2) / are described / below; the Our World in Data website V1 A1 S2 / provides / an overview of these measures globally V2 O2 The two independent clauses above are connected by a semicolon; besides, there is a reduced relative clause (1) modifying the noun “situation” in the prepositional phrase “with” and another one (2) modifying the noun “measures” Suggested translation: Với tình hình thay đổi nhanh chóng nay, mơ tả bản tóm tắt số biện pháp thực hiện; trang web Thế giới Dữ liệu cung cấp thông tin tổng quan biện pháp này toàn cầu 4.2.5 Passive Voice The passive voice is used when we want to emphasize the action (the verb) and the object of a sentence rather than the subject This means that the subject is either less important than the action itself or that we don’t know who or what the subject is Example 21: Any COVID-19 positive cases in this group are sequenced, which will allow for greater understanding of the risk of reinfection from different variants within communities [P2] Do Thi Hue 61 Code: 24203100786 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A Any COVID-19 positive cases in this group / are sequenced /, which S V will allow for greater understanding of the risk of reinfection from different variants within communities Structure: S+ be + Vpp Suggested translation: Bất trường hợp nào dương tính với COVID-19 nhóm này giải mã trình tự gen, điều này giúp hiểu rõ nguy tái nhiễm với biến thể khác cộng đồng Example 22: Initial allowances for movement and household mixing over the Christmas period were reduced and made stricter with the emergence of the new variant [P7] Initial allowances for movement and household mixing over the S Christmas period / were reduced/ and made stricter with the emergence of the new variant V Structure: S + be + Vpp Suggested translation: Việc cho phép di chuyển và thăm hỏi trước dịp lễ Giáng sinh giảm bớt và thực nghiêm ngặt từ có sự xuất của biến thể Example 23: Similar measures will also be introduced in Austria [P10] Similar measures /will also /be introduced / in Austria S V Structure: S +will + be + Vpp (introduced) Suggested translation: Áo áp dụng biện pháp tương tự Do Thi Hue 62 Code: 24203100786 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A 4.2.6 Dummy Subject 4.2.6.1 “It” as a Dummy Subject Example 24: In Germany, it has been made mandatory for people travelling on public transport, or in supermarkets, to wear medical style masks: either N95, KN95, FFP2, or a surgical mask [ P10] Structure: It + be (is) + Vpp + PP In this sentence, the author used “it” as a dummy subject Based on the context, I can understand that “it” means people Hence, I decided to translate the dummy subject “it” into Vietnamese as “người” Suggested translation: Ở Đức, người phương tiện giao thông công cộng vào siêu thị bắt buộc phải đeo trang y tế: loại N95, KN95, FFP2 trang phẫu thuật Example 25: It is therefore essential that the evolution and consequences of viral mutation are closely monitored [P66] Structure: It + be (is) + adj + that + S+V In this sentence, the author used "it" as a dummy subject In this sentence, “that” acts as the main subject and is described by the adjective “essential” So, I can understand that "it" means "điều cần thiết " Suggested translation: Do đó, điều cần thiết là phải theo dõi chặt chẽ sự tiến hóa và hệ quả của đột biến vi rút 4.2.6.2 “There” as a Dummy Subject According to Cambridge Dictionary, “there” operates as a dummy subject in the construction there is or there are “There is/are” indicates that something or someone exists or is in a particular place or situation Example 26: There is a growing body of scientific evidence indicating that mask use can help prevent the spread of the coronavirus [P10] Structure: There + be (is) + NP Do Thi Hue 63 Code: 24203100786 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A Suggested translation: Ngày càng có nhiều chứng khoa học cho thấy việc sử dụng trang giúp ngăn ngừa sự lây lan của cơ-vít rơ na Example 27: There is also a concern that variants could arise that lead to immune escape, resulting in the possibility of reinfection within a shorter time frame compared to other variants, resulting in repeated infections [P2] Structure: There + be (is) + NP In this sentence, the author used the dummy subject “there” to indicate the existence of “variants could arise that lead to immune escape” Therefore, I translated the dummy subject “there” into Vietnamese “có” Suggested translation: Cũng có mối lo ngại biến thể phát sinh dẫn đến miễn dịch, dẫn đến khả tái nhiễm khoảng thời gian ngắn so với biến thể khác, gây nên trình trạng tái nhiễm Do Thi Hue 64 Code: 24203100786 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A CHAPTER 5: DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS It can be said that translation is an extremely important subject for English department students It not only provides students with a large amount of knowledge on biology and medicine, particularly on viral research but also equips students with the ability to think flexibly and transmit meanings fluently between the two languages, English and Vietnamese However, there is the fact that many students have difficulty with this subject because translation is more than just changing the word from the SL to the TL Translation helps build bridges between different cultures, thereby creating chances for people to access the cultural essence of humanity I am aware of that and have researched with the desire to clarify what difficulties are affecting students' translation studies, at the same time, suggest some solutions help students overcome these drawbacks 5.1 Difficulties Many translators face numerous serious deficiencies in translating texts as a result of variation in factors of lexis, the structure of the source and TL, too long sentences, multiword units: idioms and collocations 5.1.1 Lexical Factor Common sense dictates that the more polysemous a word is, the more ambiguous, indeterminate, and context-dependent it means Therefore, the translator must attach great importance to context and try to make the polysemous words unambiguous with the help of the contextual clues since many mistranslations are the result of neglecting, ignoring, or misjudging the context in which the word is used Words or phrases are mostly used in many contexts and are unfamiliar to everyday communication, requiring students to think logically to understand properly Do Thi Hue 65 Code: 24203100786 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A In terms of Vietnamese-English translation, many students also face similar difficulties in finding the corresponding words in English Translators have tried to select to express the word or phrase differently or choose the same word, but this will not guarantee the complete meaning of the translation There are still many shortcomings in the translation process due to the limitation of time and the level of each individual 5.1.2 Language’s Structure Factor The next issue which students face difficulties when studying Translation – Interpreting is language’ structure that lies in both English and Vietnamese These two languages are inherently different in essence such as words, grammar, etc…So sometimes we are used to thinking in only one language but cannot think flexibly in both languages In terms of grammar, in the basic sentence structure of English, the verb comes only after the subject and before other elements such as adjectives, adverbs, and nouns But Vietnamese is not like that, there are many cases where non-verb elements come right after the subject From there, we easily confuse the order when translating as well as communicating with the other When translating SL into TL the translator has trouble interpreting and reconstructing the SL structure on the basis of TL syntactic norms; as well as being aware of different language families, systems, inflections, word order and etc… All in all, these big difference causes many difficulties for students when converting sentences from English to Vietnamese and vice versa Do Thi Hue 66 Code: 24203100786 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A 5.1.3 Too Long Sentence The translators have faced various trouble with stylistic problems to express many ideas in the same sentence Virtually they are compound sentences, with at least subject - predicate clusters, and some sentences with up to 3, 4, or even subject-subject clusters separated by comma or semicolon Therefore, many times when we read diplomatic, political, economic, and legal documents, we feel confused, unable to identify the main content, plus the difference between the English and Vietnamese sentence structure has confused I feel that translating long sentences is a big obstacle 5.2 Solutions The best way to improve your knowledge of vocabulary, idioms and collocations is to read When you are reading you need to read actively, this means start by trying to identify collocations & idioms within text When you find a new collocation or idiom, then you need to copy them into a notepad or excel/word document Students need to actively read documents and articles on many different topics in both English and Vietnamese In addition, the regular viewing and listening of news reports on Vietnamese television stations, English-language news sites such as Share English, VOA, TV channels and countries around the world, the website of The Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs is also a useful method The above ways help students both gain a broad knowledge of politics, diplomacy, culture and international relations, and have the opportunity to have more exposure to specialized languages and styles, thereby easily applied to the study of Translation Each student needs to develop his or her own way of being able to memorize these words, phrases and structures Do Thi Hue 67 Code: 24203100786 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A Make a notebook, which specializes in recording specialized words and phrases that our students learn after every hour of class or after listening or watching a news bulletin This method has the advantage of helping students enhance their ability to think flexibly in two languages Familiarize yourself with specialized words most commonly used in your subject area, and learn the translations Use translation memory and other software to make your job easier The translator has to be very vigilant, and carefully read the source text to fully grasp the meaning Only after that should they begin the work of translation; otherwise, it can lead to embarrassing mistakes Do Thi Hue 68 Code: 24203100786 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 6.1 Conclusion The paper “SARS-CoV-2 variants" by PHG Foundation is an excellent paper for people interested in seeking more information about SARS-CoV-2, particularly predicting variants at present It is undeniable that my translation skills have improved; at the same time, I have obtained a wealth of information as well as discovered that I still had numerous shortcomings after the translation of the last parts of this report This paper provides me with a large amount of vocabulary and cognition on biology and medicine, particularly on viral research Simultaneously, it gives me chances to systematize knowledge that I have gained throughout almost four years of learning at Duy Tan University's Faculty of English Moreover, there are several obstacles with my discussion and communication when not being able to attend the offline class, but I have tried our best in the working process to complete the task well I was more accountable for our job and had more experience in translation I hope that all of this will be useful in my future careers During the translation process, I realized that I was lacking vocabulary in both the source and target languages, leading to inconsistent sentence expression There are several specialized words and phrases that I not understand, making it difficult and confusing for me to choose the correct meaning and translation Furthermore, these two languages are inherently different such as words, grammar, and so on It leads to the fact that sometimes I am only used to thinking in one language but cannot think flexibly in both languages In addition, translation is more than just changing the word from the SL to the TL, lacking the basic knowledge of this field caused my numerous troubles Do Thi Hue 69 Code: 24203100786 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A Eventually, I am aware that my graduation report has many shortcomings in terms of translation, word usage, syntax, and grammar Therefore, I will try to improve my skills and knowledge in a short time to meet the career requirements 6.2 Suggestions After finishing my graduation thesis, I have obtained many important and meaningful experiences As a result, I have some translationinterpretation suggestions for students and teachers 6.2.1 Suggestion for Students First, the knowledge from the teachers is very important, so try to attend all classes Second, you should read the material before going to class because there are many subjects that are really difficult to study in class Finally, devote a significant amount of time to self-study and self-discovery It will be quite tough to get the career you want if you simply gain the knowledge in school As a result, in addition to schoolwork, you should endeavour to strengthen your other soft and hard skills 6.2.2 Suggestion for Duy Tan University and the Faculty of English Lecturers should know that many students would become sluggish to study if they listen to lectures with a large and complicated amount of information To make the lesson easier, the lecturer should incorporate short mini-games or engage with the students frequently Furthermore, rather than merely studying the theory, instructors should devote time to allowing students to practice and correct the lesson Last but not least, lecturers’ encouragement is the best motivation for students to improve themselves Do Thi Hue 70 Code: 24203100786 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A REFERENCES Books Catford, J C (1965) A Linguistic Theory of Translation Oxford: Oxford University Press Larson, M L (1984) Meaning-Based Translation Lanham, MD: University Press of America Newmark, P (1988) Approaches to Translation Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall Nida, E A., & Taber, C R (1982) The Theory and Practise of Translation Netherland: E J Brill Websites: Cambridge Dictionary Retrieved from website: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ Oxford Learner Dictionaries Retrieved from website: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ Soha Dictionary Retrieved from website: http://tratu.soha.vn/ Viet Dictionary Retrieved from website: https://vdict.com/ Do Thi Hue 71 Code: 24203100786 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Bui Thi Kim Phung, M.A SUPERVISOR’S COMMENTS Do Thi Hue 72 Code: 24203100786 ...DUY TAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH GRADUATION PAPER AN ANALYSIS OF THE SUGGESTED TRANSLATION OF PARTS &5 OF FROM THE REPORT LONG TERM EVOLUTION OF SARS- COV- 2 BY PHG FOUNDATION, 20 21 Major:... 12 2 .2. 2.3 Faithful Translation 12 2 .2. 2 .4 Semantic Translation 13 2. 2 .2 .5 Adaptation 13 2. 2 .2. 6 Free Translation 13 2. 2 .2. 7 Idiomatic Translation 14. .. report ? ?SARS- CoV- 2 variants, 20 21” written by PHG Foundation, a paper presented by a group of academics on variants of SARS- CoV- 2 It was considered on March 20 21 and updated on 11 March 20 21 Since